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SARS-CoV-2 and Stroke Characteristics: A Report from the Multinational COVID-19 Stroke Study Group
No full textBackground and Purpose: Stroke is reported as a consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in several reports. However, data are sparse regarding the details of these patients in a multinational and large scale. Methods: We conducted a multinational observational study on features of consecutive acute ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, and cerebral venous or sinus thrombosis among SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. We further investigated the risk of large vessel occlusion, stroke severity as measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and stroke subtype as measured by the TOAST (Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) criteria among patients with acute ischemic stroke. In addition, we explored the neuroimaging findings, features of patients who were asymptomatic for SARS-CoV-2 infection at stroke onset, and the impact of geographic regions and countries' health expenditure on outcomes. Results: Among the 136 tertiary centers of 32 countries who participated in this study, 71 centers from 17 countries had at least 1 eligible stroke patient. Of 432 patients included, 323 (74.8) had acute ischemic stroke, 91 (21.1) intracranial hemorrhage, and 18 (4.2) cerebral venous or sinus thrombosis. A total of 183 (42.4) patients were women, 104 (24.1) patients were <55 years of age, and 105 (24.4) patients had no identifiable vascular risk factors. Among acute ischemic stroke patients, 44.5 (126 of 283 patients) had large vessel occlusion; 10 had small artery occlusion according to the TOAST criteria. We observed a lower median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (8 3-17 versus 11 5-17; P=0.02) and higher rate of mechanical thrombectomy (12.4% versus 2%; P<0.001) in countries with middle-to-high health expenditure when compared with countries with lower health expenditure. Among 380 patients who had known interval onset of the SARS-CoV-2 and stroke, 144 (37.8%) were asymptomatic at the time of admission for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions: We observed a considerably higher rate of large vessel occlusions, a much lower rate of small vessel occlusion and lacunar infarction, and a considerable number of young stroke when compared with the population studies before the pandemic. The rate of mechanical thrombectomy was significantly lower in countries with lower health expenditures. © 2021 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. All rights reserved
An Overview of Chemical and Biological Materials lead to Damage and Repair of Heart Tissue
No full textBackground: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are major causes of mortality in developing countries. One of the challenges during CVDs studies is the creation of a damaged model of the heart. Many injured models of cardiac diseases are created by using chemical and biological materials. Many approaches were applied to simulate heart injury for investigating CVDs. In previous years, animal models could be used as a useful pattern in many investigations about the pathogenesis of the heart. Nowadays it has been proven that there are many differences between human and animal models in terms of responses or reactions to treatments. For such reasons, researchers prefer to use cellular models alongside the animal models for studying heart diseases. Purpose: In this review, we collected information about some chemical and biological materials used to create damaged-heart models both in vitro and in vivo. After explaining the materials that induce cardiac damage, we explicate some methods for repairing the damage of heart. Finally, the role of extracellular vesicles as an important biological candidate for repairing heart damage is briefly discussed. Conclusion: This mini-review tried to explain some methods which can induce cardiac damage and repair of heart cells by use chemical and biological materials. We considered that various molecular pathways play a role in restoration and that most of these pathways are connected in a complex network and, to this end, different chemicals and drugs have been studied to date. Nonetheless, more studies are needed to ensure the performance and safety of the drugs and chemicals produced. © 2021, Biomedical Engineering Society
How far we have come with the Management of Condylar Fractures? A Meta-Analysis of Closed Versus Open Versus Endoscopic Management
No full textBackground: The treatment approaches for condylar fractures of the mandible include functional, closed reduction and open reduction�internal fixation. Recently endoscopic management of condylar fractures has been emphasized in the literature. We systematically review the studies comparing closed versus open versus endoscopic-assisted condyle fracture management with regard to the indications, effectiveness and complications of each modality. Methods: A total of 11 articles were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria from PubMed, Cochrane and clinical trials.gov. Differences in means and risk ratios were used as principal summary measures with p value < 0.05 as significant. For detection of any possible biases in sample sizes, the OR and its 95 CI for each study were plotted against the number of participants. Chi-square test, I2 test and the Cochrane bias tool were used to assess the bias in and across studies. Results: Except for deviation on opening there was no significant difference between open versus closed treatment of condylar fractures. Endoscopic approach and open surgical approaches differed only in terms of operating time and TMJ pain. There was no significant difference in facial nerve injury among the two groups. Discussion: Closed reduction is particularly indicated for minimally displaced fractures; for moderate to severe displacement, open reduction is preferred. Open reduction can also be preferred over endoscopic approaches as there is no significant advantage of using latter. Limitations of the study included specific treatment according to the site of fracture not addressed, limited data regarding pediatric condylar fracture, lack of homogenous classification schemes, etc. © 2021, The Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons of India
The effectiveness of different culture media on the growth and proliferation of Acanthamoeba T4 genotype
No full textAcanthamoeba spp. is one of the free-living amoebas in the environment that many studies focused on. This parasite is of veterinary and public health importance. The present study aimed to evaluate several available media for Acanthamoeba spp. culture to find a suitable axenic liquid medium. In the present study four culture media, including TYM, RPMI-1640, and hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) as well as non-nutrient agar (NNA) as the control group, were examined to evaluate the proliferation of Acanthamoeba T4 genotype at 24, 48, and 72 h. Based on our results, at 24 and 48 h, the highest number of cysts was observed in TYM medium and the lowest in NNA medium. Moreover, at 72 h, the highest and lowest number of cysts was detected in the HCF and NNA media, respectively. In the present study, the best medium for proliferation of the parasite in the short term was TYM. Furthermore, the parasite proliferated continuously in a considerable number in HCF medium, and this medium can be used if continuative examinations are needed on the parasite. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature
Effect of propolis on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
No full textPurpose: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the efficacy of propolis on glycemic indices in type 2 diabetic patients. Design/methodology/approach: Web of science (ISI), Embase, Scopus and PubMed were systematically searched to find randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of propolis intake on glycemic controls in type 2 diabetic patients, from inception up to September 1, 2020. A random-effects model was used to pool weighted mean difference (WMD). Meta-regression was performed to detect the potential sources of inter-study heterogeneity. Findings: Seven trials were included in the meta-analysis. Compared to controls, propolis intake significantly improved serum fasting blood sugar (FBS) (WMD = �13.62 mg/dl, 95 CI = �23.04, �4.20, P = 0.005, I2 = 58.5%) and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) (WMD = �0.52%, 95% CI = �0.86, �0.18, P = 0.002, I2 = 64.0%). In contrast, receiving propolis did not change serum insulin (WMD = �1.46 (uIU/ml), 95% CI = �2.94, 0.02, P = 0.05, I2 = 75.0%) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD = �0.98 (%), 95% CI = �2.00, 0.04, P = 0.06, I2 = 82.3%) compared to controls. Originality/value: The present meta-analysis demonstrated that propolis intake significantly reduces serum FBS and HbA1c in diabetic patients but does not alter serum insulin and HOMA-IR. Further large-scale RCT�s are needed to approve these effects. © 2021, Emerald Publishing Limited
Diagnostic significance of serum fatty acid synthase in patients with pancreatic cancer
No full textBACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is considered as the most deadly tumor among gastrointestinal cancers because of its poor prognosis. The frequently deregulated pathway in the cancer cell is associated with an increased expression of various genes, including the synthesis of fatty acids. We aimed to evaluate the level of serum fatty acid synthase (FASN) as a diagnostic marker for early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. METHODS Serum FASN levels were measured by ELISA in 92 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinomas and in 92 healthy controls. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of certain diagnostic categories. RESULTS Serum FASN levels were significantly higher in patients with pancreatic cancer than in healthy controls (1.35 0.98-2.3 ng/mL vs 1.04 0.19-1.34 ng/mL, p < 0.001) and in smokers compared to non-smokers (1.41 0.79-2.52 ng/mL vs 1.07 0.21-1.74 ng/mL, p < 0.001). FASN levels and smoking were associated with increased risk of PC (1.54 1.12.14 ng/mL, p = 0.011 and 5.69 2.68-12.09 ng/mL, p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION Elevated serum FASN levels in patients with pancreatic cancer indicate the need for the production of large numbers of lipids for the survival and proliferation of human cancer cells and the diagnostic value of FASN as a new diagnostic biomarker. © 2021 The Author(s)
Occurrence and fate of amoxicillin and penicillin G antibiotics in hospital wastewater treatment plants: A case study � gonbad kavous, Iran
No full textRelease of antibiotics to the environment as a result of wastewater effluent discharge is a cause for concern worldwide, as they pose a potential threat to human health and the earth ecosystem. Penicillin and amoxicillin are widely used antibiotics. Despite their rapid hydrolysis in aqueous matrices, their presence in the environment is widely investigated. The current study reported and analysed the current state of four hospital wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Gonbad Kavous, Iran, during 2019, from the perspective of amoxicillin and penicillin G removals. WWTPs were sampled at various stages of the treatment process to determine at which stage the antibiotics are being removed. Concentrations of amoxicillin and penicillin G in raw wastewater, analysed by HPLC, varied from 0.35 to 1.02 and 0.02�0.31 μgL�1, respectively. These values reduced in the final effluent, corresponding to overall efficiency in removing the studied antibiotics of 20-60.5. Anaerobic processes (i.e. septic tank) slightly outperformed aerobic biological processes for both antibiotics� removal, and penicillin G was removed more efficiently than amoxicillin. Effects of wastewater physicochemical properties, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solids (TSS) on antibiotics removal, were also studied. Whereas statistically significant correlations were noticed between COD, amoxicillin and penicillin G removals, their decline showed no correlation with TSS removal. Our study shows that despite the deployment of treatment plants, a considerable amount of antibiotics is released into receiving water bodies, resulting in significant amounts of these pharmaceuticals entering the environment. There is abundant room for further progress in the detection and quantification of pharmaceuticals and other emerging contaminants in hospital wastewaters and their metabolites and biodegradation products. © The Author(s) Published under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence (CC BY 4.0
Erratum: SD1000: High Sustained Viral Response Rate in 1361 Patients with Hepatitis C Genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4 Using a Low-cost Fixed-dose Combination Tablet of Generic Sofosbuvir and Daclatasvir: A Multicenter Phase III Clinical Trial (Clin Infect Dis (2020) 70:10 (2206-2212) DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz628)
No full textUpon the original publication of this article Merat S. SD1000: High Sustained Viral Response Rate in 1361 Patients With Hepatitis C Genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4 Using a Low-cost Fixed-dose Combination Tablet of Generic Sofosbuvir and Daclatasvir: A Multicenter Phase III Clinical Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2020;70(10):2206 2212. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz628, the members of SD1000 research team as shown in the Appendix were not correctly tagged with their affiliations under the SD1000 Research Team contributor group. The details have been corrected only in this erratum (as shown below) to preserve the published version of record. The publisher regrets this error. SD1000 Research Team Contributor Group:. © 2021 Oxford University Press. All rights reserved
FILGRASTIM IMPROVED SPATIAL MEMORY FUNCTIONS in RAT MODEL of SCOPOLAMINE INDUCED ALZHEIMER TYPE MEMORY DYSFUNCTION
No full textFilgrastim is a granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), which also showed effects on memory and cholinergic activity. This study was conducted to determine the effect of filgrastim on memory in Rat Model of scopolamine induced memory dysfunction. Materials and Methods: 24 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Group I: control rats receiving normal saline. Group II: rats induced Alzheimer disease by injection of Scopolamine. Groups III and IV: AD rats treated with 50 and 70 µg/kg/day intraperitoneally (i.p) filgrastim over a period of two weeks. Then, rats trained with four trials per day for 5 consecutive days in the Morris water maze (MWM) to find a hidden platform. Time elapsed for finding the hidden platform were considered as criteria for learning. On the 6th day, memory retention was evaluated by time spent in target quadrant.Results: In Scopolamine groups, escape latency during training trials showed a significant decrease (P< 0.001) and these rats spent shorter time in the target quadrant in probe trials compared to controls(P< 0.001). treatment of scopolamine group by filgrastim in doses of 50 and 70 µg/kg/day significantly reduced the latency time to finding the escape platform (P< 0.01). And in probe trials, on the last day of training, the filgrastim �treated group spent significantly longer time in the platform quadrant when compared with the scopolamine induced AD animals (P< 0.01).Conclusion: filgrastim acted as a memory enhancer in scopolamine induced Alzheimer rats. This cognitive enhancer effect of filgrastim may be attributed to its cholinergic effect. © 2021 Assiut University. All rights reserved
Differentiation-Inducing Activity of the Phyto-polyphenols Epigallocatechin-3-gallate and Kaempferol on NB4 Cells
No full textBackground & Objective: The rate of survival in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) can dramatically improve, if the patients receive all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) treatment. However, this drug's toxicity is a major problem in APL treatment. Previous researches have demonstrated that phyto-polyphenols such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and kaempferol cause apoptosis in hematopoietic neoplasms, but do not negatively impact healthy cells. The present study compared the differentiation effects of kaempferol and EGCG, as well as ATRA in NB4 leukemia cells during five days. Materials & Methods: Herein, kaempferol and EGCG's differentiation-inducing activity was examined by NBT assay and Real-time PCR in leukemia NB4 cells. Results: EGCG (25 µM) and kaempferol (50 µM) induced the NB4 cells' differentiation, towards a granulocytic pattern similar to ATRA (1 μM). EGCG further suppressed PML/RARα clinical marker's expression compared to kaempferol, it also decreased HDAC1 expression in leukemia NB4 cells. Conclusion: Based on this study, compared to kaempferol, EGCG at low concentrations is preferred for long-term ATRA therapy in APL patients. © 2021, This is an original open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-noncommercial 4.0 International License which permits copy and redistribution of the material just in noncommercial usages with proper citation