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The Influence of Race-Related Stress on Eating Pathology: The Mediating Role of Depression and Moderating Role of Cultural Worldview Among Black American Women
No full textThe current study aimed to advance the eating pathology literature through investigating the association between a salient stressor for Black American women (race-related stress) and eating pathology, while also examining the potential mediating role of depressive symptoms on this association. In addition, the study aimed to examine the potential protective role of cultural worldview in this model. A community sample of 119 Black women between the ages of 18 and 60 years (M = 36.34, SD = 12.51) were recruited for the study. Results supported a significant indirect effect of race-related stress on eating pathology through depressive symptoms. Moderated mediation analyses revealed a conditional effect of depression at various levels of worldview. Contrary to our hypotheses, participants with a more collectivistic and spiritual worldview often engaged in more eating pathology as a result of self-reported depressive symptoms stemming from experiences of race-related stress. Implications and future directions are discussed
“She Is his Girlfriend—I Believe this Is a Different Situation”: Gender Differences in Perceptions of the Legality of Intimate Partner Rape
No full textDespite the alarming problem of intimate partner rape (IPR), there is a dearth of empirical data investigating how jury-eligible individuals perceive IPR in a courtroom setting. In particular, very little research has addressed IPR beyond the scope of marital rape. Thus, we investigated how community members perceived intimate partner rape involving both a married and non-married couple in a mock trial context. In Experiment 1, 129 participants (78 women) read a trial summary describing an intimate partner rape that differed as to whether the victim and defendant were married or in a cohabiting, non-marital relationship. In Experiment 2, which involved the same methods as Experiment 1, we gave 153 participants (79 women) four verdict options: not guilty, guilty of Rape in the First-Degree, Intimate Partner Rape, or Sexual Misconduct. In both experiments, women were more likely to render guilty verdicts than men and yielded more pro-victim/anti-defendant judgments. Participants did not perceive the case differently between the marital status conditions. In Experiment 2, the presence of other guilty verdict choices influenced both men and women’s guilt decisions. The proportion of women who found the defendant not guilty of any crime decreased by over 50% in Experiment 2, while the proportion of men who found the defendant not guilty remained stable across experiments. The results suggest that few men and women are willing to convict the defendant of Rape in the First-Degree—especially when presented with other, lesser sexual crime options—and that the victim and defendant’s intimate relationship is a mitigating factor causing mock jurors to view IPR as a lesser, sexual crime different to felony rape
Evaluation of phytotoxicity of three organic amendments to collard greens using the seed germination bioassay
No full textSmall-scale vegetable and fruit crop producers in the USA use locally available commercial organic fertilizers and soil amendments recycled from municipal and agricultural wastes. Organic soil amendments provide crops with their nutrient needs and maintain soil health by modifying its physical, chemical, and biological properties. However, organic soil amendments might add unwanted elements such as toxic heavy metals or salts, which might inhibit crop growth and reduce yield. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate phytotoxicity of three commercial organic amendments, chicken manure, milorganite, and dairy manure, to collard greens using the seed germination bioassay and chemical analysis of the organic amendments. The seed germination bioassay was conducted by incubating collard greens seeds to germinate in 1:10 (w/v) organic amendment aqueous extracts. Results of this work identified phytotoxic effects of chicken manure and milorganite, but not dairy manure, to collard greens. Potentially phytotoxic chemicals such as copper, zinc, nickel, and salts were also higher in chicken manure and milorganite compared to dairy manure. In particular, nickel in chicken manure and milorganite aqueous extracts was 28-fold and 21-fold, respectively, higher than previously reported toxic levels to wheat seedlings. The results demonstrate the need for more research on phytotoxicity of commercial organic soil amendments to ensure their safe use in vegetable and fruit crop production systems
Growth of salmonella and other foodborne pathogens on inoculated inshell pistachios during simulated delays between hulling and drying
No full textDuring harvest, pistachios are hulled, separated in water into floater and sinker streams (in large part on the basis of nut density), and then dried before storage. Higher prevalence and levels of Salmonella were previously observed in floater pistachios, but contributing factors are unclear. To examine the behavior of pathogens on hulled pistachios during simulated drying delays, floater and sinker pistachios collected from commercial processors were inoculated at 1 or 3 log CFU/g with cocktails of Salmonella and in some cases Escherichia coli O157:H7 or Listeria monocytogenes and incubated for up to 30 h at 37°C and 90% relative humidity. Populations were measured by plating onto tryptic soy agar and appropriate selective agars. In most cases, no significant growth (P \u3e 0.05) of Salmonella was observed in the first 3 h after inoculation in hulled floaters and sinkers. Growth of Salmonella was greater on floater pistachios than on corresponding sinkers and on floater pistachios with ≥25% hull adhering to the shell surface than on corresponding floaters with \u3c25% adhering hull. Maximum Salmonella populations (2 to 7 log CFU/g) were ~2-log higher on floaters than on corresponding sinkers. The growth of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on hulled pistachios was similar, but a longer lag time (approximately 11 h) and significantly lower maximum populations (4 versus 5 to 6 log CFU/g; P \u3e 0.05) were predicted for L. monocytogenes. Significant growth of pathogens on hulled pistachios is possible when delays between hulling and drying are longer than 3 h, and pathogen growth is enhanced in the presence of adhering hull material. HIGHLIGHTS • Foodborne pathogens multiplied on undried inshell pistachios. • Pathogen growth was greater when hull material was present. • Drying delays of \u3e 3 h led to significant increases in pathogen populations. • Managing drying delays will reduce the risk for growth of foodborne pathogens
An Integrative Theory Addressing Cyberharassment in the Light of Technology-Based Opportunism
No full textScholars are increasingly calling for a deeper understanding of cyberharassment (CH) with the goal of devising policies, procedures, and technologies to mitigate it. Accordingly, we conducted CH research that (1) integrated social learning theory (SLT) and self-control theory (SCT); (2) empirically studied this model with two contrasting samples, experienced cyberharassers and less experienced cyberharassers; and (3) conducted post hoc tests to tease out the differences between the two samples. We show that for less experienced cyberharassers, CH is largely a social-psychological-technological phenomenon; whereas, for experienced cyberharassers, CH is primarily a psychological-technological phenomenon. Our study makes a threefold contribution: (1) it shows the value of integrating two theories in a holistic and parsimonious manner to explain CH; (2) it shows that SCT alone is a more relevant framework for experienced cyberharassers, whereas a combination of SCT and SLT better explains less experienced cyberharassers; and (3) it reveals that the role of technology in fostering CH is crucial, regardless of the sample. The differential, yet consistent, findings demonstrate that addressing CH is contingent upon not only identifying theoretical approaches but also identifying the particular samples to which these theoretical approaches will be more suitable. Of several implications for practice, the most important may be that anonymity, asynchronicity, and lack of monitoring are the technology choices that foster CH, and thus these should be mitigated in designing social media and other communication technologies
Different methods of programming for mechanical engineering students: A case study
No full textThe paper is to present a case study where different methods of programming are utilized by Mechanical Engineering Students to design a device. The objective is to provoke discussion and explore best practices on teaching Mechanical Engineering students the programming aspects. The task is to design a low-cost device that can accurately measure the period of a simple pendulum. Same raw materials, infrared break beam sensor and Arduino microcontroller, are given. But different programming approaches can be undertaken. Option 1 is to use C language and Arduino’s free Integrated Development Environment. Option 2 is to use Simulink with Arduino Support. Student survey is designed based on whether it is intuitive, whether it is easier to debug, etc. Further studies can be conducted to understand the effectiveness of a mixture of these different methods and sequence of exposure to these different methods
A comparison of homogeneous and heterogeneous Brønsted acid catalysts in the reactions of meso-erythritol with aldehyde/ketones
No full textBrønsted acid catalyzed condensations of meso-erythritol with aldehyde/ketones were studied using meso-erythritol:aldehyde/ketone 1:3 ratio in a Dean–Stark apparatus. The selectivity among bis-ketal and 1,3-dioxolane-ether formation can be achieved by choosing between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. The catalysts could be reused without appreciable loss in activity
A Fuzzy Two-warehouse Inventory Model for Single Deteriorating Item with Selling-Price-Dependent Demand and Shortage under Partial-Backlogged condition
Get PDFIn this paper we have developed an inventory model for a single deteriorating item with two separate storage facilities (one is owned warehouse (OW) and the other a rented warehouse (RW)) and in which demand is selling- price dependent. Shortage is allowed and is partially backlogged with a rate dependent on the duration of waiting time up to the arrival of next lot. It is assumed that the holding cost of the rented warehouse is higher than that of owned warehouse. As demand, selling- price, holding- cost, shortage, lost- sale, deterioration- rate are uncertain in nature, we consider them as triangular fuzzy numbers and developed the model for fuzzy total cost function and is defuzzified by using Signed Distance and Centroid methods. In order to validate the proposed model, we compare the results of crisp and fuzzy models through a numerical example and based on the example the effect of different parameters have been rigorously studied by sensitivity analysis taking one parameter at a time keeping the other parameters unchanged
Analysis of Batch Arrival Single and Bulk Service Queue with Multiple Vacation Closedown and Repair
Get PDFIn this paper, we analyze batch arrival single and bulk service queueing model with multiple vacation, closedown and repair. The single server provides single service if the queue size is ‘\u3c a’ and bulk service if the queue size is ‘ ≥ a’. After completing the service (single or bulk), the server may breakdown with probability ξ and then it will be sent for repair. When the system becomes empty or the server is ready to serve after the repair but no one is waiting, the server resumes closedown and then goes for a multiple vacation of random length. Using supplementary variable technique, the steady-state probability generating function (PGF) of the queue size at an arbitrary time is obtained. The performance measures and cost model are also derived. Numerical illustrations are presented to visualize the effect of system parameters
Slow Flow Past Porous Shell of Variable Permeability with Cavity at the Centre
Get PDFIn this paper slow flow of a viscous, incompressible fluid past a heterogeneous porous spherical shell with cavity is discussed. The permeability of porous sphere is varying with radial distance. Flow outside the porous spherical shell and inside the central cavity region is governed by the Stoke’s equation. Brinkman equation is used to analyze the flow inside the porous region. The boundary conditions used at the interface of porous and clear region are the continuity of velocity and stress. Exact solution of the problem is obtained and relevant quantities such as stream lines, velocity, pressure and drag on surface of the spherical shell are evaluated and exhibited graphically. The effect of various parameters on the flow has been discussed. Obtained results are useful for the flow past porous particles of variable permeability