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Syphilis screening coverage and positivity by HIV treatment status among South African pregnant women enrolled in the 2019 antenatal HIV sentinel survey
No full textWe describe coverage of maternal syphilis screening, syphilis positivity, coverage of treatment and their association with maternal HIV infection and antiretroviral treatment (ART) status among pregnant women attending South African antenatal clinics. The 2019 antenatal care sentinel survey was a cross-sectional survey conducted from 1 October to 15 November 2019 at 1589 sentinel sites in all nine provinces of the country and aimed to enrol 36,000 pregnant women ages 15-49 years regardless of HIV, ART or syphilis status. Data collection procedures included obtaining written informed consent, a brief interview, medical record review and blood specimen collection. Completed data collection forms and specimens were sent to designated regional laboratories for data capture and HIV serology testing. Data analysis determined four outcomes i) syphilis screening coverage ii) syphilis positivity iii) coverage of any treatment and iv) with Benzathine penicillin G (BPG). Multivariable logistic regression models with or without interaction between HIV infection and ART status with province were used to determine factors associated with syphilis positivity. Of the 41 598 women enrolled, 35 900 were included in the analysis for syphilis screening coverage. The weighted syphilis screening coverage was 96.4% [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 95.9-96.7%] nationally and was lowest among HIV positive women not on ART at 93.5% (95% CI 92.2-94.5%). Syphilis positivity was 2.6% (95% CI 2.4-2.9%) nationally. Among those who were syphilis positive, 91.9% (95% CI 89.8-93.7%) had documentation of syphilis treatment status, of whom 92.0% (95% CI 89.8-93.9%) were treated, with the majority treated with one or more doses of BPG [92.2% (95% CI 89.8-94.3%)]. HIV-positive women, not on ART [adjusted odd ratio (aOR) 2.24 (95% 1.71-2.93)] and those on ART [aOR 2.25 (95% CI 1.91-2.64)] were more likely to be syphilis positive compared to those who were HIV negative. The national syphilis screening coverage met the global screening target of 95%. Syphilis positivity was higher among HIV positive women compared to negative women. Introduction of rapid syphilis testing and ensuring a universal supply of appropriate treatment for syphilis will reduce the likelihood of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis
Fucoxanthin as a Biofunctional Compound in Goat Milk Yogurt: Stability and Physicochemical Effects
No full textThe food industry has increasingly added nutrients and other ingredients to products to enhance their health benefits. Fucoxanthin is recognized for its benefits in mitigating obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and inflammation. Therefore, addition of fucoxanthin into goat milk yogurt, its stability, and the physicochemical properties of yogurt during processing and storage was investigated. Yogurts with and without fucoxanthin were manufactured by mixing goat whole milk (82.85%, w/w), powdered goat milk (10.68%, w/w), and sugar (6.47%, w/w). Fucoxanthin (0.052 mg/g of yogurt mix) was added to the treatment. The mix was heated at 80 °C for 30 min, cooled, inoculated with a culture, and incubated at 43 °C for 5 h. Fucoxanthin in the yogurt mix and yogurt was quantified by an HPLC method. The recoveries of fucoxanthin from the mix before and after heating were 98.25% and 98.83%, respectively. However, less fucoxanthin (90.13%) was recovered from the freshly prepared yogurt than from the mix. Heating the yogurt mix did not affect the concentration of fucoxanthin but adding the inoculum to the mix reduced its concentration during fermentation. During the storage period, the concentration of fucoxanthin in yogurt remained the same. Fucoxanthin did not adversely affect the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of yogurt, but it influenced the color, decreasing lightness (81.47 ± 0.09), and increasing redness (7.67 ± 0.09) and yellowness (38.24 ± 0.09). Thus, goat milk yogurt can be an effective food matrix to deliver fucoxanthin to human diet
Invited commentary: Mediation analysis and cancer screening, identifying areas to target to improve cancer disparities
No full text(R2053) Analysis of MAP/PH/1 Queueing Model Subject to Two-stage Vacation Policy with Imperfect Service, Setup Time, Breakdown, Delay Time, Phase Type Repair and Reneging Customer
Get PDFIn this paper, we study a continuous-time single server queueing system with an infinite system of capacity, a two-stage vacation policy with imperfect service, setup, breakdown, delay time, phase-type of repair and customer reneging. The Markovian Arrival Process is used for the arrival of a customer and the phase-type distribution is used when offering service. This encompasses the policy of two vacations: a single working vacation and multiple vacations. Using the Matrix-Analytic Method to approach the system generates an invariant probability vector for this model. Henceforth, the busy period, waiting time distribution and cost analysis are the additional findings. The indicators are secured as a result of this performance. The outcomes result of numerical order can be graphically interpreted in the form of 2D and 3D
(R1954) Fractional Order on Modeling the Transmission of Devastative COVID-19 Infection: Efficacy of Vaccination
Get PDFThe second wave of COVID-19 is an unprecedented condition in India and began in mid February 2021. Individuals who were already suffering from other comorbidities were found with lung infection, and hence, the number of disease induced deaths were rising faster during the second wave in relation to the first wave. This paper has proposed a mathematical model with fractional order derivatives by correlating the model based number of infectives with the real number of infectives in India. For the system of fractional differential equations, a disease-free state has been computed and proved to be locally asymptotically stable with certain restrictions. The mathematical model has been numerically simulated using the predictor-corrector method to highlight the role played by fractional order in controlling the disease spread. Numerical simulations signify the fact that a vital role has been played by fractional order model over integer order model in determining the transmission of COVID-19. It can be visualized that the increment rate in the infectives is lower by taking into consideration the memory effect due to a previous exposure to COVID-19