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Determining the Relationship Between Attitudes and Perceived Stress Levels of Nursing Students Towards Their First Clinical Practice: A Descriptive-Cross-Sectional Study
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EĞİTİM DÜZEYİNE GÖRE FİZYOTERAPİ VE REHABİLİTASYON ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE EMPATİK EĞİLİM: KARŞILAŞTIRMALI BİR ÇALIŞMA
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BOR TABANLI TRANSLASYONEL YAKLAŞIMLAR: MİKROBİYOTA–BEYİN EKSENİ VE OSTEOARTRİT TEDAVİSİNDE YENİ NESİL BOROBİYOTA VE STEMBOR PLATFORMLARI
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ABD Ekonomisinde Reklam Harcamaları ve Teknoloji Arasındaki İlişkilerin ARDL Sınır Testi ile İncelenmesi
No full textAmaç – 1994 yılında başlayan yeni reklam çağında, internetin ortaya çıkması ve dijital reklamcılıktaki teknolojik ilerlemeler, harcamaların geleneksel reklamcılıktan dijital reklamcılığa doğru ciddi bir şekilde yeniden tahsis edilmesine yol açmıştır. 2024’te, küresel reklam harcamalarının bir önceki yıla göre 845 milyar dolardan 917 milyar dolara ulaşması beklenmektedir. Bu rakam, yıllık olarak yaklaşık %8,5’lik bir büyümeyi temsil etmektedir. Küresel olarak karşılaştırıldığında en büyük reklamcılık pazarı olan ABD, reklam harcamalarına göre ekonomiler sıralamasında birinci durumdadır. Ülkenin reklamcılık pazarındaki harcamalarının yaklaşık 420 milyar dolara ulaşacağı varsayılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, 1997-2022 zaman diliminde ABD ekonomisinde teknolojinin reklam harcamalarını nasıl etkilediğini incelemektir. Teknoloji parametreleri olarak internet kullanımı ve hücresel veri değişkenleri kullanılmıştır. Yöntem – Seriler arasındaki kısa ve uzun vadeli ilişkiler, Phillips-Perron ve Dickey-Fuller GLS birim kök sınama bulguları doğrultusunda Gecikmesi Dağıtılmış Otoregresif (ARDL) sınır testi tercih edilerek belirlenmiştir. Modelin otokorelasyon, değişen varyans, normallik ve tanımlama hatası varsayımlarını içeren tanısal sınamalar yapılmış, parametre tahminlerinin istikrar koşulu için CUSUM ve CUSUM kareler testleri uygulanmıştır. Bulgular – Değişkenler arasındaki kısa ve uzun vadeli etkileşim bulguları, teknolojinin reklam harcamalarını artırdığını doğrulamaktadır. Aynı zamanda kalıntıların bir dönem gecikmeli değerlerinin modele dâhil edildiğini gösteren hata düzeltme terimi, kısa vadede oluşabilecek bir dengeden sapmanın düzelerek uzun vadede dengeye ulaştığının kanıtlarını sunmaktadır. Tartışma- Sonuçlar, reklamcılık pazarında yatırım getirilerini en üst düzeye çıkarmak ve belirli kitlelere etkili bir şekilde ulaşmak için daha kişiselleştirilmiş ve hedef odaklı dijital kampanyalara yoğunlaşılması gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca tüketicilerin ürün ya da hizmete karşı marka sadakatinin oluşturulması ve artırılması, reklamın talep esnekliğini azaltacağı için üreticilerin kâr maksimizasyonu hedefini olumlu etkilemektedir.Purpose – In the new advertising era that began in 1994, the emergence of the internet and technological advances in digital advertising have led to a significant reallocation of spending from traditional advertising to digital advertising. In 2024, global advertising spending is expected to reach 845 billion the previous year. This figure represents an annual growth of approximately 8.5%. Compared globally, the US, the largest advertising market, ranks first in the ranking of economies by advertising expenditure. It is assumed that the country's spending in the advertising market will reach approximately $420 billion. The purpose of this study is to examine how technology affects advertising spending in the US economy over the 1997-2022 time period. Internet usage and cellular data variables were used as technology parameters. Design/methodology/approach – Short-term and long-term relationships between the series were determined by choosing the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Lag bounds test in line with the Phillips-Perron and Dickey-Fuller GLS unit root test findings. Diagnostic tests including autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity, normality and identification error assumptions of the model were conducted, and CUSUM and CUSUM squares tests were applied for the stability condition of parameter estimates. Results – The short- and long-term interaction findings between the variables confirm that technology increases advertising expenditures. At the same time, the error correction term indicating that one-term lagged values of the residuals were included in the model provides evidence that deviation from a possible balance in the short term is corrected and reaches balance in the long term. Discussion – The results indicate that more personalized and target-oriented digital campaigns should be focused on in order to maximize investment returns in the advertising market and effectively reach specific audiences. In addition, creating and increasing brand loyalty of consumers towards the product or service positively affects the profit maximization goal of the producers as it reduces the demand elasticity of the advertisement
SYNCHRONOUS PAPILLARY THYROID CARCINOMA AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN A NON-CIRRHOTIC, NON-VIRAL LIVER: A RARE INCIDENTAL ASSOCIATION
No full textSYNCHRONOUS PAPILLARY THYROIDCARCINOMA AND HEPATOCELLULARCARCINOMA IN A NON-CIRRHOTIC, NON-VIRALLIVER: A RARE INCIDENTAL ASSOCIATIONMustafa ErsoyKütahya Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, İç Hastalıkları AnaBilim Dalı, KütahyaCase Description: A 42-year-old woman with no history ofviral hepatitis or cirrhosis was incidentally found to have a hepatic mass during routine imaging. MRI revealed a 5.2 cm hypervascular lesion in the right hepatic lobe with periportal lymphadenopathy. Liver enzymes and tumor markers were within normallimits, and viral serology (HBsAg, anti-HCV) was negative. Thepatient underwent right hepatectomy with perihepatic lymphnode dissection. Histopathologic examination confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arising in a non-cirrhotic, non-viralliver with metastasis limited to regional lymph nodes. Surgicalmargins were negative, and complete resection was achieved.For staging and systemic evaluation, FDG-PET/CT demonstrated FDG-avid upper mediastinal and cervical lymphadenopathies. EBUS-guided biopsy revealed metastatic papillarythyroid carcinoma (PTC). Neck ultrasonography showed a 1.5cm TI-RADS 5 nodule in the right thyroid lobe. The patient subsequently underwent total thyroidectomy and mediastinal lymphnode dissection, which confirmed classic variant papillary thyroid carcinoma with nodal metastases.Postoperative recovery was uneventful. The patient later received radioactive iodine ablation (RAI, 100 mCi I-131) for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Follow-up imaging demonstratedno evidence of residual or recurrent disease in either the thyroidbed or the liver. Laboratory tests, including liver function andthyroid hormone levels, remained stable under levothyroxinesuppression therapy.Discussion: The coexistence of papillary thyroid carcinomaand hepatocellular carcinoma is exceedingly rare, especially innon-cirrhotic and non-viral livers. To our knowledge, only isolated cases have been reported. The synchronous presentationin this patient likely represents two independent primary malig-nancies rather than metastatic spread. While both tumors wereincidentally detected and surgically treated at potentially curativestages, their coexistence highlights the importance of thoroughsystemic evaluation when unexpected lesions or lymphadenopathies are identified. This case underscores that HCC can arisein non-cirrhotic livers and that multidisciplinary managementensures favorable outcomes in rare synchronous malignancies.Conclusion: We report a rare case of synchronous papillarythyroid carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma in a non-cirrhotic, non-viral liver. Complete surgical resection and subsequentRAI therapy achieved disease-free status. Careful pathologicalevaluation and comprehensive systemic assessment are essentialfor optimal management of such exceptional presentations.Keywords: Hepatocellular carcinoma, Papillary thyroid carcinoma,Synchronous double primary</p
Organ-protective effects of fullerenol and desflurane in a rat model of ischemia–reperfusion injury
No full textTo investigate the protective effects of fullerenol applied before ischemia induction and desflurane anesthesia applied during ischemia–reperfusion (IR) induction in the lungs and kidneys of a lower-extremity IR injury rat model. After receiving ethical approval, we randomly divided 30 rats into five groups: sham (S), IR, IR with 100 mg/kg fullerenol (IR-FUL), IR with 6.7% desflurane (IR-DES), IR with 100 mg/kg fullerenol and 6.7% desflurane (IR-FUL-DES). Fullerenol was administered 30 min before the IR procedure in the IR-FUL and IR-FUL-DES groups, and desflurane was administered during the IR procedure in the IR-DES and IR-FUL-DES groups. During the procedure, an atraumatic microvascular clamp was placed in the aorta for 120 min. The clamp was then removed to achieve reperfusion for 120 min. Finally, at the end of reperfusion, we evaluated the extracted lung and kidney tissue samples and assessed them biochemically and histopathologically. The lung damage scores of the IR-FUL, IR-DES, and IR-FUL-DES groups were significantly lower than those of the IR group (p <.0001, p =.002, and p <.0001, respectively). The renal tubule injury scores of the IR, IR-FUL, IR-DES, and IR-FUL-DES groups were significantly higher than those of the S group (p <.0001). By contrast, the renal tubule injury scores of the IR-FUL and IR-FUL-DES groups were significantly lower than those of the IR group (p <.0001 and p =.001, respectively). Moreover, kidney intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) expression was significantly lower in all the treatment groups, particularly the IR-FUL group, than in the IR group, and lung ICAM1 expression was significantly lower in the IR-FUL and IR-FUL-DES groups than in the other treatment groups. In the lung and kidney tissues, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels, catalase activity, glutathione-S-transferase activity, and arylesterase activity were relatively high in the treatment groups. The application of fullerenol before and after desflurane anesthesia during IR has protective effects on rat lungs and kidneys. In particular, histopathology confirmed that the application of fullerenol 30 min before IR induction and desflurane anesthesia during IR induction reduced oxidative stress and alleviated IR-related damage in the lungs and kidneys. These findings may have important translational relevance, suggesting potential perioperative strategies for protecting organs from ischemia–reperfusion injury in clinical settings