Economic Affairs - Official Publication of AESRA
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Feminism in Indian Agriculture
Get PDFFeminism in Indian agriculture signifies the involvement of women in agriculture and allied activities. Agriculture is one of the strong hold of Indian Economy with growth rate of 3.4 per cent and is accounted for 17.32 per cent to the total GDP during 2018-19. During 2011-12, Agriculture employed more than 50 per cent of the Indian work force. It was estimated that 45.3 per cent of agricultural labour force consist of women but a large number of women remained invisible workers. Therefore, women constitute an important part of our labour force in agriculture and perform multidimensional roles. In rural India, the percentage of women who depend on agriculture for their livelihood is as high as 84 per cent (Census, 2011). Women make up about 30 per cent of cultivators and about 43 per cent percent of agricultural laborers. As small farmers face the increasing competition with larger farm operations an increasing number of men migrate to city centers for higher wages and employment. Women are in turn left to support the family structure and support small farm lifestyle. Since, there has been concern expressed regarding the gap between women’s actual economic participation and public perception, several researchers have attempted to overcome this invisibility through gendered empirical research studies for using on gender analysis and gender roles. This topic is highlighting the female participation and wages in agriculture across various Indian states. The secondary data collected for the research is used to study the growth rate of the female agricultural worker for several years. Various challenges are still persistent so special policy as well as programs should be organized to mitigate them. Agricultural education be made gender sensitive and research, development, extension and services be engendered to give due recognition to the multiple role played by women agriculturists
Infrastructural Development and Enrollment in Elementary Education in Odisha
Get PDFThe role education plays in socio-economic progress of a country cannot be undermined as minimum educational attainment has a direct and positive bearing on efficiency in resource allocation leading to higher income and an equitable distribution of such income thereby reduces inequality. (Tilak1978, Psacharapolous and Woodhall, 1995). An attempt has been made in this paper to construct a composite infrastructure index for primary education level and also tries to find out the role infrastructure plays in promoting the enrolment in primary schools in the state of Odisha.Secondary data relating to population, number of schools, gross enrolment ratio, availability of infrastructural facilities for the year 2015-16 have been collected from Census Reports, Government of India, Directorate of Elementary Education, Directorate of Mass Education, Government of Odisha and the District Information System for Education data (DISE) published by National University of Educational Planning and Administration, New Delhi. The study covers entire 30 districts of Odisha.The physical infrastructure index for primary schools of Odisha is constructed using the technique of Principal Component Analysis on the basis of which the districts are ranked. The impact of school infrastructure facilities on the gross enrolment in primary schools is studied by using multiple linear regression model
How Principal Value and Retailer in the Paint Industry Context in Southeast Asian? A Literature Review
Get PDFResearch in marketing channel proves that managing relationship between partners, both individuals, and organizations, that manage distribution functions are very important. Successful principals require proper management of distribution channel to provide the best business performance. The management of marketing channel has been widely discussed as an important element in the supply chain and retail trading. Research on distribution channels generally takes economic concepts that explain distribution channels as a flow of goods and services. Interaction between principal and agent is the benefits optimization or minimization of costs, and neglect of non-economic factors. The development of research on channel management leads to non-economic factors which are describe the relationship between channel partners as a new era in principal and retailers relationships. The concept of relationship value is a social exchange theory aims to build long-term and sustainable relationships between partners
Geographical Assessment of the Impact of MGNREGS Created Common Property Resources on Gender: A Ground Based Discussion
Get PDFMGNREGS is a much discussed rural development scheme currently operational in all rural districts of India. It’s vast extension and decentralized nature of planning has made it special to Indian economy. Employment related aspects of this scheme has always remain the focus of discussion since its inception. However, little attempts have been made to relate MGNREGS created CPRs and gender. This paper provides an empirical research on the impact of MGNREGS generated CPRs on gender. The impact is assessed through a structured questionnaire and the identification of mostly used CPRs across gender. The degree of ease of livelihood and the utilization pattern of these CPRs are different across gender in study area. In the last section, this paper provides suggestions regarding the improvement of the gendered access of CPRs and its sustainable use
Empowering Women through SHGs – Evidence from a Case Study of SHGs in Imphal East District, Manipur
Get PDFIn recent years, traditional literature implies that women are empowered when they can exercise choices and are aware of alternatives, microfinance being one of the most important catalysts. However, doubts about the long term viability of SHGs as a model for supply of micro credit to low income groups of women have risen, as for SHGs-Bank linkage model to remain viable as long as long term key support and maintenance services must be provided to individual community group-level bodies, and their costs recovered. It is found that even though women have experienced an increase in income and consumption, they have very little control over resources, assets and do not participate equally in major household decisions. However, they have significant influence on the choices that their children make. The paper made an empirical study of SHGs in Imphal East, Manipur as a case for illustration. The study shows that microfinance and SHG is very closely related and is considered as two sides of the same coin. This study attempts to understand the impact of microfinance on women empowerment through a case study in study of SHGs in Imphal East, Manipur as a case for illustration. The success and failures of SHGs to achieve the goal of socio-economic empowerment of women have been evaluated and lessons and evidences learnt have been incorporated in the paper. The study has covered the specific constraints and challenges of SHGs, and policy prescriptions to address the specific problems are suggested
Economics of Potato Production in Northern Hills of Chhattisgarh
Get PDFPotato plays a very significant role in the agriculture economy. It is most important tuber crop in Chhattisgarh. The present study was conducted in Northern hills zone of Chhattisgarh. Two districts were selected and one block from each selected districts was selected. Further, clusters of villages from each selected block were selected and finally, a sample of 100 potato growers comprising 40 marginal, 32 small, 17 medium and 11 large farmers were selected with the help of probability proportion criteria from selected villages. Tabular analysis was used to achieve the objectives. The study revealed that the overall cost of potato cultivation was ` 47408.91/ha. The major cost component was labour cost. The cost of producing one quintal of potato was ` 625.56. It was also observed that cost of cultivation, cost of production, gross returns, net returns, yield and marketed surplus of potato was increasing with the increases in the size of holdings land. The gross returns and net returns from potato cultivation were found to be ` 92766.74 and ` 45357.83, respectively. The overall input-output ratio was 1:1.96. The overall yield of potato was 75.71 qtl./hectare. Out of this, 97.37 per cent was marketed surplus. Majority of potato was marketed through wholesaler followed by retailer, village trader and only about one per cent was marketed through consumer directly
Economic Feasibility and Resource Use Efficiency of Coastal Cage Fish Farming in Kerala
Get PDFFish farming in open water cages is a recently introduced technology in India. The successful cage farming demonstrations in the open sea led to its popularisation in the coastal waters in the country. The economic viability of cage fish farming was analysed based on primary data collected from 60 farm units in Kerala state in the South west coast of India. Asian seabass, pearlspot, tilpaia, redsnappers and caranx were the major species cultured in the study area. The average size of a farm unit was 115 m3 with a stocking density of 32 fishes per m3. The gross revenue and average cost were ` 8584 and ` 4331 respectively per m3 of farm area. The Benefit–cost ratio and operating ratios were 2.02 and 0.42 respectively indicating cage farming as an economically viable farming technology. Resource use efficiency analysis indicated that stocking density and quantity of feed used had positive and significant influence on fish production and economic efficiency could be improved by increasing the use of these inputs
Perception of Goat Milk Products
Get PDFThe unique characteristics of goat milk have been rather well studied as regards its nutritional value and health effects. It has been documented as an excellent food source. It has beneficial effects for health maintenance, physiological functions, as well as in the nutrition of children and elderly people. The medicinal value of goat milk has been documented in Nepalese Ayurveda and Indian Ayurveda. Goat milk was recommended as an affective dietary item for patients suffering from certain diseases. In spite of its health benefits, goat milk and goat milk products are not among the widely consumed dairy products in Hungary. Hungarian consumers prefer cow milk and cow milk products over goat milk and goat milk products. The most preferred goat milk products are cheese and cottage cheese. The main reasons for refusing goat milk products are their taste and smell, availability and affordability of these products. The objective of the present research is to investigate the perceived characteristics of goat milk products through blind testing in comparison with cow and sheep milk products (cheese, cottage cheese, plain and fruity yogurt). The research revealed that the perception of goat cheese and cottage regarding its outlook, smell, fatness, taste and colour is rather similar to the tested cow and sheep cheese and cottage cheese. The perception (homogeneity, smell, density, taste, colour, creaminess) of cow and goat plain and fruity yogurts are also rather similar. Considerable negative perception towards the tested goat milk products have not been revealed
Economics of Sheep and Goat Rearing under Extensive, Semi-Intensive and Intensive Methods of Rearing
Get PDFSheep and goat rearing practices are followed since from the civilization of the human beings over the period of years, millions of people in the world. Sheep and goat population in southern region is consistently increasing mainly due to increase in number of keepers. Several feeding management systems are being followed. The study was carried out in Mandya and Mysuru districts of Karnataka. The random sampling technique was adopted in selecting sample for the study. 180 farmers (90 sheep farmers, 90 goat farmers) were selected at randomly. The results of the study revealed that overall outlay required for beginning sheep farm were, in extensive rearing (` 1,74,706), semi-intensive (` 2,31,243) and in intensive rearing (` 6,33,857) respectively. With respect to goat farm, extensive rearing (` 1,33,881), semi-intensive (` 1,96,673) and in intensive rearing (` 4,61,041) respectively. The total cost per annum was relatively low in goat rearing across all the rearing methods, extensive rearing (` 1880/animal), semi-intensive rearing (` 2355/animal) and in intensive rearing (` 3811/animal) compared to sheep rearing, extensive rearing (` 2060/animal), semi-intensive rearing (` 2638/animal) and in intensive rearing (` 3874/animal).The net return per animal was higher in goat rearing across all the rearing methods, extensive rearing (` 1537/animal), semi-intensive rearing (` 2174/animal) and in intensive rearing (` 4186/animal) compared to sheep rearing, extensive rearing (` 1092/animal), semi-intensive rearing (` 2020/animal) and in intensive rearing (` 3983/animal)
Perspective of Economists and Extension Personnel towards Agricultural Subsidies in Punjab
Get PDFThe subsidy is very important for growth of farmers in India. Many persons have presented their views on agriculture subsidies in national and international level through research papers and articles. The small and marginal farmers in India are poor and they depend on government support for cultivation of crops. In India, at present, centre as well as state governments are providing subsidies on fertilizers, irrigation, electricity and other subsidies to farmers and farmers’ cooperative societies in the form of various inputs, crop insurance schemes and price support schemes etc. This study tries to bring forth the voice of agricultural economists and extension personnel who are closely involved with subsidies and matters related to them. The analysis was based on 20 economists and 20 extension personnel involved directly or indirectly with the issue of agricultural subsidies. This analysis can serve for providing a platform to voice the opinions of agricultural economists and extension personnel who are ignored most of the time during the policy framing related to subsidies in farming sector.JEL classification: C82, Q1