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"La fonction notariale au-delà du prisme de la common law : sécurité juridique, technique normative et justice préventive"
No full textInternational audienceThis article offers a functional account of the “preventive justice” produced by the civil-law notariat, challenging common-law representations that often reduce the notarial institution to mere formality. It argues that authentic instruments, the notary’s duty to advise, structural impartiality, and the strong evidentiary effects attached to authenticity constitute a normative technique designed to stabilize legal relationships upstream of litigation. Legal certainty is thus produced ex ante through the mitigation of informational asymmetries, risk anticipation, and the reduction of evidentiary uncertainty. The article highlights the divergence between a litigation-oriented rationality centered on judicial proof and adjudication, and a preventive rationality grounded in the institutional production of trust and reliable evidence. It concludes that the notarial function remains a key device of legal efficiency and dispute prevention, especially where transaction reliability and robust proof are critical.Cet article propose une lecture fonctionnelle de la « justice préventive » produite par le notariat dans les systèmes romano-civilistes, en la confrontant aux représentations forgées dans l’univers de common law. Il soutient que l’acte authentique, le devoir de conseil, l’impartialité structurelle du notaire et la force probante attachée à l’authenticité ne relèvent pas d’un simple formalisme, mais d’une technique normative visant à stabiliser les relations juridiques en amont du litige. La sécurité juridique est ainsi construite ex ante, par la réduction des asymétries d’information, l’anticipation des risques et la maîtrise des aléas probatoires. L’étude met en évidence la divergence de rationalité entre un modèle davantage contentieux, centré sur la preuve judiciaire et l’intervention du juge, et un modèle préventif, structuré autour d’une production institutionnelle de confiance et de preuve. Elle conclut à la pertinence contemporaine du notariat comme instrument d’efficience juridique et de prévention des conflits, notamment dans les espaces où la fiabilisation des transactions et la robustesse de la preuve sont déterminantes
Nemesis, an Escape Game in Graphs
No full textWe define a new escape game in graphs that we call Nemesis. The game is played on a graph having a subset of vertices labeled as exits and the goal of one of the two players, called the fugitive, is to reach one of these exit vertices. The second player, i.e. the fugitive adversary, is called the Nemesis. Her goal is to trap the fugitive in a connected component which does not contain any exit. At each round of the game, the fugitive moves from one vertex to an adjacent vertex. Then the Nemesis deletes one edge anywhere in the graph. The game ends when either the fugitive reached an exit or when he is in a connected component that does not contain any exit. In trees and graphs of maximum degree bounded by 3, Nemesis can be solved in linear time. We also show that a variant of the game called Blizzard where only edges adjacent to the position of the fugitive can be deleted also admits a linear time solution. For arbitrary graphs, we show that Nemesis is PSPACE-complete, and that it is NP-hard on planar multigraphs. We extend our results to the related Cat Herding problem, proving its PSPACE-completeness. We also prove that finding a strategy based on a full binary escape tree whose leaves are exists is NP-complete
"La durée de l’engagement collectif ou unilatéral de conservation : principes applicables et conseils rédactionnels", étude 1
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Ionomic exploration of the geographical and geological origins of mountain pasture cow milks in the French Massif central
No full textInternational audienceIonomic profiling was used to characterize the multielemental composition of raw cow milk during mountain pasture in the French Massif central, and to assess its potential as an indicator of geographical and geological origin. Eighteen milk samples were analyzed by ICP-MS from farms in three mountain sectors (Sancy, Cantal, Other), located on volcanic and non-volcanic sites. Of the 61 analyzed elements, 32 were consistently quantified, several of them (Pd, Zr and Nb) being reported for the first time in milk. Multivariate statistical analyses permitted to differentiate geographical provenances and geological conditions based on specific sets of elements. Pearson correlations analyses revealed geology-driven soil-to-milk transfer processes, exemplified by the element pairs -(Rb,Te) and (Sr,Pd), underscoring the influence of terroir on milk composition. Further research should focus on the soil-plant-milk continuum to better understand these geochemical pathways and to support the concept of milk terroir for the PDO cheese sector
Carcinogenicity of atrazine, alachlor, and vinclozolin
No full textInternational audienceFrom October to November, 2025, a Working Group of 22 scientists from 12 countries met at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in Lyon, France, to finalise their evaluation of the carcinogenicity of atrazine, alachlor, and vinclozolin
Le handicap pendant le long Moyen Âge
No full textNational audienceThis chapter (250,000 characters) presents a synthesis of current historical research on various ‘disabilities’ from 313 to 1789. Falling within the field of cultural disability history, it goes beyond the traditional inclusion/exclusion lens used to analyse the existence of ‘disabled’ people in the past, in favour of the more nuanced concept of social participation.Ce chapitre (250 000 signes) présente une synthèse de la recherche historique actuelle sur les différents "handicaps" de 313 à 1789. Inscrit dans le champ des cultural disability history, il dépasse le prisme inclusion/exclusion traditionnellement employé pour analyser l'existence des personnes "infirmes" du passé, au profit notamment de la notion de participations sociales, plus nuancée
An unconditional lower bound for the active-set method in convex quadratic maximization
No full textInternational audienceWe prove that the active-set method needs an exponential number of iterations in the worstcase to maximize a convex quadratic function subject to linear constraints, regardless of the pivot rule used. This substantially improves over the best previously known lower bound [IPCO 2025], which needs objective functions of polynomial degrees ω(log d) in dimension d, to a bound using a convex polynomial of degree 2. In particular, our result firmly resolves the open question [IPCO 2025] of whether a constant degree suffices, and it represents significant progress towards linear objectives, where the active-set method coincides with the simplex method and a lower bound for all pivot rules would constitute a major breakthrough.Our result is based on a novel extended formulation, recursively constructed using deformed products. Its key feature is that it projects onto a polygonal approximation of a parabola while preserving all of its exponentially many vertices. We define a quadratic objective that forces the active-set method to follow the parabolic boundary of this projection, without allowing any shortcuts along chords corresponding to edges of its full-dimensional preimage