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Qualitative insights into cultural heritage protection in Serbia: Addressing legal and institutional gaps for disaster risk resilience
No full textThis research is dedicated to a comprehensive exploration of the strengths and weaknesses inherent in the legal and institutional measures established to safeguard cultural heritage in the Republic of Serbia against the adverse effects of disasters, including earthquakes, landslides, rockfalls, floods, torrents, storms, hail, and forest fires. The study seeks to identify key challenges and shortcomings within the existing legal and institutional framework while also highlighting and analyzing best practices and potential avenues for improvement in the protection system. The research posits a preliminary hypothesis suggesting that significant challenges exist within the current framework, potentially hindering effective response and recovery efforts following natural hazards. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews with field experts and an in-depth analysis of existing documentation. These methods were aimed at gathering critical data and insights to enhance the understanding of systemic issues and contribute to developing practical, viable solutions. The analysis and processing of the collected data were conducted using ATLAS. ti software, enabling a detailed and systematic examination of qualitative information. Moreover, assessing the current capacity of institutions to respond swiftly and effectively to natural hazards that threaten cultural heritage formed a central aspect of this study. The findings reveal notable deficiencies in the legal framework, inadequate institutional capacities, limited resources, and insufficient training for disaster response. The results underscore the pressing need for improved inter-institutional cooperation and the development of technical and logistical capabilities. To address these issues, the study recommends aligning legal frameworks with international standards, securing increased funding for technical resources, and implementing specialized training programs for institutional staff. This article makes a significant contribution to advancing the understanding and enhancement of the cultural heritage protection system in Serbia, offering actionable insights and a robust foundation for further research and strategic development in this critical area
Geospatial and Temporal Patterns of Natural and Man-Made (Technological) Disasters (1900–2024): Insights from Different Socio-Economic and Demographic Perspectives
No full textThis pioneering study explores the geospatial and temporal patterns of natural and human-induced disasters from 1900 to 2024, providing essential insights into their global distribution and impacts. Significant trends and disparities in disaster occurrences and their widespread consequences are revealed through the utilization of the comprehensive international EM-DAT database. The results showed a dramatic escalation in both natural and man-made (technological) disasters over the decades, with notable surges in the 1991–2000 and 2001–2010 periods. A total of 25,836 disasters were recorded worldwide, of which 69.41% were natural disasters (16,567) and 30.59% were man-made (technological) disasters (9269). The most significant increase in natural disasters occurred from 1961–1970, while man-made (technological) disasters surged substantially from 1981–1990. Seasonal trends reveal that floods peak in January and July, while storms are most frequent in June and October. Droughts and floods are the most devastating in terms of human lives, while storms and earthquakes cause the highest economic losses. The most substantial economic losses were reported during the 2001–2010 period, driven by catastrophic natural disasters in Asia and North America. Also, Asia was highlighted by our research as the most disaster-prone continent, accounting for 41.75% of global events, with 61.89% of these events being natural disasters. Oceania, despite experiencing fewer total disasters, shows a remarkable 91.51% of these as natural disasters. Africa is notable for its high incidence of man-made (technological) disasters, which constitute 43.79% of the continent’s disaster events. Europe, representing 11.96% of total disasters, exhibits a balanced distribution but tends towards natural disasters at 64.54%. Examining specific countries, China, India, and the United States emerged as the countries most frequently affected by both types of disasters. The impact of these disasters has been immense, with economic losses reaching their highest during the decade of 2010–2020, largely due to natural disasters. The human toll has been equally significant, with Asia recording the most fatalities and Africa the most injuries. Pearson’s correlation analysis identified statistically significant links between socioeconomic factors and the effects of disasters. It shows that nations with higher GDP per capita and better governance quality tend to experience fewer disasters and less severe negative consequences. These insights highlight the urgent need for tailored disaster risk management strategies that address the distinct challenges and impacts in various regions. By understanding historical disaster patterns, policymakers and stakeholders can better anticipate and manage future risks, ultimately safeguarding lives and economies
Disaster Risk Reduction Education Through Digital Technologies in the Context of Education for Sustainable Development: A Curricula Analysis of Security and Defense Studies in Serbia
No full textThis study examines the integration of disaster risk reduction (DRR) into security and defense studies curricula at Serbian universities, focusing on public and private institutions. As climate change accelerates and natural disasters become more frequent, addressing these risks is critical for national security and sustainable development. This research evaluates the extent of DRR incorporation in curricula and the use of emerging technologies in DRR education. A qualitative analysis of programs at institutions such as the Faculty of Security Studies at the University of Belgrade, the Military Academy, the University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, and private universities like Singidunum and Educons University reveals that public institutions have made significant progress. However, private universities still need comprehensive DRR-focused courses and technological integration. This study recommends fostering collaboration between public and private universities, expanding access to the National Simulation Center, and incorporating modern technologies and active learning strategies across curricula to bridge existing gaps. These steps equip future security professionals with the practical skills and interdisciplinary knowledge necessary for effective disaster management in an increasingly complex risk environment
The impact of international standardson the quality of people's life
No full textThrough the promotion of the human security
concept, the UN Development Agency offered an analytical
framework that enables the identification of the security
problem sources. By monitoring relevant indicators within
seven areas essential for people's quality of life, the Human
Security concept enables directed action on recognized
sources and their elimination. The importance of applying
standards of International Organization for Standardization
as a platform for creating public policies to achieve
sustainable development goals is indisputable. One of ISO's
missions is to help developing countries build their capacities
in areas such as designing development strategies, technical
and operational expertise and familiarizing policymakers
with the benefits of applying international standards.
Certainly, for the realization of this potential, more active
participation of the governments of developed countries is
necessary; with their political authority based on economic
power, the developed countries would contribute to ensuring
that the standards are equally respected regardless of the
level of development of a country
Mašinsko učenje i sajber bezbednost
No full textСајбер напади су у експанзији, повећава се њихов број, софистицираност,
суровост и губитак прихода од сајбер напада. Значајни фактори за губитак
прихода су злонамерни програми, напади засновани на вебу (wеб), напади
одбијања услуга, злонамерни инсајдер, социјални инжењеринг и др. Недостатак
кадрова у области сајбер безбедности евидентан је већ више година, а са порастом
броја напада, њиховом софистицираношћу и суровошћу тај проблем постаје и
израженији. Једна од могућности превазилажења недостатка кадрова јесте
коришћење вештачке интелигенције, односно машинског учења у контроли
сајбер безбедности. Машинско учење се показало добрим за анализу велике
количине података и уочавање патерна (шаблона) који раније нису били познати,
ни очигледни, а могу бити корисни. Машинско учење се односи на способност
софтверског система да генерализује на основу претходног искуства, при чему се
под искуством сматра скуп података о појавама/ентитетима који су предмет
учења, а генерализација се примењује на појаве/ентитете које раније нису биле
познате. Машинско учење се користи у откривању сајбер напада, као и за
блокирање нападача. Међутим, машинско учење би могло да се користи и
приликом напада на циљани систем, за анализирање инфилтрирања у систем
жртве, откривање софтверских рањивости у систему. Поред тога, код напада на
моделе машинског учења, односно код супарничког учења (adversarial learning) испитују се слабости самих система машинског учења и података који од њих
зависе.
У раду ће бити анализиране могућности примене машинског учења на сајбер
безбедност. Да ли ће машинско учење убрзати сајбер нападе или помоћи у
решавању? Да ли се поред предности коришћења машинског учења у обради
велике количине података уносе неки нови ризици у сајбер простор? Да ли
злонамерни корисници уз примену машинског учења могу да креирају још
суровије и софистицираније нападе? Да ли машинско учење додаје комплексност
традиционалном вектору напада, повећавајући ризик сајбер операција без
потпуног разумевања начина рада и потенцијалних ефеката? Разумевање
могућности и ограничења машинског учења есенцијално је за спречавање
његовог погрешног коришћења
Veštačka inteligencija za otkrivanje lažnih vesti na socijalnim medijima – ispitivanje stavova
No full textU današnjem digitalnom dobu, socijalni mediji (društvene mreže) imaju
značajnu ulogu u širenju informacija. Međutim, pojave kao što su lažne vesti mogu
značajno narušiti poverenje korisnika. U isto vreme, veštačka inteligencija otvara nove
izvanredne mogućnosti, dok donosi i značajne izazove. Veštačka inteligencija se već
primenjuje u otkrivanju lažnih vesti na društvenim mrežama, čineći ovo značajnim
područjem istraživanja zbog velikog uticaja na društvo i politiku. Ovaj rad proučava
primenu veštačke inteligencije na društvenim mrežama, s posebnim osvrtom na
otkrivanje lažnih vesti, i to kroz analizu stavova studentske populacije. Pored toga,
ispituju se razlike između starijih i mlađih studenata u njihovim odgovorima. Rezultati
ukazuju na ograničenu upućenost studenata u ovu vrstu programa, čime se nameće
potreba za obrađivanjem ovih tema u budućim univerzitetskim nastavnim planovima.
Veći broj studenata smatra da su algoritmi veštačke inteligencije za otkrivanje lažnih
vesti korisni za društvo u odnosu na one koji smatraju suprotno. Rezultati ukazuju da
postoji zabrinutost u pogledu moguće zloupotrebe ovih tehnologija i njihovog uticaja
na slobodu govora, stoga se ističe potreba za nepristrasnim nadzorom i regulativom.
istraživanje je pokazalo da su studenti svesni prednosti i ograničenja primene veštačke
inteligencije na društvenim mrežama, a stariji studenti pokazuju veću otvorenost prema
tim programima
Inadvertent conflict: this kind of Russian-Ukrainian conflict nobody (in fact) planned
No full textPrema konvencionalnoj mudrosti o razlozima rusko-ukrajinskog sukoba,
on je jasan proizvod nečije namere – ruske, ukrajinske ili zapadne.
Međutim, ukoliko bismo posmatrali kako su se događaji u Ukrajini
razvijali od 2014. godine i kako je situacija postepeno eskalirala,
postaje upitno da li je do takve eskalacije došlo namerno. Niti je bilo
koja učesnica strateški planirala ovakav sukob, niti je, u svetlu
promena okolnosti, nastojala da namerno eskalira sukob u ovom pravcu
kako bi ostvarila svoju volju. Otuda, centralna teza ovog rada jeste da je
do ovakvog rusko-ukrajinskog sukoba, koji se vodi već godinu dana, došlo
nenamerno – odnosno usled nenamerne eskalacije. Kako bi se prikazala
navedena teza, u prvom delu rada je predstavljen pojam nenamerne
eskalacije. Zatim, u drugom i trećem delu ovog rada prikazane su
prvobitne strateške zamisli direktnih i učesnica sukoba u godinama
pre početka rusko-ukrajinskog sukoba, odnosno strateškim potezima
koje učesnice „povlače“ neposredno pre i nakon što je sukob otpočeo.
Konačno, u zaključnim razmatranjima predstavljen je trend eskalacije,
mimo namera država, koji su transformisali rusko-ukrajinski sukob u
ono što je danas
Strategije prevladavanja stresa u vanrednim situacijama kod studenata
No full textIspitali smo strukturu strategija prevladavanja, povezanost dimenzije ličnosti eksplanatorni stil i strategija prevladavanja, kao i polne razlike i razlike između studenata fakulteta prirodnog i društvenog
usmerenja u Beogradu. U istraživanju je učestvovalo 303 ispitanika. Eksplanatorni stil smo operacionalizovali kao dimenzije Dispozicioni optimizam i Nada i merili upitnicima Test životne orijentacije – revidiran
(LOTR) i Skala nade kod odraslih (AHS). Strategije prevladavanja smo
merili instrumentima Upitnik načina suočavanja sa stresom (WOCQ)
i Indikatori strategija prevladavanja (CSI). Faktorskom analizom izolovano je ukupno dvanaest faktora na svim upitnicima, što je u skladu s
nalazima dosadašnjih studija. Dobili smo izraženije angažovane strategije prevladavanja. Potvrđena je povezanost između Dispozicionog optimizma i strategija prevladavanja, kao i Nade i strategija prevladavanja.
Statistički značajno izraženije vrednosti imaju žene i studenti društvenih fakulteta. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na potrebu angažovanijeg pristupa obrazovno-vaspitnih ustanova u sticanju kompetencija za aktivno
suočavanje s vanrednim situacijama, a posebno kod studenata fakulteta
prirodnih usmerenja i muškaraca
