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Le symbole est-il diabolique ? Duplicité(s) du signe en question
No full textInternational audienceIs the linguistic sign, traditionally conceived as a symbol (from the Greek sym + bol ‘putting two faces together’), diabolical (from the Greek dia 'to separate')? That is the question arised by this second issue of Signifiances (Signifying), which proposes questioning the duplicity or, more exactly, the duplicities of the sign. The articles presented emanate from researchers from various theoretical horizons; but the studies gathered here bear witness to the same concern: the desire to question, to challenge, what is usually considered as given. All the terms of the definition of the sign as an arbitrary union of a signifier and a signified, symbolizing a portion of reality, are here questioned, each paper being particularly interested in this or that aspect of this conception. The elements of the definition are not seen as objects with a positive existence but rather as dynamic processes (speaker experience) or as the result of constitutive points of view of linguistic entities (biased linguist), and most of the contributions are based on the signifier as a dynamic process.¿No sería el signo lingüístico, tradicionalmente concebido como un símbolo (del griego sym + bole, ‘poner juntas dos caras’), en realidad diabólico (del griego dia, ‘separar’)? Esa es la pregunta que plantea este número 2 de Signifiances, que explora la duplicidad o, más precisamente, las duplicidades del signo. Los trabajos presentados provienen de investigadores de diversos horizontes teóricos; sin embargo, los estudios aquí reunidos reflejan una misma preocupación: la voluntad de cuestionar y poner en tela de juicio lo que habitualmente se considera como dado. Todos los términos de la definición del signo como unión arbitraria de un significante y un significado, que simbolizan una porción de la realidad, son aquí puestos en cuestión, y cada artículo se centra en algún aspecto particular de esta concepción. Los elementos de la definición no se consideran como objetos con existencia positiva, sino más bien como procesos dinámicos (experiencia del hablante) o como el resultado de perspectivas que constituyen las entidades lingüísticas (posición del lingüista), y la mayoría de las contribuciones parten del significante en tanto proceso dinámico.Le signe linguistique, traditionnellement conçu comme un symbole (du grec sym + bole ‘mettre ensemble deux faces’), ne serait-il pas diabolique (du grec dia ‘séparer’) ? Telle est la question que pose ce numéro 2 de Signifiances, qui se penche sur la duplicité ou, plus exactement, les duplicités du signe. Les travaux présentés émanent de chercheurs d’horizons théoriques divers ; mais les études réunies ici témoignent d’une même préoccupation : la volonté de questionner, de remettre en cause, ce qui est habituellement considéré comme relevant du donné. Tous les termes de la définition du signe comme union arbitraire d’un signifiant et d’un signifié, symbolisant une portion du réel, sont ici interrogés, chaque article s’intéressant plus particulièrement à tel ou tel aspect de cette conception. Les éléments de la définition ne sont pas envisagés comme des objets ayant une existence positive mais plutôt comme des processus dynamiques (expérience du locuteur) ou comme le résultat de points de vue constitutifs des entités linguistiques (parti pris du linguiste), et la plupart des contributions ont pour point de départ le signifiant en tant que processus dynamique
c-MET Overexpression as a Poor Predictor of MET Amplifications or Exon 14 Mutations in Lung Sarcomatoid Carcinomas
No full textInternational audienceINTRODUCTION:MNNG HOS transforming gene (MET) abnormalities such as amplification and exon 14 mutations may be responsive to targeted therapies. They are prevalent in lung sarcomatoid carcinomas (LSCs) and must be diagnosed as efficiently as possible. Hypothetically, c-MET overexpression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) may prove effective as a screening test for MET abnormalities.METHODS:Tissue samples were obtained from consecutive patients with a resected LSC in four oncologic centers. IHC was performed using the SP44 antibody (Ventana, Tucson, Arizona) and evaluated using the MetMab score and H-score. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was applied with the dual color probe set from Zytovision (Clinisciences, Nanterre, France). True MET amplification was diagnosed when MET gene copy number was 5 or greater and the ratio between MET gene copy number and chromosome 7 number was greater than 2. All MET exon 14 alterations including those affecting splice sites occurring within splice donor and acceptor sites were detected in the routine molecular testing on genetic platforms.RESULTS:A total of 81 LSCs were included. Fourteen (17%) exhibited positive IHC using the MetMab score and 15 (18.5%) using the H-score. MET amplification was detected in six tumors (8.5%) and MET exon 14 mutation in five (6%). A weak positive correlation between IHC and fluorescence in situ hybridization was found (r = 0.27, p = 0.0001). IHC sensitivity for MET amplification was 50%, with a specificity of 83%, positive predictive value of 21.4%, and negative predictive value of 94.7%. IHC sensitivity for MET exon 14 mutations was 20%, with a specificity of 83%, positive predictive value of 7%, and negative predictive value of 94%
Drowned by numbers? Stabilization properties of an EU-wide unemployment insurance system
No full textInternational audienceThe recent crisis has given rise to proposals for the creation of a European unemployment insurance system. We simulate an EU-wide mechanism under various scenarios, varying methods of financing (common or country-specific contribution rates) and triggers for pay-outs (all time or contingent clauses). We analyse the impact of the system using different measures of stabilization under different fiscal multipliers. A system operating during bad times (periods where the increase in unemployment is large) would reduce GDP growth variability but also growth correlation among member countries. Hence, there is a trade-off between stabilization and synchronization of national business cycles
Towards Spatio-Temporal Face Alignment in Unconstrained Conditions
No full textInternational audienceFace alignment is an essential task for many applications. Its objective is to locate feature points on the face, in order to identify its geometric structure. Under unconstrained conditions, the different variations that may occur in the visual context, together with the instability of face detection, make it a difficult problem to solve. While many methods have been proposed, their performances under these constraints are still not satisfactory. In this article, we claim that face alignment should be studied using image sequences rather than still images, as it has been done so far. We show the importance of taking into consideration the temporal information under unconstrained conditions
A generic fuzzy approach for multi-objective optimization under uncertainty
No full textInternational audienceMulti-objective optimization under uncertainty has gained considerable attention in recent years due to its practical applications in real-life. Many studies have been conducted on this topic, but almost all of them transformed the problem into a mono-objective one or just neglected the effects of uncertainty on the outcomes. This paper addresses specific uncertain multi-objective problems in which uncertainty is expressed by means of triangular fuzzy numbers. To handle these problems, we introduced a new approach able to solve them without any transformation by considering fuzziness propagation to the objective functions. The proposed approach is composed of two main contributions: First, a fuzzy Pareto dominance is defined for ranking the generated fuzzy solutions. Second, a generic fuzzy extension of well-known evolutionary algorithms is suggested as resolution methods. An experimental study on multi-objective Vehicle Routing Problems (VRP) with uncertain demands is finally carried to evaluate our approach
Pierre Lévêque : l’homme et l’historien
No full textDossier réuni par Jean VigreuxInternational audienc
Les données de la recherche : Entretien avec Joachim Schopfel et Alexandre Serres – Périmètres et pratiques: Entretien pour le blog DLIS (Digital Libraries & Information Sciences)
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Embezzlement and Guilt Aversion
No full textDonors usually need intermediaries to transfer their donations to recipients. A risk is that donations can be embezzled before they reach the recipients. Using psychological game theory, we design a novel three-player Embezzlement Mini-Game to study whether intermediaries suffer from guilt aversion and whether guilt aversion toward the recipient is stronger than toward the donor. Testing the predictions of the model in a laboratory experiment, we show that the proportion of guilt-averse intermediaries is the same irrespective of the direction of the guilt. However, structural estimates indicate that the effect of guilt on behaviour is higher when the guilt is directed toward the recipient
VisUML: a live UML visualization to help developers in their programming task
No full textInternational audienceDevelopers produce a lot of code and most of them have to merge it to what already exists. The required time to perform this programming task is thus dependent on the access speed to information about existing code. Classic IDEs allow displaying textual representation of information through features like navigation, word searching or code completion. This kind of representation is not effective to represent links between code fragments. Current graphical code representation modules in IDE are suited to apprehend the system from a global point of view. However, the cognitive integration cost of those diagrams is disproportionate related to the elementary coding task. Our approach considers graphical representation but only with code elements that are parts of the developer's mental model during his programming task. The corresponding cognitive integration of our graphical representation is then less costly. We use UML for this representation because it is a widespread and well-known formalism. We want to show that dynamic diagrams, whose content is modified and adapted in real-time by monitoring developer's actions can be of great benefit as their contents are perfectly suited to the developer current task. With our live diagrams, we provide to developers an efficient way to navigate through textual and graphical representation
