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In cases of hikikomori, psychosocial process from stage of initial recontact with society to decision to find a job
Get PDFapplication/pdfThe object of this study is to clarify the psychosocial process, in hikikomori cases, leading from the stage of initial recontact with society to the decision to find a job using a job assistance facility. Throughout the whole process, along with the focus on the relationship with parents, particular attention was also paid to the influence of the relationship with other people and staff encountered at the job assistance facility. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with former hikikomori and the experiences of ten former hikikomori were analyzed using Modified Grounded Theory Approach. From the time there hikikomori felt that they were no longer being criticized so much, as their parents started to take a less critical attitude, they could feel welling up inside them the strength to embark on something new, while there was also interplay among the three factors of“ trying to do their own thing,”“ hope for the future” and a“ vague sense that things were going to be all right.” At some point, the hikikomori decided to look for a job assistance facility as a“ first step towards asking for help” and there, thanks to exchanges with the staff and other people through activities, they felt welling up inside them the strength to work. Overall“, help from parents” in the sense of an awareness of their child’s independence played a part.本研究の目的は、ひきこもる人が社会との再会段階の状態から就労支援施設を活用して就労を決断するまでの心理社会的プロセスを明らかにすることである。特に、プロセス全般に渡って親との関係性に焦点を当てるとともに、就労支援施設で出会う仲間やスタッフとの関係性の影響にも注目した。ひきこもり経験者に半構造化面接を実施し、就労している10名の体験について修正版グラウンデッド・セオリー・アプローチを用いて分析した。親からの批判的態度が軽減し［非難の鎮まり感］を抱くころから【踏み出す力の醸造】が行われるようになり＜自分に向きあう＞＜将来への希望＞＜ぼんやりと大丈夫感＞の三者が互いに影響しあっていた。あるとき就労支援機関を自ら探索し【支援を求めて第一歩】を踏み出し、そこでは活動をとおしたスタッフや仲間との交流により【働く力の醸造】が行われていた。全体的に、本人の自立を意識した【親からの支援】が影響していた。journal articl
A Review about illegality of Disbursements in Local Governments : Focusing on Disbursements related to Supervisory Auditors
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Nurses’ recognition of the factors that affect the team approach used to provide rehabilitation care to acute phase stroke patients
Get PDFapplication/pdfIn this study we looked at the team approach taken to provide rehabilitation care, whereby nurses, physical therapists, and occupational therapists work together to support acute phase stroke patients to regain their independence and improve their performance of activities of daily living (ADL). The aim of the research was to clarify the factors affecting the team approach from nurses’ perspective. Ten nurses who are engaged in acute phase stroke rehabilitation took part in semi-structured interviews regarding collaboration between nurses, physical therapists, and occupational therapists. The results were analyzed using a qualitative synthesis method (KJ method). It was found that collaboration was promoted by “ensuring achievement of the team objective by fulfilling professional duties and reaching a cooperative relationship,” based on “ providing support to stabilize the medical condition,” “ demonstrating empathetic understanding and providing support to patients with paralysis, aphasia, or other disabilities” and “providing support in prioritizing patient’s physical and mental security,” and that nurses’ recognition of the factors that affect the team approach included “ selecting appropriate methods to ensure smooth information-sharing,” “ reaching consensus in decision making based on proactive suggestions” and “coordinating work and providing support of ADL.” The findings suggested that information-sharing and consensus in decision making between the different professions are important factors to fulfill professional duties of each profession and to promote the cooperative relationship.急性期脳卒中患者の日常生活動作の自立と向上を支援する看護師、理学療法士、作業療法士によるチームアプローチの要因を看護師の視点から見出すことを目的に、急性期脳卒中患者のリハビリテーションに関わる看護師10名に看護師、理学療法士、作業療法士の連携について半構成的面接を行い、質的統合法（ＫＪ法）を用いて分析した。看護師が認識するチームアプローチに影響する要因には、【病状の安定に向けた支援】【麻痺や失語等の障害に対する共感的理解と支援】【心身の安全を最優先にした支援】を基盤にして、【目標を達成するための各職種の業務の遂行と補完の関係】により連携を図っており、【円滑な情報共有のための手段の選択】【主体的な意見提案による判断の一致】【看護業務の調整とＡＤＬの支援】が影響要因となっていた。職種間の情報共有と判断の一致が各職種の業務の遂行と補完の関係を推進する重要な要因となることが示唆された。journal articl
Reconstruction of the “Welfare Community” Concept Informed by the Principal Aspects of Social Relationships : A Critical Examination of Shigeo Okamura’s Chiiki fukushi-ron（1974）
Get PDFapplication/pdfThis paper undertakes a theoretical discussion of Shigeo Okamura’s Chiiki fukushi-ron（“Theory of Community-based Welfare,” published 1974）with the aim of clarifying the challenges inherent in one of the theory’s key concepts, namely that of the “Welfare Community.” Although not so as to radically upset its claims, the conceptual definition and deployment of the Welfare Community has been accompanied by the recognition of certain “fluctuations” in its fundamental logic. Informed by a specifically social-welfare perspective and reconstructed based on subjective and individual principles, the Welfare Community concept can encompass possibilities for local communities in everyday life and the overall social context by focusing on the life challenges faced by specific individuals. In contemporary society, which is growing ever more diverse, complex, and all-encompassing, the Welfare Community concept represents an intelligent tool that enables individuals to lead lives of convention amidst diversity. For anyone to be able to master the use of this tool is both the aim of the Welfare Community concept and a future challenge for local communities.本論は、岡村重夫の『地域福祉論』（1974年）をテキストとして、鍵概念となる「福祉コミュニティ」についての理論的検討を行い、その内在的課題を明らかにした。その主張を根底から覆すようなものではなかったが、福祉コミュニティの定義及び展開の中で、柱となる論理に「ゆらぎ」が認められた。社会福祉固有の視点を貫き、主体的・個別的な原則のもとに再構成された福祉コミュニティ概念は、生活課題を抱えた具体的な個人を中心として、日常生活の場である地域社会の在り方と、それをとりまく全体社会を視野におさめることができる。「福祉コミュニティ」は、多様化・複雑化、そして大規模化する現代社会にあって、一人ひとりが「多様なままで」「あたりまえの生活」を営むことを可能にするための知的ツールである。だれもがこのツールを使いこなすことができるようになること、それが「福祉コミュニティ」の目的であり、その先にある「地域社会」の課題である。journal articl
Change in English Proficiency through a Homestay Program and a Short-term Study Abroad Program
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A Nursery Schoolteacher Training Program's Effect on Junior College Students : Behavior Theory Improves Teaching of Children with Behavioral Problems
Get PDF[Problems and Purposes]
In nursery school facilities, caring for and supporting the development of children who require special attention has been extremely challenging. However, nursery schoolteacher training schools (training schools) have not performed objective evaluations of workers' practical abilities to provide developmental support in student instruction. Thus, in this study, we applied lectures and practices based on behavior theory. By objectively evaluating self-reflective records and changes in students' teaching skills, we examined effective ways of providing lectures and practical seminars at training schools.
[Method]
Two students attended a lecture based on behavior theory and a practical seminar based on VTR feedback. Afterward, they provided individualized training to a young child who had demonstrated inappropriate behavior in kindergarten, to improve the inappropriate behavior. Subsequently, changes in the child’s target behaviors before and after intervention, the students' teaching skills, and self-reflective records were calculated and evaluated based on a single-case experimental design
[Result]
The child’s targeted behavior did increase. However, changes in the frequency of inappropriate behavior were not found. Moreover, with regard to students' teaching skills, positive responses increased in three of seven categories, and positive changes were observed in three of four categories for self-reflective records.
[Discussion]
Lectures and practical seminars based on behavior theory led to improvement of students' teaching skills for a child with behavioral problems and promoted students' positive self-reflection. On the other hand, students had difficulty providing support based on teaching skills acquired to deal with the antecedent stimulus of the child’s inappropriate behavior and understanding functional analysis. This suggested the necessity of developing a method of gradually evaluating student instructional content based on lectures and practical seminars.【問題と目的】保育現場においては，特別な配慮を要する子どもの保育や発達支援が課題となっている。しかし，保育者養成校（以下，養成校）においては，学生指導における発達支援の実践力に対する客観的な評価が行われていない。そこで本研究では，保育士や幼稚園教諭を目指している学生に対して行動理論に基づく講義と演習を行い，学生の指導スキルと省察記録の変化を客観的に評価することで，養成校における効果的な講義と演習の在り方について検討を行った。
【方法】学生2名が，行動理論に基づく講義とVTRフィードバックによる演習を受講した。その後，幼稚園で不適切行動を示す幼児1 名（以下，対象児）を対象として，不適切行動の改善を目指した個別指導を行った。そして，シングル・ケース実験計画法に基づき，介入前後の対象児の標的行動と学生の指導スキル，省察記録の変化について効果量を算定し，査定を行った。
【結果】対象児の標的行動は増加が認められた。しかし，不適切行動は変化が認められなかった。また，学生の指導スキルは7つのカテゴリーのうち3つのカテゴリーで肯定的対応の増加が認められた。省察記録では4つのカテゴリーのうち3つのカテゴリーで肯定的な変化が認められた。
【考察】行動理論に基づく講義と演習は，幼児の不適切行動に対する学生の指導スキル向上と肯定的省察を増加させた。一方，学生は，対象児の不適切行動の先行刺激に対する指導スキルの獲得と機能分析の理解に基づく支援が困難であった。したがって，講義と演習による学生指導においては，内容に対する段階的な評価方法の構築が必要であることが示唆された。journal articl
Design of Job Assistance Based on Community Strength : Ethnography of Café H
Get PDFapplication/pdfThis study describes the design and practice of job assistance at café H. Job assistance is based on community strength and assists mentally-disturbed individuals who want jobs. Specifically, we considered how job assistance is utilized to support these individuals. We found that to optimize the use of the many volunteers who live in the K station community is to optimize for nonprofit organization to manage café H on the economic front. In this study, we avoid absolutely defining strength. We attempt to describe the design that supports the available mentally-disturbed individuals who want jobs, which generates something good for them.本研究では、地域のストレングスを生かして就労支援を行う精神障害者就労支援施設、カフェHにおける就労支援実践やそのデザインを記述する。とりわけ、「地域のストレングスを活かすこととはどのような実践がなされることか？」を検討した。その結果、K駅近辺在住のボランティア（≒ストレングス）を最大限に活用することは、NPO法人が運営するカフェとして、経済面で最適化されることになることが明らかになった。本研究は、「ストレングスとは何か」と研究者の独断的な定義を避け、精神障害者に何らかのよきものがもたらされるであろうという支援実践者の見通しから遡及的に見出された、支援のデザインを記述する試みである。journal articl
Five Types of English Word Pairs and their Semantic Change
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Development and Evaluation of a lesson to cultivate the media literacy (2) : Based on the comparison with high school and a practice in junior college
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