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Euclid. I. Overview of the Euclid mission
No full textInternational audienceThe current standard model of cosmology successfully describes a variety of measurements, but the nature of its main ingredients, dark matter and dark energy, remains unknown. Euclid is a medium-class mission in the Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 programme of the European Space Agency (ESA) that will provide high-resolution optical imaging, as well as near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy, over about 14,000 deg^2 of extragalactic sky. In addition to accurate weak lensing and clustering measurements that probe structure formation over half of the age of the Universe, its primary probes for cosmology, these exquisite data will enable a wide range of science. This paper provides a high-level overview of the mission, summarising the survey characteristics, the various data-processing steps, and data products. We also highlight the main science objectives and expected performance
Screening for Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease–Related Advanced Fibrosis in Diabetology: A Prospective Multicenter Study
No full textInternational audienceOBJECTIVE Screening for advanced fibrosis (AF) resulting from metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is recommended in diabetology. This study aimed to compare the performance of noninvasive tests (NITs) with that of two-step algorithms for detecting patients at high risk of AF requiring referral to hepatologists. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a planned interim analysis of a prospective multicenter study including participants with type 2 diabetes and/or obesity and MASLD with comprehensive liver assessment comprising blood-based NITs, vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE), and two-dimensional shear-wave elastography (2D-SWE). AF risk stratification was determined by a composite criterion of liver biopsy, magnetic resonance elastography, or VCTE ≥12 kPa depending on availability. RESULTS Of 654 patients (87% with type 2 diabetes, 56% male, 74% with obesity), 17.6% had an intermediate/high risk of AF, and 9.3% had a high risk of AF. The area under the empirical receiver operating characteristic curves of NITs for detection of high risk of AF were as follows: Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score, 0.78 (95% CI 0.72–0.84); FibroMeter, 0.74 (0.66–0.83); Fibrotest, 0.78 (0.72–0.85); Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) test, 0.82 (0.76–0.87); and SWE, 0.84 (0.78–0.89). Algorithms with FIB-4 score/VCTE showed good diagnostic performance for referral of patients at intermediate/high risk of AF to specialized care in hepatology. An alternative FIB-4 score/ELF test strategy showed a high negative predictive value (NPV; 88–89%) and a lower positive predictive value (PPV; 39–46%) at a threshold of 9.8. The FIB-4 score/2D-SWE strategy had an NPV of 91% and a PPV of 58–62%. The age-adapted FIB-4 score threshold resulted in lower NPVs and PPVs in all algorithms. CONCLUSIONS The FIB-4 score/VCTE algorithm showed excellent diagnostic performance, demonstrating its applicability for routine screening in diabetology. The ELF test using an adapted low threshold at 9.8 may be used as an alternative to VCTE
Prognostic Models From Transcriptomic Signatures of the Tumor Microenvironment and Cell Cycle in Stage III Colon Cancer From PETACC-8 and IDEA-France Trials
No full textInternational audienceThe objective of this work was to establish prognostic models in stage III colon cancer (CC) on the basis of transcriptomic signatures of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and cell cycle from the PETACC-8 (training set) and IDEA-France (validation set) trials. 3'RNA sequencing was performed in 1,733 patients from the PETACC-8 trial and 1,248 patients from the IDEA-France trial. Four transcriptomic signatures were analyzed: T-cell and macrophage M2 signatures, the expression of CXCL13, and a score on the basis of the Oncotype DX CC Recurrence Score using the same formula from the stromal score and the cell cycle score. The Immune Proliferative Stromal (IPS) score was defined as the number of dichotomized signatures that fall under the category of a dismal prognosis (from 0 to 4). Time to recurrence (TTR) was defined as the time from the date of random assignment to local and/or metastatic relapse and/or death because of CC, whichever occurs first. High Oncotype-like and M2 scores and low CXCL13 expression and T-cell score were associated with a shorter TTR. A multivariable model including these signatures and all known prognostic factors applied to the IDEA-France cohort by obtaining a value of this model for each patient showed TTR significantly different depending on the quartile of this value and a 3-year rate of patients without recurrence ranging from 56% for the lowest quartile to 89% for the highest quartile (P < .0001). The IPS score was significantly associated with TTR in multivariable analysis. Using transcriptomic data of patients with stage III CC from two large-scale adjuvant trials, a prognostic model on the basis of signatures of the TME and the cell cycle provides important information in addition to known prognostic factors for patient stratification on risk of recurrence
Les mesures restrictives, outil d'affirmation de l'identité de l'Union européenne
No full textInternational audienc
Generation of CW mid-infrared radiation in the mW power range and tuneable over 400 nm
No full textInternational audienceMiniaturization of mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy sources has progressed significantly during the past two decades, but a solution able to provide full integration, high optical power and wide tuneability in the so-called atmospheric window (2.5 -5 µm) is still missing. In this context, we investigated a broadband frequency-tuneable source relying on difference frequency generation (DFG) in a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) ridge waveguide. By employing tuneable lasers for the pump and signal wavelengths emitting at around 1 µm and 1.55 µm, respectively, we were able to fully cover the ≈ 3 -3.5 µm spectrum, thus translating the technological maturity of data communication photonic sources to the MIR wavelength band. Moreover, the use of a relatively large cross-section for the here-proposed PPLN ridge waveguide compared to commonly employed thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) waveguides has allowed us to achieve low propagation and coupling losses together with high damage threshold, thereby allowing us to reach mW-level power in the MIR wavelength band.</div
3D extinction mapping of the Milky Way using Convolutional Neural Networks: Presentation of the method and demonstration in the Carina Arm region
No full text7 pagesContext. Several methods have been proposed to build 3D extinction maps of the Milky Way (MW), most often based on Bayesian approaches. Although some studies employed machine learning (ML) methods in part of their procedure, or to specific targets, no 3D extinction map of a large volume of the MW solely based on a Neural Network method has been reported so far. Aims. We aim to apply deep learning as a solution to build 3D extinction maps of the MW. Methods. We built a convolutional neural network (CNN) using the CIANNA framework, and trained it with synthetic 2MASS data. We used the Besan\c{c}on Galaxy model to generate mock star catalogs, and 1D Gaussian random fields to simulate the extinction profiles. From these data we computed color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) to train the network, using the corresponding extinction profiles as targets. A forward pass with observed 2MASS CMDs provided extinction profile estimates for a grid of lines of sight. Results. We trained our network with data simulating lines of sight in the area of the Carina spiral arm tangent and obtained a 3D extinction map for a large sector in this region ( deg, deg), with distance and angular resolutions of pc and arcmin, respectively, and reaching up to kpc. Although each sightline is computed independently in the forward phase, the so-called fingers-of-God artifacts are weaker than in many other 3D extinction maps. We found that our CNN was efficient in taking advantage of redundancy across lines of sight, enabling us to train it with only 9 sightlines simultaneously to build the whole map. Conclusions. We found deep learning to be a reliable approach to produce 3D extinction maps from large surveys. With this methodology, we expect to easily combine heterogeneous surveys without cross-matching, and therefore to exploit several surveys in a complementary fashion
Enhancing biomechanical simulations based on a posteriori error estimates: the potential of Dual Weighted Residual-driven adaptive mesh refinement
No full textInternational audienceThe Finite Element Method (FEM) is a well-established procedure for computing approximate solutions to deterministic engineering problems described by partial differential equations. FEM produces discrete approximations of the solution with a discretisation error that can be an be quantified with a posteriori error estimates. The practical relevance of error estimates for biomechanics problems, especially for soft tissue where the response is governed by large strains, is rarely addressed. In this contribution, we propose an implementation of a posteriori error estimates targeting a user-defined quantity of interest, using the Dual Weighted Residual (DWR) technique tailored to biomechanics. The proposed method considers a general setting that encompasses three-dimensional geometries and model non-linearities, which appear in hyperelastic soft tissues. We take advantage of the automatic differentiation capabilities embedded in modern finite element software, which allows the error estimates to be computed generically for a large class of models and constitutive laws. First we validate our methodology using experimental measurements from silicone samples, and then illustrate its applicability for patient-specific computations of pressure ulcers on a human heel
Espaces d'intimité et de liberté dans les Nove/as amorosas y ejemplares de Maria de Zayas
No full textInternational audienceCe travail étudie les notions d’intimité et de liberté dans Novelas amorosas y ejemplares de María de Zayas, en s’intéressant aux espaces où l’intime peut s’exprimer. Il analyse le rôle du récit-cadre et du salon de Lisis comme lieux de confidence et d’interaction sociale. L’auteur distingue différents statuts féminins – jeunes filles sous tutelle, femmes mariées et veuves – et examine leur accès aux espaces privés. Il met en évidence les contrastes entre le cadre domestique, le couvent et des lieux plus ambigus comme les maisons de veuves, où les relations évoluent plus librement. L’étude souligne également l’influence des conventions sociales sur la représentation des relations et des échanges intimes dans ces nouvelles
Oxide Barrier Thinning in 1050, 2024 and 6062 Aluminum Alloys Using Linear Ramp at the End of Sulfuric Anodizing
No full textInternational audienceA simple method for thinning barrier layers in various aluminum alloys was proposed, involving a linear voltage decrease at the end of sulfuric anodizing. Two techniques were used for barrier layer thickness assessment: direct measurement with field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy and indirect determination using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The linear thinning process was successfully tested on 1050 aluminum and on higher alloy element contents used for structural parts in aeronautics: 6062 and 2024 alloys. In our operating conditions, the linear thinning process reduces the barrier oxide at pore bottoms without modification of anodic layer porosity. The relationship for controlling barrier layer thickness (DBL) was established as DBL = U - a x Δt, with U (applied voltage) at 20V, and Δt (ramp time) at 0s, 30s, 45s, 60s, and 90s, with a constant rate (a) of 0.11 nm/s for all alloys. However, longer ramp times led to degradation at the pore bottoms, indicating that barrier layer morphology depends on the rate of voltage decrease. Shorter ramp times are preferable. The linear thinning process has potential applications in improving metal electrodeposition into the anodic layer by enhancing electrical accessibility to pore bottoms. Thinning the barrier layer effectively facilitates the electro-coloring process
Joaquin Sorolla: Nous ferons de Valence une Athènes
No full textInternational audienceThis book is an unpublished monograph on the Spanish painter Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida 1863-1923, aimed at French academics and students.Ce livre est une monographie inédite du peintre espagnol Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida 1863-1923 destinée aux universitaires et aux étudiants français. Le premier chapitre parle de l’enfant, de l’adolescent et du jeune adulte. Nous appellerions cela aujourd’hui la grande période scolaire qui englobe les études avec le départ de la maison comme césure. Les débuts sont fondamentaux car l’identité de l’artiste s’y forge. Lui-même le comprendra tardivement, quand il sera sur le point d’atteindre la trentaine. Le deuxième commence avec le pire échec de sa vie d’artiste, celui de son tableau Enterrement du Christ dont il dira plus tard qu’il aurait pu être l’enterrement de Sorolla. Il rêvait de triompher et de vendre son envoi à l’État afin d’empocher un bon pécule mais il n’en fut rien. Ce revers de fortune l’obligea à trouver en lui-même les ressources pour aller de l’avant et offrir à sa jeune épouse une situation matérielle digne. Le troisième est tout autre, puisqu’en 1895 Sorolla domine le concours des concours, c’est-à-dire le Salon parisien. C’est un exploit extraordinaire, à plus forte raison s’agissant d’un peintre étranger. Cet événement, que le public ne connaît généralement pas ou peu, est le fait majeur de sa carrière. C’est aussi le début d’une notoriété qui ne fléchira jamais. Le quatrième correspond à la fin d’une époque bien spécifique, celle du salonnier. Sorolla a remporté les prix les plus prestigieux et sort donc des compétitions. Cela l’oblige à repenser son activité, ce qui ne se fait pas sans difficultés. Il a en tête l’idée d’une exposition individuelle, principe qui n’existe pas en Espagne mais qui fonctionne déjà à Paris, Georges Petit et Paul Durand-Ruel se disputant les meilleurs artistes. Le cinquième chapitre démarre en 1904 et voit éclore une branche décisive de son oeuvre, cette peinture de plage philhellénistique appelée à connaître un succès si colossal qu’elle demeure, aujourd’hui, indissociable de son nom. Le sixième nous emmène vers la rencontre avec l’Américain Archer M. Huntington à Londres. Grâce à lui, notre peintre réalise une tournée triomphale à New York, apogée de sa vie d’artiste. Devenu millionaire - en pesetas - il rentre en Espagne tel un héros. Le septième correspond à une ère bien singulière, Huntington lui ayant confié une commande monumentale vouée à décorer la bibliothèque de l’institution qu’il a fondée, l’Hispanic Society of America. L’idée de peindre une frise de soixante-dix mètres de long ne le séduit pas et pourtant il accepte de signer un contrat l’engageant sur plusieurs années. Florencio de Santa-Ana a qualifié cette étape d’ « apagón » mot désignant habituellement une coupure d’électricité qui métaphoriquement signifie l’extinction générale. Le dernier chapitre évoque les ultimes années d’un peintre exsangue alors qu’il est dans la force de l’âge - la cinquantaine - et aurait dû être en pleine possession de ses moyens physiques et intellectuels. Malade, sans que sa maladie ne soit jamais nommée, Sorolla ressemble prématurément à un vieillard. Archer M. Huntington, lui-même, craint de figurer dans les livres d’histoire comme son fossoyeur. Sorolla est victime d’un accident vasculaire cérébral à l’âge de cinquante-sept ans c’est-à-dire un an après avoir terminé sa dernière commande. Son état se dégrade ensuite durant trois interminables années, le docteur Madinaveitia confiant plus tard l’avoir vu « mourir par morceaux.