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Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe Mass Spectrometry: A Minimally Invasive Approach for the Identification of Tannins in Black Writing Inks
No full textCarbon-based and iron-gall inks constitute the two main classes of black writing inks. Carbon ink, considered the primary writing substance in the ancient world, contrasts with iron-gall inks, which were used by scribes during medieval times. Carbon inks are produced by suspending fine carbon particles in a water solution of a binder, while iron-gall inks result from a reaction between iron II ions and tannins.
The shift from carbon to iron-gall inks remains unclear, but it is certain that this change was a gradual process. Some researchers argue that it accompanied the transition in preferred writing support from papyrus to parchment. Others suggest that the introduction of the codex, a new form of book that replaced scrolls, played a role. A third possible reason is the need for a substantial volume of ink, which led to experimentation to produce a cheaper writing ink or adulteration of contemporary inks.
Scarce recipes, coupled with the results of scientific investigations of manuscripts from late antiquity and early medieval times, attest to a tradition of adding metallic substances to writing inks. Based on our research outcomes, we tentatively refer to this time as the transition period.
Nowadays, ink study protocols allow for the reliable recognition of the ink type based on its optical properties, the characterization of the elemental makeup with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and the verification of carbon presence with Raman spectroscopy or infrared reflectography using a long-wave pass filter. However, mixtures of carbon inks and iron-gall inks also contain tannins, which cannot be identified with the aforementioned methods. For this reason, our team has improved upon the recently proposed study of inks with Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe Mass Spectrometry (ASAP-MS)1, and proposes a new protocol for the minimally invasive identification of hydrolyzable and condensed tannins present in historic inks. This new approach marks a significant advancement in the field of historic black writing ink identification.
1Ghigo, Rabin, Buzi 2020
Papers of Ernst Leumann (23): [Rājapraśnī] Auszüge aus Upânga 2 : Rājapraśnī
No full text[Rājapraśnī] Auszüge aus Upânga 2 : RājapraśnīCrit. text, with occasional quotations from the comm. and occasional analyses / transl. - Four mss. from Berlin used: 1098, 1099, 874 and 660Katalognummer: 23Medium/Umfang: pp. 1-98Handschriftennummern:B 1098B 1099B 874B 660Projektmetadaten:20 : [Rājapraśnī] Auszüge aus Upânga 2 : Rājapraśnī
77 : pp. 1-98
90 : 23
93 : Crit. text, with occasional quotations from the comm. and occasional analyses / transl. - Four mss. from Berlin used: 1098, 1099, 874 and 660
95 : B 1098
95a: B 1099
95b: B 874
95c: B 66
Papers of Ernst Leumann (112): Londoner Excerpte vom Herbst 1892 : Octav-Collectivheft
No full textLondoner Excerpte vom Herbst 1892 : Octav-CollectivheftEspecially description of mss. of the Āvaśy.-textsKatalognummer: 112Medium/Umfang: 28 pp.Projektmetadaten:20 : Londoner Excerpte vom Herbst 1892 : Octav-Collectivheft
77 : 28 pp.
90 : 112
93 : Especially description of mss. of the Āvaśy.-text
Papers of Ernst Leumann (261): [Tattvârtha] Siddhasena's und Haribhadra's Kommentare zur Śvetāmbara- oder Bhāṣya-Version des Tattvârtha
No full text[Tattvârtha] Siddhasena's und Haribhadra's Kommentare zur Śvetāmbara- oder Bhāṣya-Version des TattvârthaConcordance of S = Siddhasena's comm. (P VIII 595) and H = Haribhadra's comm. (P X 369) to the vss. of the TattvârthaKatalognummer: 261Medium/Umfang: 2 pp. + 3 unbound leavesLokale Notation: Schu: 1.B.5.Handschriftennummern:P VIII 595P X 369Projektmetadaten:20 : [Tattvârtha] Siddhasena's und Haribhadra's Kommentare zur Śvetāmbara- oder Bhāṣya-Version des Tattvârtha
27 : Tattvârtha
30b: Schu: 1.B.5.
40 : Siddhasena
40a: Haribhadra
77 : 2 pp. + 3 unbound leaves
90 : 261
93 : Concordance of S = Siddhasena's comm. (P VIII 595) and H = Haribhadra's comm. (P X 369) to the vss. of the Tattvârtha
95 : P VIII 595
95a: P X 36
Papers of Ernst Leumann (333): Ārādhanā. Aus Aparājita's Ārādhanā-ṭīkā
No full textĀrādhanā. Aus Aparājita's Ārādhanā-ṭīkāCc. 1-9: Tr. of Śivakoṭi's Ārādhanā (vss. 1-2146) on the basis of one ms.: see on the first p. "B 2045 (mit Aparājita's Comm.): abgeschrieben aus einem Exemplar, in welchem einige Blätter umgestellt waren". - The method used is the same as for the Āvaśy.niry. (c. 39): space is reserved for all the vss., and numbers are indicated, but the text is not always given. - c.10: "Aus Aparājita's Ārādhanā-ṭīkā": extracts of the comm. covering 6 pp.Katalognummer: 333Medium/Umfang: 10 cc. in 1 vol.; ca. 140 pp.Lokale Notation: Schu: 1.C.1.Projektmetadaten:20 : Ārādhanā. Aus Aparājita's Ārādhanā-ṭīkā
27 : Aparājita
30b: Schu: 1.C.1.
40 : Śivakoṭi
77 : 10 cc. in 1 vol.; ca. 140 pp.
90 : 333
93 : Cc. 1-9: Tr. of Śivakoṭi's Ārādhanā (vss. 1-2146) on the basis of one ms.: see on the first p. "B 2045 (mit Aparājita's Comm.): abgeschrieben aus einem Exemplar, in welchem einige Blätter umgestellt waren". - The method used is the same as for the Āvaśy.niry. (c. 39): space is reserved for all the vss., and numbers are indicated, but the text is not always given. - c.10: "Aus Aparājita's Ārādhanā-ṭīkā": extracts of the comm. covering 6 pp
Papers of Ernst Leumann (371): S 386-390 : Nemicandra's Pratiṣṭhātilaka ; Haricandra's Dharmajindaya-saṃgraha mahākāvya ; Vādībhasiṃha's Kṣatracūḍāmaṇi ; Ratnamañjūṣā Chandoviciti ; Cāritrasāra
No full textS 386-390 : Nemicandra's Pratiṣṭhātilaka ; Haricandra's Dharmajindaya-saṃgraha mahākāvya ; Vādībhasiṃha's Kṣatracūḍāmaṇi ; Ratnamañjūṣā Chandoviciti ; CāritrasāraKatalognummer: 371Medium/Umfang: 5 pp.Lokale Notation: Schu: 1.C.2.Handschriftennummern:S 386-390Projektmetadaten:20 : S 386-390 : Nemicandra's Pratiṣṭhātilaka ; Haricandra's Dharmajindaya-saṃgraha mahākāvya ; Vādībhasiṃha's Kṣatracūḍāmaṇi ; Ratnamañjūṣā Chandoviciti ; Cāritrasāra
27 : Pratiṣṭhātilaka
27a: Haricandra
27b: Dharmajindaya-saṃgraha mahākāvya
27c: Vādībhasiṃha
27d: Kṣatradūḍāmaṇi
27e: Ratnamañjūṣā
27f: Chandoviciti
27g: Cāritrasāra
30b: Schu: 1.C.2.
40 : Nemicandra
77 : 5 pp.
90 : 371
95 : S 386-39
Papers of Ernst Leumann (451): Genesis der indogerm[anischen] e- und o-Vocale
No full textGenesis der indogerm[anischen] e- und o-VocaleMainly draftsKatalognummer: 451Medium/Umfang: unbound leavesLokale Notation: Schu: 4.A.Projektmetadaten:20 : Genesis der indogerm[anischen] e- und o-Vocale
30b: Schu: 4.A.
77 : unbound leaves
90 : 451
93 : Mainly draft
Raumnarrative im Sport - Eine machtkritische Perspektive im Kontext von Diversität & Inklusion
No full text--
In F. Bükers, C. Krieger & T. Bindel (Hrsg.), Sport und Raum im Spiegel von Inklusion und Diversität (S. 6-20). Universität Hamburg. https://doi.org/10.25592/uhhfdm.1468
An Interview About The History of Kombo And The Faati Clan in Faraba Banta (NCAC_RDD_TAPE_1100A)
No full textKombo
Informan'ts genealogy
Alternative names: Fatty, Bojang, Kebbe
Prinzipien und Abwägung
No full textBei Prinzipien handelt es sich um Rechtssätze – und bei der Abwägung um eine Rechtsoperation. Der Beitrag setzt sich mit der Kritik an der Prinzipientheorie auseinander