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Immigration et mobilité sociale
No full textDans cet article, nous passons en revue la littérature empirique internationale sur la mobilité sociale intergénérationnelle au sein des familles immigrées. Si les immigrés connaissent souvent un déclassement social à leur arrivée dans le pays de destination, leurs enfants sont plus susceptibles de connaître une mobilité ascendante en termes de diplôme et de statut professionnel. Cependant, la mobilité relative, ou fluidité sociale, correspondant à l’association statistique de la position sociale des parents et de celle des enfants, semble davantage similaire pour les familles immigrées et natives, avec des variations importantes selon les pays, les groupes d’origine et les dimensions de la stratification sociale étudiés. La mobilité sociale au sein des familles immigrées est plus spécifiquement façonnée par deux séries de facteurs : des mécanismes liés à la position initiale des parents dans leur société d’origine et des mécanismes propres à la société d’immigration. Parmi ces derniers, la précarité du statut administratif, l’organisation du système scolaire, la ségrégation résidentielle et les discriminations ont fait l’objet de plusieurs recherches
Le texte comme matériau historique. Quelques réflexions à propos des savoirs économiques des Lumières
No full textNotre travail d’historien des savoirs économiques des Lumières s’inscrit largement dans les perspectives ouvertes par J.-C. Perrot et les micro-historiens pour questionner les rapports entre les œuvres, leurs auteurs et les différents contextes dans lesquels ils se situent. Alors que l’école de Cambridge privilégie une approche linguistique du contexte, il nous paraît essentiel de s’interroger sur l’histoire matérielle des textes et la manière dont elle peut être articulée avec l’histoire des productions intellectuelles et celles de leurs auteurs. Enfin, nous défendons l’idée que la biographie intellectuelle offre à l’historien un nouvel éclairage sur la société dans laquelle se meut l’auteur. La production de textes, qui sont rétrospectivement considérés comme des objets de valeur purement littéraires ou savants, répond assez souvent à des logiques culturelles et sociales, un contexte dans lequel l’entreprise intellectuelle est enchâssée
The Diffusion of Late Fertility Across European Regions (2006–2018)
No full textThe rise in late fertility has emerged as a landmark trend in high-income countries in recent decades. Yet, its spread has been geographically uneven, which has largely been attributed to socioeconomic contextual factors. Our study introduces a new perspective: the role of spatial diffusion processes. We exploit the regional variation in the increase in the contribution of late fertility rates to total fertility to assess whether a region follows the behaviour of nearby regions in preceding periods. To test this, we use a comprehensive panel of 193 regions across 18 European countries and utilise a dynamic spatial Durbin model that captures both temporal and spatial interdependencies. After accounting for socioeconomic factors known to affect late fertility rates, such as the tertiarisation of education or changes in the opportunity structure of the labour market, we still find a significant association between geographic proximity and the rise in late fertility across European regions. This underlines the deep interconnectedness within and across contemporary societies. Thus, beyond socioeconomic transformations, our research provides empirical evidence that diffusion processes have contributed to the spread of late births across the continent, and will likely continue to shape future fertility trends
Contextualizing the Global Burden of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Historical and Geographical Exploration of Excess Mortality in France, 1901–2021
No full textIn light of the unprecedented global impact of COVID-19, comparing its demographic and spatial dimensions with past longevity crises is crucial for identifying core drivers and providing guidance for tailored health policies. This study offers the first analysis of this type, placing the recent pandemic in a historical and geographical context spanning the past 120 years and comparing its impact in 90 French regions with that of the 1911 and 2003 heatwaves and the Spanish and Hong Kong flu. Using a robust statistical model, we computed a standard excess mortality measure enabling comparison across both space and time and with the estimated effects of COVID-19 in European regions. Our results reveal that the COVID-19 burden was, on average, 90 percent lower than the Spanish Flu and 75 percent lower than the 1911 heatwave, but four times higher than the 2003 heatwave. We also reveal that the heterogeneity of the COVID-19 burden across French regions is high compared to the Spanish and the Hong Kong flu but in line with the 2003 heatwave. COVID-19's substantial spatial heterogeneity and clear spatial clusters could be the result of stringent containment measures that prevented the pandemic from spreading across the French territory, contrary to past pandemics
A cohabitation wealth premium for women and men: considering the regulatory framework and normative acceptance in France and Germany
No full textWe examine the association between cohabitation and women’s and men’s wealth, closely considering the distinct regulatory and normative contexts in France and Eastern and Western Germany. Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (2002–2017) and the French wealth survey Histoire de Vie et Patrimoine (2014/15-2020/21), we apply fixed-effects regression models to examine potential wealth advantages associated with cohabitation, including the relevance of gender and contextual differences. We find that cohabitation is positively associated with women’s and men’s wealth across contexts, without meaningful gender differences. For France, entering a Pacs (i.e. registered cohabitation) is associated with an additional premium beyond the (unregistered) cohabitation premium—though these effects may not be causal. Overall, our results suggest that the regulatory treatment of cohabitation plays a more significant role in shaping the wealth accumulation of cohabiting women and men than normative acceptance, while gender has little impact on the associated benefits
Stigma and discrimination against adolescents living with perinatal HIV in Thailand: caregivers' perceptions
No full textBackground: Thailand has been particularly affected by the HIV epidemic in the middle of the years 1990s. Thousands of children living with perinatal HIV have been exposed to HIV-related stigma/discrimination, but its frequency and expressions have been little studied. Our objectives were to assess, among adolescents living with perinatal HIV, the prevalence of stigma/discrimination, the factors associated with it and its expressions.
Methods: All caregivers of adolescents aged 12–19 years living with perinatal HIV and receiving antiretrovirals in 20 hospitals throughout Thailand were invited to complete a face-to-face questionnaire on their adolescent's life, and to report their adolescents' experiences of stigma/discrimination. Stigma/discrimination as perceived by the caregivers was analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative approaches.
Results: A total of 712 adolescents living with perinatal HIV and their caregivers were interviewed as part of the TEEWA study between March 2010 and November 2012. Of the 572 adolescents living in family settings, 464 had their HIV-status known in the community. Among them, the overall stigma/discrimination prevalence was 46%. The multivariable analysis showed that the risk of being stigmatized was nearly 3 times higher in the northeast region (OR: 2.93, 95%CI: 1.36–6.45) and when having a low intellectual ability (OR: 3.35, 95%CI: 1.66–7.10). It was nearly twice higher in case of conflicts with caregivers (OR: 1.81, 95%CI: 1.17–2.79) and when caregivers were members of a support group (OR: 2.28, 95%CI: 1.48–3.53), while having a BMI >18.5 was associated with a lower risk of stigma/discrimination (OR: 0.61, 95%CI: 0.37–0.98). Expressions of stigma/discrimination included bullying, social isolation, behavioral discrimination and public disclosure. Consequences of stigma/discriminations included voluntary withdrawal from school, painful awareness of HIV status, marginalization from the community, and separation of drinks and food.
Conclusion: We found that the prevalence of stigma/discrimination among adolescents living with perinatal HIV was high. Despite existing policies, stigma eradication remains necessary to normalize their life as they grow into adulthood and may face the consequences of past/current discrimination in terms of access to university studies or occupation, at work, in the community or in their romantic life
Arrêt de l’USAID : un grand frein aux recherches sur la santé et le développement
No full textLa mise à l’arrêt, pour l’instant temporaire, de l’USAID par l’administration Trump entraîne la disparition de nombreuses ressources statistiques démographiques et sanitaires, à une échelle internationale, et l’interruption des enquêtes en cours. La situation est dramatique pour les pays à faible revenu, incapables d’effectuer seuls cette collecte massive de données sans laquelle les politiques publiques deviennent inefficientes, voire inexistantes
Toy cars or dolls? The role of siblings in children’s gendered play
No full textBy age 2, boys and girls play differently. Gender differences are especially large for play with dolls and toy cars. While these differences exist to a similar extent across all social classes, they are smaller among younger siblings than older ones. This is due to a sibling training effect, with younger siblings emulating their elders of the opposite sex, and illustrates the key role of interaction between children in play preferences and early learning of gendered behaviours
Is maternal diabetes during pregnancy associated with neurodevelopmental, cognitive and behavioural outcomes in children? Insights from individual participant data meta-analysis in ten birth cohorts
No full textGrowing evidence shows that dysregulated metabolic intrauterine environments can affect offspring’s neurodevelopment and behaviour. However, the results of individual cohort studies have been inconsistent. We aimed to investigate the association between maternal diabetes before pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with neurodevelopmental, cognitive and behavioural outcomes in children