L'archive ouverte de L'Ined
Not a member yet
9998 research outputs found
Sort by
Tensions in empowerment- or community-based HIV prevention interventions: lessons learned from ETOILE, a collaborative France–US self-study project
No full textIn most high-income countries, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has concentrated among minoritized, discriminated against, or otherwise marginalized communities, such as queer people, people who migrated, people who exchange sex and/or use drugs, poor people and people of color. Suboptimal prevention and treatment uptake has led to the implementation of community-based and/or participatory research integrating ‘empowerment’ approaches in an effort to reach marginalized groups in high-income countries. Here we present results of a cross-national examination of how national contexts influence implementation of empowerment-based HIV prevention research projects in the United States (US) and France. ETOILE was a qualitative, self-reflective study collaboration conducted between 2019 and 2022. Three study teams (two from the US and one from France) engaged in self-reflective focus groups and intervisitations where both HIV prevention scientists and community-based organization partners discussed the following topics: HIV and community-based research landscapes, the notion of empowerment in traditional research contexts, within-project tensions around hierarchies/power, positionality and racial representation, and economic resources. We applied a grounded analytic approach to identify key emergent themes. The ability to communicate around structural racism differed across study teams; the French team had greater difficulty managing within-project tensions, reflecting the national context and history of community-based research. Whether and how epidemiological data is broken down (or not) by ‘race,’ ethnicity, and social class shape both research and popular understandings of HIV epidemics. The roles of community-based organization members and Black researchers in accessing communities and vouching for research is particularly challenging. Representation of Black researchers on study teams can critically influence research project implementation. We found that national contexts matter. We identified recommendations for conducting community-based research based on empowerment and participatory approaches in disempowering contexts
Essential Worker Status, Gender, and Migration Background Disparities in COVID-19: An Intersectional Approach
No full textObjectives
COVID-19 disproportionately hit women, immigrants, ethno-racial minorities, and essential workers. This study examines disparities in SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity by gender and migration background in France (late 2020) and assesses how much essential worker status explains them.
Methods
We grouped 30,018 workers from the EpiCoV cohort into four categories defined by gender and migration background. Worker status included seven categories: non-essential workers; high- and low-class healthcare workers (HCWs), social and educational workers (SEWs), and other essential workers (OEWs). We assessed SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence across gender and migration-background groups. Non-linear decomposition analysis quantified the extent to which significant seropositivity differences were driven by unequal representation in essential occupations and varying infection risk within similar essential occupations.
Results
SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was lowest among men without a migration background, higher among women without a migration background, and highest among individuals with a migration background. Compared to men without a migration background, seropositivity was 1.6 percentage points higher among women without a migration background (43.7% attributed to overrepresentation among HCWs and 5.8% to greater risk within low-class HCWs), and 6.9 percentage points higher among women with a migration background (31.5% driven by their overrepresentation among HCWs and low-class SEWs, and 19.4% by stronger risks across low-class essential jobs). The 5.3-point seropositivity gap between women with and without a migration background was 33.4% attributable to stronger infection risks among low-class SEWs and low-class OEWs.
Conclusions
Women bore a double burden exacerbated by their migration background: overrepresentation in certain essential jobs and elevated COVID-19 risk within these occupations
Décomposition des flux d’immigration entre départements urbains et ruraux
No full textLa note analyse les flux d’immigration de ressortissants de pays tiers en France entre 2000 et 2022, à partir des premiers titres de séjour d’au moins un an. Ces flux mesurent l’accès initial à une autorisation durable de résidence, qu’elle résulte d’une arrivée récente, d’un changement de statut ou d’une régularisation. Ils ne correspondent pas aux entrées physiques sur le territoire, qui ne sont pas observées. En 2022, le flux national atteint 282 957 entrées, un niveau record sur l’ensemble de la période. Après la baisse de 2020 liée aux restrictions sanitaires, la tendance croissante des années 2010 reprend nettement. La quasi-totalité des titres délivrés ont une durée inférieure à dix ans, et les femmes représentent 47,6 % des nouveaux
bénéficiaires. Les données révèlent également d’importantes disparités territoriales. La part des entrées dans les départements urbains diminue progressivement, passant de près de 60 % avant 2016 à 55 % en 2022, tandis que les départements ruraux voient leur part progresser jusqu’à près de 15 %. Les motifs d’entrée varient selon le degré d’urbanisation : les motifs familiaux, dominants partout, reculent au fil du temps, tandis que les motifs professionnels, humanitaires et surtout d’études augmentent, notamment dans les zones rurales et intermédiaires. Les départements urbains accueillent proportionnellement davantage d’étudiants, tandis que les zones rurales enregistrent une montée plus forte des motifs professionnels et
humanitaires depuis la fin des années 2010
Who do they think you are? Inconsistencies in self- and proxy-reports of education within families
No full textEstimates of intergenerational educational mobility are generally computed using a combination of self- and proxy-reports of one’s and one’s parents’ education. Such reports are easily collected, offering a cost-effective alternative to collecting multiple self-reports or register data. However, the bias that proxy-reports could introduce in the measurement of intergenerational educational mobility is rarely assessed. Our study fills this gap and assesses how reliable people are when they report their parents’ or their child’s educational attainment. We find that both parents and children tend to underestimate the educational distance between themselves and their family members, thus inflating estimates of educational reproduction. This trend is larger when children act as proxy-reporters. Another limitation of using children’s proxy-reported information is the number of missing answers, which is lower when parents are asked to proxy-report their child’s education. In a simulation exercise, we establish that the bias introduced by proxy reports is not negligible, with self-reported intergenerational regression coefficients being 9% higher when a proxy-report is used
Yoann Doignon, Isabelle Blöss-Widmer, Elena Ambrosetti, Sébastien Oliveau. 2023. Population Dynamics in the Mediterranean. A demographic convergence ? [Dynamique des populations en Méditerranée. Une convergence démographique ?]. Springer. 161 pages.
No full textChiffrer et déchiffrer la mixité sociale programmée. Jalons pour l’étude des effets de la déségrégation des classes sociales
No full textJean-Yves Authier : président du jur
Trends and Factors Associated with Under-5 Excess Mortality among Twins in sub-Saharan Africa: A Study of 156 National Surveys from 42 Countries
No full textTwin children are more likely to die than singletons. This is an additional burden in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, as child mortality levels are already higher than anywhere else. This article provides estimates of under-5 mortality rates (U5MRs) for twins and singletons in SSA from 1986 to 2016. It describes the geographical variations and changes over time. It also describes the variation of twins’ excess mortality according to age from 0 to 5 years. Additionally, it analyzes the factors associated with twins’ excess mortality. We used data from 156 national surveys from 42 countries. We estimated U5MRs for twins and single children and built a Cox model to analyze factors associated with excess mortality among twins. Although child mortality has declined on the continent, twins’ excess mortality remains very high. U5MRs are, on average, 3 times higher among twins than singletons. The Cox model shows that all other things being equal, the adjusted hazard ratio of under-5 mortality (U5M) is 3.2 (2.9−3.3; p < .001) times higher among twins than singletons. The main factors associated with excess mortality risks among twins are biomedical and nutritional features, such as low birth weight, non-use of cesarean section delivery, and lack of breastfeeding. Health policy makers in SSA should be aware of the vulnerability of twins, and interventions to prevent their early deaths should be considered
8274234 A gendered association between non-standard working hours and mental health: findings from a participatory project in French deprived neighborhoods
No full textObjective: Nonstandard working hours (early, evening, night, weekend) have increased in the last decade among workers in lower-qualification occupations. Although they may be more affected by this increase, persons living in deprived neighbourhoods could be under-represented in surveys because of participation biases. Our study aims at describing the level of nonstandard working hours and its association with mental health in three deprived neighbourhoods in greater Paris area, according to gender.
Material and Methods: Our participatory project involves researchers and a community-based organisation (VoisinMalin). A survey was conducted in 2024 by inhabitants trained in outreach and questionnaire administration. We described the study population by sociodemographic and occupational characteristics, nonstandard working hours and mental health (WHO5) according to gender. We further investigated the determinants of poor mental health using multivariate logistic regressions.
Results: A total of 462 persons participated in the survey, 53% of whom where women. Among the working population sub-sample, 73.4% had at least one type of non-standard working hour (78.3% among men, 67.5% among women). Poor mental health was 19.7% among men and 29.6% among women. Among men, night work was associated with poor mental health. Among women, non-standard working hours were associated with better mental health. In multivariate analysis, this association remained among women (aOR non-standard working hours=0.29, p<0.016). Another protective factor was neighbourhood network (aOR=0.32, p<0.016). A low level of education and lack of work-personal life conciliation tended to be associated with a higher probability of poor mental health.
Conclusions: We found different associations of nonstandard working hours on mental health according to gender. Further analysis should investigate whether the association between mental health and nonstandard working hours is due to better work-personal life conciliation