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François Hou, Chapitres et société en Révolution. Les chanoines en France de l’Ancien Régime à la monarchie de Juillet, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2023, 333 p., ISBN 978-2-7535-8806-6
No full textInternational audienceCompte-rendu de : François Hou, Chapitres et société en Révolution. Les chanoines en France de l’Ancien Régime à la monarchie de Juillet, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2023, 333 p., ISBN 978-2-7535-8806-6
Volatility during the Global Financial Crisis and COVID-19 pandemic through the lens of high-frequency data: a Realized GARCH approach
No full textThis article has two primary objectives: 1) to propose a new parametric model of volatility and 2) to identify the days with the most significant volatility shocks, while exploring the events that triggered these shocks. We analyze financial volatility during the global financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, utilizing high-frequency financial data and an improved model, which incorporates asymmetry and handles outliers, to estimate volatility and determine the timing of the largest shocks within the day. For instance, for the global financial crisis, major volatility shocks coincide with events such as the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers and the failure of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act. However, the largest shock occurred on February 27, 2007, which, despite coinciding with market events like a Chinese stock market crash and Freddie Mac's tighter subprime loan policy, was primarily caused by a computer glitch. Our analysis underscores the value of high-frequency data in modeling financial volatility and identifying the key events driving volatility shocks
Data science for insurance fraud detection: a review
No full textInternational audienceThe chapter 'Data Science for Insurance Fraud Detection: A Review' delves into the application of data science and machine learning techniques to combat insurance fraud. It begins by discussing the significance of insurance fraud and its impact on the industry, followed by an overview of the historical development of fraud detection methods. The chapter then categorizes fraud detection techniques into unsupervised, supervised, and social network learning approaches, each with its unique advantages and challenges. Notably, the text emphasizes the importance of cost-sensitive learning to address the rarity and high cost of fraudulent claims effectively. The chapter also includes an empirical illustration, demonstrating the superior performance of advanced machine learning models compared to traditional econometric methods in both statistical and financial terms. Throughout, the text highlights the evolving nature of fraud and the need for adaptive, real-time fraud detection systems. This comprehensive review offers valuable insights for professionals seeking to enhance their fraud detection strategies, making it a must-read for those in the insurance and risk management sectors
Individuals’ perceptions of Long Covid: a phenomenological approach to an online health community narratives
No full textInternational audienceBackgroundIn 2023, it was estimated that at least 65 million individuals had Long Covid (LC). Yet the literature reveals a lack of knowledge on how individuals perceive and experience LC symptoms. This study aims to explore how individuals with Long Covid describe their symptoms across physical, cognitive, emotional, social, and behavioural dimensions, and to analyse these experiences through the lens of the Symptom Management Theory (SMT) using a phenomenological and netnographic approach to spontaneous patient narratives.MethodsA netnographic study was conducted on 63 selected participants in France from 19 April 2020 to 31 December 2022. Narratives were first analysed phenomenologically using TROPES software. Verbatims were then coded through content analysis with NVivo12Pro and organised according to the SMT dimensions of symptom experience.ResultsThe study revealed that the testimonies of Long Covid patients are characterized by an argumentative, personal, and chronological discourse, highlighting the intensity of persistent symptoms and their significant impact on daily life. The most frequent symptoms identified include bodily pain, respiratory issues, chronic fatigue, as well as sensory and cognitive disturbances, along with significant emotional and social challenges.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates the profound and multidimensional impact of Long Covid on patients’ daily lives, highlighting the need for a holistic, integrated approach to its management, considering affective, cognitive, behavioural, physical, and social dimensions to improve patients’ quality of life.Practical implicationsUnderstanding the lived experiences of LC patients can guide healthcare services in providing more targeted, empathetic, and effective support
Non-motor Subtypes in Candidates for Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction: Patients with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) vary markedly in terms of non-motor symptoms (NMS) as the disease progresses. To improve PD management and clinical-trial assessment, we aimed to determine NMS endotypes in a cohort of patients with advanced PD.Methods: We conducted an ancillary cluster analysis of the 2013–2018 cohort (n=722) of PREDISTIM. In this French multicenter interventional cohort, consecutive candidates for subthalamic deep brain stimulation undergo thorough assessment of motor symptoms (MS) and NMS at the inclusion visit. The NMS data are based on the MDS-UPDRS, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and several psychiatric scales: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), and Lille Apathy Rating Scale (LARS). Cluster analysis with 17 NMS was conducted to identify groups with homogenous NMS profiles.Results: Three distinct NMS clusters were identified. The largest had mild MS. The smallest had moderate MS and the most severe NMS, including cognitive and psychiatric dysfunction. The middle-large group had moderate MS and NMS but was distinguished by having the worst sleeping problems. The clusters did not differ in onset age or patient age and may be underpinned by disparate patterns of anatomical brain damage.Conclusion: The mainly-motor (Cluster 1), mainly non-motor (Cluster 3), and intermediate (Cluster 2) NMS endophenotypes must be replicated in an independent cohort but may help stratify patients for management (pharmacological, deep-brain stimulation, and non-pharmacological treatments) and inclusion and assessment in clinical trials
Towards the Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND): the GRANDProto300 and GRAND@Auger prototypes
No full textInternational audienceThe Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND) is a proposed multi-messenger observatory of ultra-high-energy (UHE) particles of cosmic origin. Its main goal is to find the long-sought origin of UHE cosmic rays by detecting large numbers of them and the secondary particles created by their interaction -- gamma rays, and, especially, neutrinos. GRAND will do so using large arrays of radio antennas that look for the radio signals emitted by the air showers initiated by the interactions of the UHE particles in the atmosphere. Since 2023, three small-scale prototype GRAND arrays have been in operation: GRAND@Nançay in France, GRAND@Auger in Argentina, and GRANDProto300 in China. Together, their goal is to validate the detection principle of GRAND under prolonged field conditions, achieving efficient, autonomous radio-detection of air showers. We describe the hardware, software, layout, and operation of the GRAND prototypes and show the first radio spectra measured by them. Despite challenges, the successful operation of the prototypes confirms that the GRAND instrumentation is apt to address the goals of the experiment and lays the groundwork for its ensuing stages
Les hispanismes sémantiques en français préclassique (1550-1650): l'analyse étymologique au service de la néologie
No full textInternational audienc
Association between mycophenolic acid treatment and infection with specific strains of Pneumocystis jirovecii in solid organ transplant recipients in France and Switzerland: a multicentre, retrospective, cross-sectional study
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) case clusters involving solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients have been reported worldwide. Mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant used to prevent rejection in SOT recipients that targets the inosine 5 ′ -monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) protein, has been hypothesised to exert selective pressure on Pneumocystis jirovecii, with the missense mutation G1020A (Ala261Thr) in the impdh gene a possible marker of such selective pressure. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that SOT recipients harbour P jirovecii with mutations in the impdh gene and are infected with specific P jirovecii strains.Methods: In this retrospective, multicentre, cross-sectional study of nationally representative, individual-level data, we included SOT recipients, regardless of the organ transplanted, involved or not in a PCP case cluster, and non-SOT recipients (control group) without mycophenolic acid exposure, diagnosed with PCP from 26 French and one Swiss secondary health-care centres. We included patients aged 18 years or older for whom archival P jirovecii DNA extracts were available in sufficient quantity and quality. P jirovecii specimens were characterised using a multilocus sequence typing method including impdh gene analysis. The primary outcome of this study was the detection of the G1020A (Ala261Thr) mutation in the impdh gene. A multivariable logistic regression was done to assess the relation between this mutation and the following variables retrieved from medical records: age, mycophenolic acid exposure at the time of PCP diagnosis, involvement in a PCP case cluster, PCP prophylaxis, and clinical outcome.Findings: 58 SOT recipients (44 treated with mycophenolic acid) and 59 non-SOT recipients (control group; not treated with mycophenolic acid) diagnosed with PCP between Jan 1, 2001, and Dec 31, 2021, were enrolled. The G1020A (Ala261Thr) mutation was detected in P jirovecii specimens from 40 (68⋅9%) SOT recipients (37 treated with mycophenolic acid) and in none of the P jirovecii specimens from the patients in the control group. The multivariable analysis showed that the allele characterised by the G1020A mutation was associated with mycophenolic acid exposure at the time of PCP diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio 73⋅61 [95% CI 17⋅41-455⋅70]; p<0⋅0001) and involvement in a PCP case cluster (12⋅77 [1⋅58-171⋅90]; p=0⋅029), whereas it was not associated with age, PCP prophylaxis, and clinical deterioration. A second missense mutation, G1020T (Ala261Ser) was identified in P jirovecii specimens from three SOT recipients (two treated with mycophenolic acid). Two specific multilocus genotypes (MLG-31 and MLG-34) of P jirovecii associated with Ala261Thr and Ala261Ser substitutions in IMPDH, respectively, were detected only in SOT recipients (38 patients with MLG-31 and three patients with MLG-34).Interpretation SOT recipients in this study were primarily infected with specific P jirovecii strains with mutations in the impdh gene, which might confer a selective advantage as both the G1020A (Ala261Thr) and G1020T (Ala261Ser) are associated with mycophenolic acid resistance in other fungi. Mycophenolic acid selective pressure might explain the maintenance and circulation of these P jirovecii strains within this patient population, and consequently their potential involvement in PCP case clusters
1944. Michelin sous les bombes alliées
No full textInternational audienceLe 16 mars 1944, l'usine Michelin de Cataroux, à Clermont-Ferrand, est la cible d'un bombardement allié. Cette attaque a coûté la vie à 21 personnes, auxquelles s'ajoutent une trentaine de blessés graves et des centaines de sans-abri. Pourtant, cet événement est relativement peu présent dans la mémoire collective. Ainsi, comment Clermont-Ferrand, éloignée jusqu'alors du front, est-elle devenue la victime de l'évolution de la guerre aérienne, qui tend à ne plus épargner aucun territoire
La controverse au service d'une réflexivité accrue des futurs formateurs d'enseignants
No full textWith the recruitment crisis in teaching, teacher training is an increasingly important social issue. Future teacher trainers will have to be effective. They must help novice teachers to discover their profession and feel at ease. To achieve this, future teacher trainers will need to develop their autonomy. So far, however, there has been little discussion of implementing dialogue opportunities in order to develop their reflexivity between future teacher educators. In this study, we explore how dialogue opportunities help five future teacher educators to develop their empowerment and to achieve their professional transition. To understand this mechanism, we conducted self- confrontation and cruised-confrontation interviews with future teacher educators. The people in charge are CAFIPEMF candidates (teacher trainer certification). These findings suggest that dialogue opportunities enable new motivations and operations to be uncovered. These alternative operations give future teacher educators increasing power. Moreover, controversies develop faster reflexivity under certain conditions. An important practical implication of this study is that the training of future teacher educators will include, among other approaches, dialogue opportunities and controversies. Initial results show that controversies must be established, structured in several stages and initiated as early as possible in the training programme.Face à la crise du recrutement dans l'enseignement, la formation des enseignants devient un enjeu social de plus en plus important. Les futurs formateurs d'enseignants devront être efficaces. Ils devront aider les enseignants débutants à découvrir leur métier et à se sentir à l'aise. Pour y parvenir, les futurs formateurs d'enseignants devront développer leur autonomie. Cependant, jusqu'à présent, peu de recherches ont eu lieu sur la mise en place d'espaces de dialogue afin de développer leur réflexivité dans un collectif de futurs formateurs d'enseignants. Dans cette étude, nous explorons comment les espaces de dialogue aident cinq futurs formateurs d'enseignants à développer leur autonomie et à réaliser leur transition professionnelle. Pour comprendre ce mécanisme, nous avons mené des entretiens d’autoconfrontation et de confrontation croisée. Les personnes concernées sont des candidats au CAFIPEMF (certification de formateur d'enseignants). Ces résultats suggèrent que les espaces de dialogue permettent de découvrir de nouvelles motivations et de nouveaux modes de fonctionnement. Ces alternatives d’action donnent aux futurs formateurs d'enseignants un pouvoir d’agir croissant. De plus, les controverses développent plus rapidement la réflexivité dans certaines conditions. Une implication pratique importante de cette étude est que la formation des futurs formateurs d'enseignants comportera, entre autres approches, des espaces de dialogue et de controverses. Les 112 premiers résultats montrent que les controverses doivent être instituées, structurées en plusieurs temps et initiées le plus tôt possible dans la formation