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Elissa Mailänder, Amour, mariage et sexualité : une histoire intime du nazisme (1930-1950) [Love, Marriage, and Sexuality: An Intimate History of Nazism (1930– 1950)]. Seuil, 2021, 512 pages
No full textLes principes éthiques au défi d’une enquête par entretiens en terrain sensible
No full textCet article porte sur la mise en pratique des principes éthiques dans une enquête par entretiens en terrain sensible. Il aborde les questionnements éthiques qui ont émergé tout au long d’une recherche doctorale sur les expériences parentales des variations du développement sexuel. En partant d’une enquête précise, il s’intéresse aux différents défis auxquels se confrontent les chercheuses et chercheurs pour protéger les participantes et participants à la recherche tout en produisant une recherche rigoureuse : comment garantir leur consentement tout en cherchant à l’obtenir ? De quelles façons les faire parler sur des sujets parfois difficiles ou traumatiques tout en essayant de protéger leur estime de soi ? Comment articuler les exigences de transparence avec l’impératif de confidentialité ? La méthode de l’enquête par entretiens suscite des réflexions éthiques spécifiques que l’article met en évidence, enrichissant ainsi les réflexions sur l’éthique en pratique
Uncertainties in measuring social inequalities in the risk of miscarriage in the United Kingdom
No full textOne in four women experience a miscarriage. Loss of pregnancy may affect fertility intentions and lead to adverse mental and physical health. Yet, we know little about how social inequalities affect the risk of miscarriage and the few existing studies show mixed results. A social gradient in the risk of miscarriage may have multiple explanations including differing levels of stress, health behaviours, and age at pregnancy. We use the British Cohort Study (1970) to investigate whether individual-level social inequalities are associated with the likelihood of miscarriage over the reproductive life course. We apply random-intercept logistic regression to examine the likelihood of reported miscarriages according to markers of socioeconomic status, such as occupational social class, income, and education. Our preliminary results suggest more disadvantaged women have a higher risk of miscarriage at younger ages, but the direction of the association reverses towards the end of the reproductive life span. The results are affected by the sub-population studied (all women vs. only pregnancy spells). Thus, we suggest new methodological solutions are needed to better understand whether there are social inequalities in the risk of miscarriage and how they change over the life course. Possible solutions with their pros and cons will be discussed in our presentation. This methodological work is important, as a better understanding of this common reproductive event can help policy makers improve population reproductive health and increase our understanding of social determinants of reproductive health
The role of populations’ behavioral traits in policy-making during a global crisis: Worldwide evidence
No full textSubstantial heterogeneity in behavioral traits has been observed across human societies, which have been linked to important differences in individual as well as societal outcomes. In this paper, we complement the existing literature by investigating the role of key behavioral traits, i.e. risk-taking, patience, altruism, and trust, at the population level in the design of new policies and institutions during an unexpected global crisis. Combining granular data on policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis with several pre-pandemic survey measures of behavioral traits in 109 countries, we observe robust relationships of significant magnitude. In particular, our findings underline that countries with higher levels of trust tended to respond later to the crisis; while populations that are patient, altruistic, and trusting are more likely to implement stringent policies in the medium and long-term. These results improve our understanding of how countries deal with global crises. They also supply an explanation for the lack of coordinated response at the international level during such events
Jóvenes y electores ausentes: el impacto demográfico del éxodo masivo venezolano
No full textVenezuela, un destino atractivo para migrantes hasta hace pocos años, ha pasado a ser una fuente de emigración masiva. Según el censo de 1981, el 7,4 por ciento de la población venezolana había nacido fuera del país en esa fecha. Esta proporción se había reducido hasta un 4,2 por ciento en 2011.
En junio de 2024, la Plataforma de Coordinación Interagencial para Refugiados y Migrantes de Venezuela (R4V) informa que alrededor de 7,7 millones de venezolanos dejaron el país. Con más del 20 por ciento de la población viviendo en el extranjero, el éxodo venezolano representa el mayor desplazamiento de personas en la historia de América Latina, comparable en magnitud a la crisis de 2015 en Siria.
En lo inmediato, un estimado de cinco millones de venezolanos mayores de 18 años, edad mínima legal para ejercer el derecho al voto, vive fuera del país. Estos emigrantes representan el 72 por ciento del total de la diáspora venezolana y un cuarto del total de los venezolanos en edad de votar en 2024.
Sin embargo, tan solo 6 528 pudieron registrarse como electores ante las sedes consulares en sus países de residencia actual. Sumado al padrón electoral anterior, actualizado en 2018, solo 69 211 de los nacidos en Venezuela viviendo en el exterior (1,4 por ciento) podrá ejercer su derecho al voto en las elecciones presidenciales del próximo domingo 28 de julio
François C. 2023. De gré et de force. Comment l’État expulse les pauvres. La Découverte. 240 pages
No full textThe impact of past HIV interventions and diagnosis gaps on new HIV acquisitions, transmissions, and HIV-related deaths in Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal
No full textObjectives: To estimate the epidemiological impact of past HIV interventions and the magnitude and contribution of undiagnosed HIV among different risk groups on new HIV acquisitions in Côte d’Ivoire, Mali and Senegal. Design: HIV transmission dynamic models among the overall population and key populations [female sex workers (FSW), their clients, and MSM].
Methods: Models were independently parameterized and calibrated for each set of country-specific demographic, behavioural, and epidemiological data. We estimated the fraction of new HIV infections over 2012–2021 averted by condom use and antiretroviral therapy (ART) uptake among key population and nonkey population, the direct and indirect contribution of specific groups to new infections [transmission population-attributable fraction (tPAF)] over 2012–2021 due to prevention gaps, and the distribution of undiagnosed PWH by risk group in January 2022 and their tPAF over 2022–2031.
Results: Condom use and ART may have averted 81–88% of new HIV infections over 2012–2021 across countries, mostly because of condom use by key population. The tPAF of all key populations combined over 2012–2021 varied between 27% (Côte d’Ivoire) and 79% (Senegal). Male key population (clients of FSW and MSM) contributed most to new infections (>60% in Mali and Senegal) owing to their higher HIV prevalence and larger prevention gaps. In 2022, men represented 56% of all PWH with an undiagnosed infection in Côte d’Ivoire (male key population = 15%), 46% in Mali (male key population = 23%), and 69% in Senegal (male key population = 55%). If HIV testing and ART initiation rates remain at current levels, 20% of new HIV infections could be due to undiagnosed key population PWH in Côte d’Ivoire over 2022–2031, 53% in Mali, and 65% in Senegal.
Conclusion: Substantial HIV diagnosis gaps remain in Western Africa, especially among male key population. Addressing these gaps is key to impacting the HIV epidemics in the region and achieving the goal of ending AIDS by 2030
Couples, one-night stands, sexfriends: The varied intimate lives of the under-30s
No full textFour in five young adults (aged 18–29) taking part in the Envie survey reported at least one romantic or sexual relationship over the past year. A majority reported a couple relationship (66%), but many had also experienced a one-night-stand (21%) or various lasting relationships that they defined in different ways (15%). Couples still tend to meet in school or at the workplace, while partners for a one-night stand are often encountered in public spaces or on dating apps. Couples are equally prevalent across different social backgrounds, but the other types of relationship are more frequent among young people, women especially, with parents in higher-level occupations
Beyond the underlying cause of death: an algorithm to study multi-morbidity at death
No full textBackground
In countries with high life expectancy, a growing share of the population is living with several diseases, a situation referred to as multi-morbidity. In addition to health data, cause-of-death data, based on the information reported on death certificates, can help monitor and characterize this situation. This requires going beyond the underlying cause of death and accounting for all causes on the death certificates which may have played various roles in the morbid process, depending on how they relate to each other.
Methods
Apart from the underlying cause, the cause-of death data available in vital registration systems do not differentiate all other causes. We developed an algorithm based on the WHO rules that assigns a “role” to each entry on the death certificate. We distinguish between the following roles: originating (o), when the condition has initiated a sequence of events leading directly to death; precipitating (p), when it was caused by an originating condition or one of its consequences; associated (a), when it contributed to death but was not part of the direct sequence leading to death; ill-defined (i), i.e., conditions such as symptoms or signs or poorly informative causes. We applied this algorithm to all death records in four countries (Italy, France, Spain and the US) in 2017.
Results
The average number of originating causes is similar in the four countries. The proportion of death certificates with more than one originating cause—a situation typical of multi-morbidity—ranges from 10% in the US to 18% in Spain. All ages combined, the proportion of deaths with at least one associated cause is higher in Italy (41%) and in the US (42%) than in France (29%) and in Spain (27%). It is especially high in the US at all adult ages. Variations in the average number of causes between the four countries are mainly due to precipitating and ill-defined causes.
Conclusions
The output of our algorithm sheds light on cross-country differences in the average number of causes on death certificates. It also opens the door for improvements in the methods used for multiple cause-of-death analysis
How Do State Policies Impact Access and Pathways to Parenthood for Sexual Minority Adults?
No full textObjective
This study aims to investigate the role of state policies in the contexts of accessing parenthood for sexual minority individuals and same-sex couples.
Background
These are LGBTQ people who want to have children face significant barriers for achieving parenthood, notably depending on the policies regulating access to assisted reproductive technologies, foster care, and adoption.
Methods
We use a national probability sample of 1507 sexual minority adults living across US states and belonging to three age cohorts.
Results
Although the proportion of LGBQ parents did not vary across the country, the pathways to parenthood did. In states with more inclusive policies, LGBQ parents accessed parenthood through formal (ART/adoption) or alternative pathways (co-parenting or step-parenting), whereas different-sex pathways were dominant in states with less inclusive policies.
Conclusion
State policy context is not associated with whether sexual minority adults are parents, but rather how they become parents.
Policy Implications
Additional policies could be implemented in order to protect sexual minority prospective parents from experiencing discrimination when they try to access adoption, foster care, or ART. Additionally, professionals and families could receive training about gender and sexual minority families