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[Helicobacter cinaedi bacteremia: Presentation of the first cases reported in Argentina]
No full textTwo cases of bacteremia caused by Helicobacter cinaedi are presented. The first case was diagnosed in a 76-year-old male patient, and was secondary to a vascular access device placement; the second case corresponded to a febrile infant of 37 days of life, and was associated with acute gastroenteritis. H. cinaedi is a microorganism difficult to grow in different culture media and also to identify to species level. In both cases, the microscopic observation of blood culture bottles, the use of mass spectrometry and the subsequent sequencing of the hsp60 gene were essential. In the recent literature, H. cinaedi infections are being reported more frequently. In this report we present the first documented cases of bacteremia caused by H. cinaedi in Argentina
Dimorphism and Dissemination of Histoplasma capsulatum in the Upper Respiratory Tract after Intranasal Infection of Bats and Mice with Mycelial Propagules
No full textThis article describes, for the first time, the role of the nasal mucosa (NM) as the initial site for the Histoplasma capsulatum mycelial-to-yeast transition. The results highlight that yeasts may arrive to the cervical lymph nodes (CLN) via phagocytes. Bats and mice were intranasally infected with H. capsulatum mycelial propagules and they were killed 10, 20, and 40 minutes and 1, 2, and 3 hours after infection. The NM and the CLN were monitored for fungal presence. Yeasts compatible with H. capsulatum were detected within the NM and the CLN dendritic cells (DCs) 2-3 hours postinfection, using immunohistochemistry. Histoplasma capsulatum was re-isolated by culturing at 28°C from the CLN of both mammalian hosts 2-3 hours postinfection. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays were designed to identify fungal dimorphism, using mycelial-specific (MS8) and yeast-specific (YPS3) gene expression. This strategy supported fast fungal dimorphism in vivo, which began in the NM 1 hour postinfection (a time point when MS8 and YPS3 genes were expressed) and it was completed at 3 hours (a time point when only the YPS3 transcripts were detected) in both bats and mice. The presence of intracellular yeasts in the nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), in the NM nonassociated with the NALT, and within the interdigitating DCs of the CLN suggests early fungal dissemination via the lymph vessels
Bedaquiline and linezolid MIC distributions and epidemiological cut-off values for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Latin American region
No full textFil: López, Beatriz. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Bacteriologia; Argentina.Fil: Siqueira de Oliveira, Rosangela. Instituto Adolfo Lutz Sao Paulo. Centro de Bacteriología. Nucleo de Tuberculose e Micobacterioses; Brasil.Fil: Pinhata, Juliana M. W. Instituto Adolfo Lutz Sao Paulo. Centro de Bacteriología. Nucleo de Tuberculose e Micobacterioses; Brasil.Fil: Chimara, Erica. Instituto Adolfo Lutz Sao Paulo. Centro de Bacteriología. Nucleo de Tuberculose e Micobacterioses; Brasil.Fil: Pacheco Ascencio, Edson. Instituto Nacional de Salud. Laboratorio de Referencia Nacional de Micobacterias; Lima, Perú.Fil: Puyén Guerra, Zully M. Instituto Nacional de Salud. Laboratorio de Referencia Nacional de Micobacterias; Lima, Perú.Fil: Wainmayer, Ingrid. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Insituto Nacional de Enfermededades Infecciosas. Servicio de Micobacterias; Argentina.Fil: Simboli, Norberto. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Insituto Nacional de Enfermededades Infecciosas. Servicio de Micobacterias; Argentina.Fil: Del Granado, Mirtha. Pan American Health Organization; Estados Unidos.Fil: Palomino, Juan Carlos. Ghent University. Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology. Faculty of sciences; Belgica.Fil: Ritacco, Viviana. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Insituto Nacional de Enfermededades Infecciosas. Servicio de Micobacterias; Argentina.Fil: Martín, Anandi. Université catholique de Louvain. Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research. Laboratory of Medical Microbiology; Belgica.Objectives: To describe the distributions of bedaquiline and linezolid MIC values for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis WT population and to define the corresponding epidemiological cut-offs (ECOFFs) in three Latin American countries.
Methods: MICs of bedaquiline and linezolid were determined by the resazurin microtitre assay (REMA). In phase 1, interlaboratory reproducibility was assessed using a panel of 10 fully susceptible M. tuberculosis strains. Phase 2 involved MIC determination for 248 clinical isolates from Argentina (n = 58), Brazil (n = 100) and Peru (n = 90) from patients who were treatment-naive for bedaquiline and linezolid. We then determined the ECOFFs for bedaquiline and linezolid by the eyeball method and the ECOFFinder statistical calculator.
Results: Phase 1: REMA MIC values in the three sites were either identical to each other or differed by one 2-fold dilution from the consensus value with the exception of a single value. Phase 2: the bedaquiline MIC range was 0.0039-0.25 mg/L for pan-susceptible and drug-resistant isolates combined. The linezolid MIC range was 0.062-0.5 mg/L for pan-susceptible isolates and 0.031-4 mg/L for drug-resistant isolates. ECOFFs were 0.125 mg/L for bedaquiline and 0.50 mg/L for linezolid.
Conclusions: REMA is reproducible and robust for the determination of bedaquiline and linezolid MIC distributions and ECOFF values when applied in laboratories of medium/low-resource countries. We suggest that WT MIC distributions for both drugs should be used as a monitoring tool to control the possible rapid emergence of resistance
Reportable mycoses: Utopia or reality. A forgotten matter still unresolved
No full textFil: Fernández, Norma. Editora de la Revista Argentina de Microbiología; ArgentinaFil: Davel, Graciela Odelsia. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Micología; Argentina.A pesar de que los patógenos fúngicos representan una importante amenaza para la salud humana y animal, es una realidad innegable que la vigilancia epidemiológica de las micosis o enfermedades fúngicas todavía no es considerada una cuestión prioritaria en el sistema de salud nacional e internacional.
Respecto de la dimensión de este problema, se estima que el impacto de las enfermedades fúngicas en 14 países que reportaron este tipo de enfermedades (representando al 12,5% de la población global) es de alrededor del 2% 3
Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils Against Candida Species Isolated from Clinical Samples
No full textFil: Córdoba, Susana. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento Micología; Argentina.Fil: Vivor, W. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento Micología; Argentina.Fil: Szusz, W. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento Micología; Argentina.Fil: Albo, G. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; Argentina.We evaluated the in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils obtained from the aromatic plants Laurus nobilis, Thymus vulgaris, Mentha piperita, Cymbopogon citratus and Lippia junelliana against the following Candida species isolated from clinical samples: C. krusei (n = 10); C. albicans (n = 50); C. glabrata (n = 70) and C. parapsilosis (n = 80). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined according to EDef 7.3.1 document from EUCAST. Amphotericin B and fluconazole were the antifungal drugs used as inhibition control. The concentration ranges evaluated were 0.4-800 and 0.03-128 mg l-1 for essential oils and antifungal drugs, respectively. MIC50 and MIC90, mode and ranges were calculated. All the Candida spp. evaluated were susceptible to amphotericin B (MIC ≤ 1 mg l-1), while fluconazole was inactive for C. krusei (MIC ≥ 32 mg l-1) and intermediate for C. glabrata (MIC≤ 32 mg l-1). The essential oils showed antifungal activity on Candida spp. tested with MIC90 values ranging from 0.8 to 800 mg l-1. In general, the most active essential oils were L. nobilis and T. vulgaris (MIC90 0.8-0.16 mg l-1), and the least active was C. officinalis (MIC90 400-800 mg l-1). C. krusei was inhibited by 5/6 of the essential oils evaluated, and C. glabrata was the least susceptible one. This in vitro study confirms the antifungal activity of these six essential oils assayed which could be a potential source of new molecules useful to control fungal infections caused by some Candida species, including those resistant to antifungal drugs
Exploring the "Latin American Mediterranean" family and the RDRio lineage in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Paraguay, Argentina and Venezuela
No full textThe Latin American & Mediterranean (LAM) spoligotype family is one of the most successful genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis worldwide and particularly prevalent in South-America. Within this family, a sublineage named Region of Difference Rio (RDRio) was reported initially in Brazil and is characterized by a genomic deletion of about 26.3 kb. This lineage seems to show a specific adaptation to the Euro-Latin American population. In this context, we sought to evaluate the LAM family and the presence of the RDRio genotype in samples from three Latin American countries including Paraguay, Venezuela and Argentina. To detect LAM strains reliably we applied a typing scheme using spoligotyping, 12 loci MIRU-VNTR, the Ag85C103 SNP and the regions of difference RDRio and RD174. IS6110-RFLP results were also used when available
Exploring the "Latin American Mediterranean" family and the RDRio lineage in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Paraguay, Argentina and Venezuela
No full textThe Latin American & Mediterranean (LAM) spoligotype family is one of the most successful genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis worldwide and particularly prevalent in South-America. Within this family, a sublineage named Region of Difference Rio (RDRio) was reported initially in Brazil and is characterized by a genomic deletion of about 26.3 kb. This lineage seems to show a specific adaptation to the Euro-Latin American population. In this context, we sought to evaluate the LAM family and the presence of the RDRio genotype in samples from three Latin American countries including Paraguay, Venezuela and Argentina. To detect LAM strains reliably we applied a typing scheme using spoligotyping, 12 loci MIRU-VNTR, the Ag85C103 SNP and the regions of difference RDRio and RD174. IS6110-RFLP results were also used when available
Frequency, characterization and genotypic analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef slaughterhouses of Argentina
No full textThe objectives of this study were: (1) to estimate STEC frequency in hide and carcass samples taken from beef slaughterhouses supplying the domestic market in Argentina, (2) to establish the pheno-genotypic characteristics of STEC and non-toxigenic Escherichia coli of serogroups O26, O45, O103, O121, O111, O145 or O157 isolated from the analyzed samples and, (3) to study their clonal relatedness. Sixty hides and 60 carcasses were analyzed. At the screening step, 48% of hide and 80% of carcass samples tested positive for the stx gene by endpoint PCR. The STEC isolation rate was 5% for hides and 8% for carcasses. The isolation rate of STEC-positive for O26, O45, O103, O111, O145 or O157 serogroups was 0% for hides and 2% for carcasses. With the purpose of studying the clonal relatedness of isolates, macrorestriction fragment analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed. The results indicated cross-contamination between hides and between carcasses of animals in the same lot and, that the origin of carcass contamination was their own hide, or the hides of other animals in the same lot. The high detection rate at the screening step, especially in carcasses, and the evidence of cross-contamination show the need to apply additional in-plant intervention strategies aimed at preventing carcass contamination
Phylogeographic Analysis Reveals Multiple International transmission Events Have Driven the Global Emergence of Escherichia coli O157:H7
No full textFil: Franz, Eelco. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. Centre for Infectious Disease Control; Países Bajos.Fil: Rotariu, Ovidiu. The University of Aberdeen. School of Biological Sciences; Gran Bretaña.Fil: Lopes, Bruno S. The University of Aberdeen. School of Medicine. Medical Sciences & Nutrition; Gran Bretaña.Fil: MacRae, Marion. The University of Aberdeen. School of Medicine. Medical Sciences & Nutrition; Gran Bretaña.Fil: Bono, James L. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service. US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska; Estados Unidos.Fil: Laing, Chad. Public Health Agency of Canada. National Microbiology Laboratory. Lethbridge, Alberta; Canadá.Fil: Gannon, Victor. Public Health Agency of Canada. National Microbiology Laboratory. Lethbridge, Alberta; Canadá.Fil: Söderlund, Robert. National Veterinary Institute, Upsala; Suecia.Fil: van Hoek, Angela H. A. M. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. Centre for Infectious Disease Control; Países Bajos.Fil: Friesema, Ingrid. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. Centre for Infectious Disease Control; Países Bajos.Fil: French, Nigel P. Massey University. School of Veterinary Science. Infectious Disease Research Centre. Molecular EpiLab, Palmerston North; Nueva Zelanda.Fil: George, Tessy. Massey University. School of Veterinary Science. Infectious Disease Research Centre. Molecular EpiLab, Palmerston North; Nueva Zelanda.Fil: Biggs, Patrick J. Massey University. School of Veterinary Science. Infectious Disease Research Centre. Molecular EpiLab, Palmerston North; Nueva Zelanda.Fil: Jaros, Patricia. Massey University. School of Veterinary Science. Infectious Disease Research Centre. Molecular EpiLab, Palmerston North; Nueva Zelanda.Fil: Rivas, Marta. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas; Argentina.Fil: Chinen, Isabel. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas; Argentina.Fil: Campos, Josefina. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas; Argentina.Fil: Jernberg, Cecilia. The Public Health Agency of Sweden. Department of Microbiology, Estocolmo; Suecia.Fil: Gobius, Kari. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, Werribee, Victoria; Australia.Fil: Mellor, Glen E. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, Werribee, Victoria; Australia.Fil: Chandry, P Scott. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and Food, Werribee, Victoria; Australia.Fil: Perez-Reche, Francisco. University of Aberdeen. SUPA, School of Natural and Computing Sciences. Institute of Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology; Gran Bretaña.Fil: Forbes, Ken J. The University of Aberdeen. School of Medicine. Medical Sciences & Nutrition; Gran Bretaña.Fil: Strachan, Norval J. C. The University of Aberdeen. School of Biological Sciences; Gran Bretaña.Background: Shiga toxin-producing Escherchia coli (STEC) O157:H7 is a zoonotic pathogen that causes numerous food and waterborne disease outbreaks. It is globally distributed, but its origin and the temporal sequence of its geographical spread are unknown.
Methods: We analyzed whole-genome sequencing data of 757 isolates from 4 continents, and performed a pan-genome analysis to identify the core genome and, from this, extracted single-nucleotide polymorphisms. A timed phylogeographic analysis was performed on a subset of the isolates to investigate its worldwide spread.
Results: The common ancestor of this set of isolates occurred around 1890 (1845-1925) and originated from the Netherlands. Phylogeographic analysis identified 34 major transmission events. The earliest were predominantly intercontinental, moving from Europe to Australia around 1937 (1909-1958), to the United States in 1941 (1921-1962), to Canada in 1960 (1943-1979), and from Australia to New Zealand in 1966 (1943-1982). This pre-dates the first reported human case of E. coli O157:H7, which was in 1975 from the United States.
Conclusions: Inter- and intra-continental transmission events have resulted in the current international distribution of E. coli O157:H7, and it is likely that these events were facilitated by animal movements (eg, Holstein Friesian cattle). These findings will inform policy on action that is crucial to reduce the further spread of E. coli O157:H7 and other (emerging) STEC strains globally
Systems for surveillance of birth defects in Latin America and the Caribbean: present and future
No full textFil: Durán, Pablo. Centro Latinoamericano de Perinatología Centro Latinoamericano de Perinatología Salud de la Mujer y Reproductiva, Organización Panamericana de la Salud; Uruguay.Fil: Liascovich, Rosa. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Centro Nacional de Genética Médica; Argentina.Fil: Barbero, Pablo. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Centro Nacional de Genética Médica; Argentina.Fil: Bidondo, María Paz. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Centro Nacional de Genética Médica; Argentina.Fil: Groisman, Boris. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Centro Nacional de Genética Médica; Argentina.Fil: Serruya, Suzanne. Centro Latinoamericano de Perinatología Centro Latinoamericano de Perinatología Salud de la Mujer y Reproductiva, Organización Panamericana de la Salud; Uruguay.Fil: de Francisco, Luis Andrés. Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud Organización Panamericana de la Salud; Estados Unidos.Fil: Becerra-Posada, Francisco. Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud Organización Panamericana de la Salud; Estados Unidos.Fil: Gordillo-Tobar, Amparo. Banco Mundial Banco Mundial Washington D.C. ; Estados Unidos.Objectives: To determine the availability of national systems for surveillance of birth defects in Latin America and the Caribbean and describe their characteristics.
Methods: Cross-sectional study based on a semi-structured, self-administered online survey sent in 2017 by local representative offices of the Pan American Health Organization to authorities at the ministries of health of all countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. The survey obtained information on the availability and characteristics of national systems for surveillance of birth defects in each country.
Results: Eleven countries have a national system for surveillance of birth defects: Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Venezuela. These systems have heterogeneous features: six are hospital-based; 10 include both live births and stillbirths in their case definition. All the surveillance systems include cases with severe and minor defects, except in Argentina, Colombia, and Guatemala, where only severe birth defects are recorded. Only Argentina, Costa Rica, and Uruguay prepare periodic reports that consolidate and present the results of surveillance. The registries in Argentina and Costa Rica have operational manuals.
Conclusions: The availability of national systems for surveillance of birth defects remains limited and highly heterogeneous in Latin America and the Caribbean. Priority should be given to continued expansion and strengthening of this type of surveillance in these countries