Hal - Université Grenoble Alpes
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Combining CSR and political activities of MNCs through meta-organizations: the case of plastic pollution in emerging countries
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter examines how multinational corporations (MNCs) collectively address plastic pollution in emerging economies through meta-organizations. While existing literature highlights the limitations of voluntary corporate action, we analyse how MNCs leverage collective platforms to promote Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and influence regulatory processes. Drawing on five case studies from West Africa and Southeast Asia, we show that subsidiaries of MNCs create meta-organizations that combine corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts with political action. At the inter-organizational level, these platforms support a specific form of mandatory regulation that we define as "hybrid." Their effectiveness is contingent on national political dynamics and the involvement of international organizations. We contribute to the literature on political CSR, meta-organizations, and grand challenges by highlighting how firms pursue regulatory solutions through collective structures under conditions of weak governance
Tailoring structural and optical responses in rhombohedral La 0.67 Sr 0.33− x Ca x Mn 1− x Ni x O 3 through dual-site doping
No full textInternational audiencePerovskite manganites, due to their strong interplay between crystal structure, electronic states, and magnetic ordering, are highly tunable via chemical substitution
Misperception of descriptive norms and adoption of eco-schemes by French farmers
No full textInternational audienceSocial norms have been shown to explain the adoption of sustainable agriculture practices by farmers. In this article, we focus on the role played by perceived social norms regarding eco-schemes (ES), a new type of direct monetary compensation provided to European farmers who voluntarily adopt specific environmentally-friendly practices. Using data from a large-scale web-survey (N = 1109), we assess to what extent French farmers’ willingness to adopt ES depends on their beliefs about peers’ participation, accounting for the fact that farmers may hold wrong beliefs about what peers think or do. We demonstrate that French farmers systematically underestimate the share of peers wishing to adopt ES, and that this misperception is substantial (more than 20 percentage points). French farmers who misperceive peers’ adoption of ES are also less likely to adopt ES themselves. Finally, we show that the perceived effectiveness of the ES influences both their adoption and the monetary compensation French farmers require to implement them
Le spectromètre de neutrons à focalisation temporelle SHARP
No full textInternational audienceSHARP (Spectromètre Hybride Alpes Région Parisienne) is a new-generation time-of-flight neutron spectrometer installed at the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL). It is designed to investigate dynamical processes in condensed matter with high energy resolution and broad experimental versatility. Developed as a complete upgrade of the former IN6 instrument, SHARP addresses key scientific challenges in soft matter, biology, energy materials, and solid-state physics, where precise measurements of atomic and molecular motions are essential. The main design objective is to achieve a higher counting rate while maintaining the IN6 strong neutron flux, by providing wide angular and energy coverage through multiple take-off angle geometries. Notable features include a fully vacuum-compatible secondary spectrometer, a retractable sample window allowing the detector tank to remain under vacuum while enabling experiments requiring controlled sample environments, and a bank of 240 position-sensitive 3 He detectors operating at 5 bar, ensuring enhanced spectral spatial definition. Compared to IN6, SHARP delivers a twofold increase in counting rate in the elastic region and a lower background. This paper outlines the scientific motivations behind the SHARP project, describes the main instrumental innovations, and demonstrates the instrument's performance through initial scientific results on molecular diffusion in zeolite, determinant of the selectivity of these materials for use in membrane-based gas separations.SHARP (Spectromètre Hybride Alpes Région Parisienne) est un spectromètre de neutrons à temps de vol de nouvelle génération installé à l’Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL). Il est conçu pour étudier les processus dynamiques dans la matière condensée avec une haute résolution en énergie et une grande polyvalence expérimentale. Développé comme une mise à niveau complète de l’ancien instrument IN6, SHARP répond à des défis scientifiques majeurs en matière de matière molle, biologie, matériaux pour l’énergie et physique du solide, où des mesures précises des mouvements atomiques et moléculaires sont essentielles.L’objectif principal de conception est d’obtenir un taux de comptage plus élevé tout en maintenant le fort flux de neutrons d’IN6, grâce à une large couverture angulaire et énergétique permise par plusieurs géométries d’angles de réflexion. Parmi les caractéristiques notables figurent un spectromètre secondaire entièrement compatible avec le vide, une fenêtre d’échantillon rétractable permettant de maintenir la cuve des détecteurs sous vide tout en réalisant des expériences nécessitant un environnement contrôlé autour de l’échantillon, ainsi qu’un ensemble de 240 détecteurs ³He sensibles à la position opérant à 5 bars, offrant une meilleure définition spatiale du spectre.Comparé à IN6, SHARP fournit un taux de comptage doublé dans la région élastique et un bruit de fond réduit. Cet article expose les motivations scientifiques du projet SHARP, décrit les principales innovations instrumentales, et démontre les performances de l’instrument à travers des premiers résultats scientifiques sur la diffusion moléculaire dans une zéolithe, déterminante pour la sélectivité de ces matériaux utilisés dans les séparations de gaz par membranes
Ultramafic float rocks at Jezero crater (Mars): excavation of lower crustal rocks or mantle peridotites by impact cratering?
No full textInternational audienceBased on observation and data from meteorites and in situ scientific missions, experiments as well as models, the Martian mantle is assumed to share some compositional and mineralogical affinity with the terrestrial mantle. However, there might be subtle differences like the Martian mantle being more ferroan. Yet, we do not have any direct analysis of a Martian mantle rock to confirm this assumption. NASA’s Perseverance rover found olivine-rich boulder-sized float rocks on the upper Jezero fan (Mars). These boulders have an ultramafic composition and their mineralogy is dominantly composed of Fo73±3 olivine with high-Mg orthopyroxene, Cr-rich Ti-Fe oxides and minor plagioclase and high-Ca pyroxene. Microtextural and petrological analysis reveals that these minerals crystallized at equilibrium. In addition, these boulders are different from all the bedrocks analyzed by Perseverance along its traverse which are crustal igneous rocks and sediments. Comparing our data to Martian meteorites and available Mars bulk silicate models (BSM), we discuss that these boulders could represent primitive melts and/or lower crustal material, and we specifically hypothesize that they could be mantle peridotites. We propose that these putative mantle rocks could have been excavated by the succession of impacts from the shallow mantle or lower crust in the Isidis region where Jezero crater is located. These olivine-rich boulders could thereby constitute the first direct analysis of a Martian mantle rock
War and Peace. Economic analyses.
No full textInternational audienceEconomists, on the whole, show relatively little interest in the question of international security, except with regard to sanctions or economic warfare. Mercantilists and neo-mercantilists, however, insist on the power of the state as the primary objective of the national economy. Liberal thought generally assumes that the market economy is a factor for peace, while Marxist analysis accuses capitalism of developing and perpetuating class struggle, the exploitation of the proletariat, and the rise of imperialism. Fukuyama's thesis of the "end of history," which he believed to be the main long-term effect of widespread economic globalization following the collapse of socialist economies, was very quickly refuted by events, such as the persistence of militarism, the power of the military sector serving particular interests, and the constant renewal of territorial or terrorist wars. Capitalism's resilience to the effects of wars and economic crises demonstrates the adaptability of this system, which is fundamentally neither belligerent nor peaceful, when scarcity is not widespread. Today, the modern way of life is clashing with climate change, the depletion of natural resources, and, likely, a recession for which modern man is unprepared. More worryingly, we must anticipate the possibility of "ecological" wars. Although capitalism dominates international economic exchange, it no longer seems capable of preventing the major conflicts of interest that will quickly arise in the face of resistance from those who consume natural resources without restraint and perpetuate social inequalities, disregarding the future of generations to come. In this context, war, in all its forms (civil, economic, interstate, global), will continue to play a decisive role in the future of humanity.Les économistes s'intéressent globalement assez peu à la question de la sécurité internationale, sauf en ce qui concerne les sanctions ou guerres économiques. Les mercantilistes et néo-mercantilistes insistent cependant sur la puissance de l’Etat comme objectif principal de l’économie nationale, la pensée libérale fait généralement l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'économie de marché est un facteur de paix, alors que l'analyse marxiste accuse le capitalisme de développer et d'entretenir la lutte des classes, l'exploitation du prolétariat et l'essor de l'impérialisme. La thèse de la « fin de l'histoire » de Fukuyama, qui serait l'effet principal à long terme de la globalisation économique généralisée consécutive à l'effondrement des économies socialistes, a été très rapidement démentie par les faits, avec la persistance du militarisme, la puissance du secteur militaire au service d'intérêts particuliers et le renouvellement constant des guerres militaires territoriales ou terroristes. La résistance du capitalisme aux effets des guerres et aux crises économiques démontre l'adaptabilité de ce système, qui n'est fondamentalement ni belliqueux ni pacifique, lorsque la rareté n'est pas généralisée. Aujourd'hui, le mode de vie moderne se heurte au réchauffement climatique, à la raréfaction des ressources naturelles et, probablement, à une récession à laquelle l'homme moderne n'est pas préparé. De manière plus inquiétante, il faut s'attendre à l'éventualité des guerres « écologiques ». Bien que le capitalisme domine les échanges économiques internationaux, il ne semble plus être en mesure d'empêcher les conflits d'intérêts majeurs qui surgiront rapidement face à la résistance de ceux qui consomment sans compter les ressources naturelles et maintiennent les inégalités sociales sans se soucier de l'avenir des générations futures. Dans ce contexte, la guerre, sous toutes ses formes (civile, économique, interétatique, mondiale) continuera à jouer un rôle décisif pour l'avenir de l'humanité
Special Drawing Rights and Ecological Vulnerability: Monetary Hierarchy and the Translation of Values
No full textInternational audienceSpecial Drawing Rights (SDRs) have regained prominence as international institutions search for ways to respond to recurring financial crises, rising inequalities, and accelerating climate change. As the only international reserve asset not tied to a national currency, SDRs have been debated as potential instruments for redistributive and ecological purposes, particularly since the unprecedented 650 billion USD allocation of 2021. Yet the terms of these debates reveal the persistent dominance of macro-financial logics over alternative framings. This article develops an analysis of how institutional discourses on SDR reform reflect and reproduce the tension between international monetary hierarchy and ecological vulnerability. It shows that ecological concerns are not absent from official debates but systematically translated into the language of liquidity, debt sustainability, and creditworthiness. Such translation renders ecological values legible while erasing their normative specificity, thereby constraining their transformative potential. By linking international political economy with social ecological economics, the article foregrounds the processes of inclusion, translation, and marginalisation through which plural values are managed in global monetary governance. SDRs thus serve less as instruments of ecological transition than as a diagnostic site for understanding the limits of integrating ecological criteria into a system still structured by financial stability and monetary hierarchy.</div
How to organise a scientific competition to benchmark methods and algorithms in computational biology?
No full textScientific competitions have driven methodological innovation in artificial intelligence and machine learning, yet remain underutilized in computational biology. This paper provides a comprehensive guide for organizing scientific competitions in bioinformatics, based on our experience with HADACA3, a data challenge focused on deconvolution algorithms for predicting cellular composition in cancer, from multi-omics data. We detail the complete organizational workflow from preparation to execution to postanalysis, offering practical strategies and lessons learned. Beyond advancing multiomics deconvolution methods, HADACA3 demonstrated how expert-guided competitions foster methodological development, scientific exploration, and collaborative networking. By sharing our organizational framework, we aim to democratize scientific competitions as a fundamental methodology for developing and benchmarking computational methods in life sciences.</div
Interferometric probe for the zeros of the many-body wavefunction
No full textThe nodal surfaces of the many-body wavefunction are fundamental geometric features that encode critical information regarding particle statistics and their interaction. Directly probing these structures, particularly in correlated quantum systems, remains a significant experimental challenge. Here, we provide rigorous results on the structure of the many-body wavefunction and propose to use an interferometric technique to probe its zeros in ultra-cold atomic systems. Specifically, we refer to the so-called heterodyne interferometric reconstruction of the phase of the many-body wavefunction. We prove that the sought nodal surfaces show up as specific discontinuities in the interference fringes. Following Leggett, both `symmetry-dictated' nodal surfaces, due to particle statistics, and `non-symmetry dictated' nodal surfaces emerging from interaction effects, can be probed. We demonstrate how the spin degrees of freedom, effectively modifying the structure of the nodal surfaces of the many-body wavefunction, leave distinct fingerprints in the resulting interference pattern. Our work addresses important features of the structure of the many-body wavefunction that are broadly relevant for quantum science ranging from conceptual aspects to computational questions of extended systems and quantum simulation
