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The prevalence of electronic cigarettes vaping globally: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textBackground: The purpose of this systematic review study was to determine the national, regional, and global prevalence of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) vaping. Method: The articles were searched in July 2020 without a time limit in Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, PubMed, and Ovid-MEDLINE. At first, the titles and abstracts of the articles were reviewed, and if they were appropriate, they entered the second stage of screening. In the second stage, the whole articles were reviewed and articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected. In this study, search, selection of studies, qualitative evaluation, and data extraction were performed by two authors independently, and any disagreement between the two authors was reviewed and corrected by a third author. Results: In this study, the lifetime and current prevalence of e-cigarettes vaping globally were 23 and 11, respectively. Lifetime and current prevalence of e-cigarettes vaping in women were 16 and 8, respectively. Also, lifetime and current prevalence of e-cigarettes vaping in men were 22 and 12, respectively. In this study, the current prevalence of e-cigarettes vaping in who had lifetime smoked conventional cigarette was 39, and in current smokers was 43. The lifetime prevalence of e-cigarettes vaping in the Continents of America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania were 24, 26, 16, and 25, respectively. The current prevalence of e-cigarettes vaping in the Continents of America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania were 10, 14, 11, and 6, respectively. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the popularity of e-cigarettes is increasing globally. Therefore, it is necessary for countries to have more control over the consumption and distribution of e-cigarettes, as well as to formulate the laws prohibiting about the e-cigarettes vaping in public places. There is also a need to design and conduct information campaigns to increase community awareness about e-cigarettes vaping. © 2022, The Author(s)
Dietary dragonhead effects on growth, immunity and antioxidant and related genes expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
No full textThe present study aimed to investigate the effects of the herbaceous plant, Dracocephalum kotschyi, on the immune response, antioxidant enzymes activity, growth performance, and related genes expression in zebrafish (Danio rerio). An in vivo trial was carried out by feeding zebrafish (initial weight of 0.47 ± 0.04 g) with different levels of powdered D. kotschyi: 0 (C-0, control), 1 (Dk-1), 2 (Dk-2) and 3 (Dk-3) for 10 weeks. The results show that total protein (TP) and total immunoglobulin (IG), were significantly increased in both skin mucus and whole body extract (WBE). Lysozyme (LYS) activity significantly increased in the WBE of zebrafish fed with D. kotschyi integrated diets compared to the control (P < 0.05). The superoxide dismutase (SOD) of WBE was significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced by dietary D. kotschyi. Additionally, this herb brought about a significant up-regulation in immune (LYS), pro-inflammatory (IL-1β) from intestine, and antioxidant (SOD and CAT) genes in liver, compared to the non-supplemented group (P < 0.05). Growth hormone (GH) and insulin growth factor (IGF) genes expression were upregulated significantly in zebrafish by the addition of D. kotschyi, although body weight did not change. The best results were obtained with the 3 inclusion of powdered D. kotschyi, except for LYS and IGF expressions that were best upregulated by 2 and 3 of D. kotschyi. Our results indicate that powdered D. kotschyi (suggested dose of 3) could potentially improve zebrafish's immune response and antioxidant defense. © 202
Psychometric properties of Persian version of diabetes health literacy scale (DHLS) in patients with type 2 diabetes
No full textBackground: The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Diabetes Health Literacy Scale in type 2 diabetic patients. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 in 1040 patients with type 2 diabetes in eastern Iran. Participants was selected by proportional stratified sampling method. The validity of DHLS was investigated through qualitative face validity, qualitative content validity, and structural validity (exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis). The reliability of DHLS was checked by Cronbach's alpha coefficient, McDonald omega coefficient, and test�retest. Results: In exploratory factor analysis, 3 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted, explaining 68.57 of the variance. These factors entered the confirmatory factor analysis, none of the questions were removed, and all questions had factor loading above 0.4. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and McDonald omega coefficient of DHLS were 0.919 and 0.922. Also, the Intraclass correlation coefficient of DHLS was 0.957. Finally, the DHLS was approved with 14 questions and the three subscales of Informational Health Literacy (6 items), Numerate Health Literacy (5 items), and Communicative Health Literacy (3 items). Conclusions: DHLS with 14 questions and the three subscales is a valid and reliable tool for examining diabetes health literacy in people with type 2 diabetes. © 2022, The Author(s)
Ewing's Sarcoma of Mandible: Practical Approach to a Challenging Case
No full textAs a rare entity, sarcomas of the head and neck are challenging cases. In this paper, we represent a unique case of Ewing sarcoma of mandible, serving as an example of multidisciplinary team importance in a developing country. © 2022 Case Reports in Ophthalmology. All rights reserved
Recovery from Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions in COVID-19 Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study
No full textObjective: This study aimed to determine the association of some demographic and clinical factors with recovery from olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients in Iran. Methods: This prospective cohort study was performed on 242 COVID-19 patients with olfactory dysfunction (OD) and gustatory dysfunction (GD) in Gorgan, northeastern Iran. The time from onset to recovery for OD and GD was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier estimator, with complete recovery as the end point. Results: After six months, 239 (98.8) patients had completely recovered from OD. In addition, OD and GD symptoms resolved in 80.9 and 83.56 of the patients within the first 30 days of symptoms onset, respectively. In the cases of infection at the first peak of the pandemic, The mean recovery time from OD (35.07±4.25 days) was significantly longer in cases who had been infected during the first epidemic wave compared to those infected in the second wave (21.65±2.05 days) (p=0.004). A similar pattern was observed in the case of recovery time from GD (p=0.005). Conclusions: The COVID-19-related OD and GD have a high recovery rate within the first month of the symptoms onset. © 2022 Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved
Effects of Goldblatt hypertension on rats' hippocampal cholinergic system
No full textBackground: The classical renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has an important role in the cardiovascular system and water homeostasis in the body. Recently, the existence of RAS with all of its components has been shown in the mammalian brain. RAS participates in many brain activities, including memory acquisition and consolidation. Since the cholinergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus is crucial for these functions, this study aims to evaluate the hippocampal angiotensin receptors (ATs) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) mRNA in the renovascular hypertensive rats in captopril- and losartan-treated hypertensive rats. Methods: The rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight animals; sham, Goldblatt two kidney one clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats and Goldblatt 2K1C hypertensive rats received 5 mg/kg captopril and Goldblatt 2K1C hypertensive rats received 10 mg/kg losartan. After 8 days of treatment, the rats were sacrificed and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), ChAT, AT1, and AT2 receptor mRNAs in the hippocampus of rats were assessed by real-time PCR. The Morris water maze test was applied to measure the cognitive functioning of the rats. Results: Hypertensive rats showed impaired acquisition and memory function in the Morris water maze test. Treatment with ACE inhibitor (captopril) and AT1 receptor antagonist (losartan) reversed the observed acquisition and memory deficit in hypertensive rats. Overexpression of AChE, AT1, and AT2 and low expression of ChAT were noted in the hippocampus of rats with Goldblatt hypertension compared with that of the sham group. Treatment with captopril significantly reversed these changes, while treatment with losartan slightly reduced the mentioned effects. Conclusion: The memory-enhancing effect of captopril in renovascular hypertensive rats might lead to increased hippocampal ChAT expression. © 2022 Hamid Sepehri et al., published by De Gruyter
Doxorubicin-loaded graphene oxide nanocomposites in cancer medicine: stimuli-responsive carriers, co-delivery and suppressing resistance
No full textIntroduction: The application of doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer therapy has been limited due to its drug resistance and poor internalization. Graphene oxide (GO) nanostructures have the capacity for DOX delivery while promoting its cytotoxicity in cancer. Areas covered: The favorable characteristics of GO nanocomposites, preparation method, and application in cancer therapy are described. Then, DOX resistance in cancer, GO-mediated photothermal therapy, and DOX delivery for cancer suppression are described. Preparation of stimuli-responsive GO nanocomposites, surface functionalization, hybrid nanoparticles, and theranostic applications are emphasized in DOX chemotherapy. Expert opinion: GO nanoparticle-based photothermal therapy maximizes the anti-cancer activity of DOX against cancer cells. Besides DOX delivery, GO nanomaterials are capable of loading anti-cancer agents and genetic tools to minimize drug resistance and enhance the cytolytic impact of DOX in cancer eradication. To enhance DOX accumulation, stimuli-responsive (redox-, light-, enzyme- and pH-sensitive) GO nanoparticles have been developed for DOX delivery. Development of targeted delivery of DOX-loaded GO nanomaterials against cancer cells may be achieved by surface modification of polymers such as polyethylene glycol, hyaluronic acid, and chitosan. DOX-loaded GO nanoparticles have demonstrated theranostic potential. Hybridization of GO with other nanocarriers such as silica and gold nanoparticles further broadens their potential anti-cancer therapy applications. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
Serum interleukin-18 and its relationship with subclinical atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus
No full textBACKGROUND: Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic factor, and its blood level has shown a direct correlation with atherosclerosis. We aimed to evaluate the serum IL-18 level in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and its relationship with the intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery in these patients, as an indicator of atherosclerosis. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 60 patients as the patient group and 30 healthy volunteers as the control group matched sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) were selected, and their disease status and general data were gathered using the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) form. A blood sample was also obtained from all participants to determine the serum level of IL-18 and other metrics, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), anti-double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (anti-dsDNA), complement 3 (C3), and C4. The IMT of the carotid artery was calculated in both groups. We also evaluated the clinical cardiovascular manifestations. RESULTS: The serum IL-18 levels in patients were significantly higher than in the control group (P � 0.005). It had no significant correlation with disease activity (P = 0.10). The patients with SLE with high IL-18 serum levels (> 280 pg/ml) had higher SLEDAI-2K (P = 0.02) than the patients with a low level (< 280), where 280 was the median of the IL-18 levels. The serum IL18 level had no significant correlation with the carotid artery IMT. CONCLUSION: A high level of IL-18 reflects the disease activity, but it was not significantly correlated with subclinical atherosclerosis, denoted by the carotid artery IMT. © 2022, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved
High-intensity interval training and moderate intensity training with exogenous adenosine counteract development of obesity in rats L'entraînement par intervalles à haute intensité et l'entraînement à intensité modérée avec un apport d'adénosine exogène préviennent le développement de l'obésité chez le rat
No full textObjectives: High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Moderate Intensity Training (MIT) can combat the obesity epidemic. However, studies comparing their effects on obesity show controversial findings regarding weight loss. Adenosine has emerged as a possible, novel therapeutic agent to treat obesity, but more preclinical studies on its efficacy are needed. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to compare the effects of HIIT and MIT on obesity, and further to determine the dose-dependent effects of adenosine on body weight. Equipment and methods: We induced obesity in male Wistar rats with high-fat diet (HFD) and monitored development of obesity by comparing the weight to rats on normal diet (ND). After 13 weeks of feeding, exercise training and intraperitoneal adenosine or placebo injections started. The animals were divided into the intervention groups based on equal average weight: (1) ND-1, 2) ND-2, (3) HFD, (4) HFD + placebo, (5) HFD + adenosine, (6) HFD + adenosine + HIIT, (7) HFD + placebo + HIIT, (8) HFD + adenosine + MIT, and (9) HFD + placebo + MIT. During the first six weeks of interventions, adenosine was injected at a dose of 0.2 mg/ml/kg and the following six weeks at 0.4 mg/ml/kg. Weight and feed consumption were determined, and energy intake was calculated as kJ/day. Results: The HFD started to cause obesity after 19 weeks of feeding. Both HIIT and MIT were equally effective in counteracting the HFD-induced weight gain, while no differences in the effects were found between the two exercise modes. Adenosine, independent of the dose, also prevented weight gain but did not enhance the effects of HIIT or MIT on weight. The obesity-counteracting effects of the treatments were not due to lower energy intake. In conclusion, our study shows that HIIT and MIT are equally effective to combat obesity, and further, provide preclinical evidence of that adenosine injections could be used to treat obesity. © 2022 The Author(s
Role of ESAT-6 in pathogenicity of Beijing and non-Beijing Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates
No full textBackground: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype was associated with tuberculosis outbreaks and increased transmissibility. To understand the variation in virulence between Beijing and non-Beijing clinical isolates of M.tuberculosis genotypes, the esat-6 gene sequencing, and its expression was compared in the macrophage environment. Materials & methods: Among 64 nonrepetitive, culture-positive M.tuberculosis, DNA extraction of 24 and 40 pure confirmed Beijing and non-Beijing isolates was accompanied by the boiling method. esat-6 gene PCR amplification and their sequencing were carried out by specific primers and its expression was performed on human macrophage cell line U937 after 6, 12, and 18 h of exposure to bacilli. The esat-6 mRNA transcription and expression in M. tuberculosis treated macrophage by Real-Time PCR and Western blot method. Results: Data analysis based on sequencing of the east-6 gene PCR product showed that this gene exists in all isolates and there are no changes or single nucleotide variation between the Beijing and non-Beijing isolates. In Beijing strains, the esat-6 expression was increased during the study times, but it was constant in non-Beijing isolates. esat-6 gene expression in Beijing isolates reached to about 44.9 times more than non-Beijing isolates after 18 h incubation on the macrophages cell line. Conclusion: esat-6 is a conserved gene both in Beijing and non-Beijing isolates of M.tuberculosis. More expression of the east-6 gene in the macrophage model may indicate that this gene is likely to play a more important role in increasing the pathogenicity of Beijing strains. © 2022 Elsevier Lt