Golestan University of Medical Sciences
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Obesity and incident gastrointestinal cancers: Overall body size or central obesity measures, which factor matters?
No full textBMI does not reflect the location or amount of body fat. We aimed to investigate the role of general and central obesity measures in the prediction of incident gastrointestinal cancers. In this analysis of the Golestan Cohort Study, we included 47 586 cancer-free individuals followed for 12.3 years (IQR: 10.5-13.2). We investigated the association of obesity measures including BMI, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) at enrollment and the incidence of esophageal, gastric, colorectal and pancreatic cancers. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the association between covariates and gastrointestinal cancer risk. We observed no significant associations between obesity measures and incidence of the above-mentioned gastrointestinal cancers in men. In women, BMI, waist circumference and WHR were associated with significant reductions in the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC): hazard ratio (HR): 0.67 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.56-0.81, HR: 0.71 (95% CI: 0.60-0.84) and HR: 0.80 (95% CI: 0.68- 0.94), respectively. In addition, WHR was associated with significantly increased risks for colorectal cancer (HR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.08-1.78) and gastric cancer (HR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.01-1.51) in women. In this study, statistically significant associations between obesity measures and incident esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancers were seen in women. © 2021 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. All rights reserved
Autophagy role as a double-edged sword in anesthesiology and critical care
No full textAutophagy is a conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that breaks down cytoplasmic components and is essential for host cellular immune response. The activity of autophagy at a basic rate is crucial for homeostasis. Autophagy has emerged in recent years as a major mechanism in many neurodegenerative diseases. The regulation of microbial infections and inflammatory responses can be significantly influenced by autophagic modulators. In this study, we explain the autophagy role as a double-edged sword in anesthesiology and critical care. Future studies should focus on investigating the molecular mechanism of interplay between pathogen-host-autophagy and on studying whether autophagy inducers/inhibitors can exert suitable modulatory immunomodulatory effects. Potential organ protection through autophagy pathways might be an advantage in patients undergoing anesthesia and/or needing critical care. © 2021 Journal of Cellular and Molecular Anesthesia. All rights reserved
Occurrence and risk factors of nontuberculous mycobacteria in tuberculosis-suspected patients in the north of Iran
No full textBackground and Objectives: Some Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) can occasionally infect the human population and cause infections having symptoms similar to tuberculosis (TB). This study tried to provide updated data about the fre-quency and diversity of NTM species. Materials and Methods: Suspicious samples of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) with both positive results in Zie-hl-Neelsen (ZN) staining and Löwenstein-Jensen medium culturing were evaluated during January 2016 and December 2018 in Gorgan, Iran. After determination of MTB isolates by the growth rate, pigmentation status, the niacin test, and the insertion sequence 6110 (IS6110) PCR assay, other unknown isolates (presumably NTM) were detected by the 16S rDNA sequencing method and drawing the phylogenetic tree. Based on the patients� demographic information, their risk factors were also assessed. Results: Among 226 culture-positive samples, obtained from 2994 individuals with suspected symptoms of TB, the analyses found 12 (5.3) NTM and three Mycobacterium caprae isolates. Mycobacterium simiae (6/12) was the most prevalent NTM species. The average nucleotide similarity value was 98.2 ± 3.7. In comparison to patients with MTB (211 confirmed cas-es), other mycobacterium infections were more common in patients over 65 years old (Odd ratio (95 convenience interval): 2.96 (0.69-12.59), P = 0.14). Conclusion: Although the NTM species has a small portion in TB suspected patients, their prevalence has increased, mainly in elderly patients. Moreover, M. simiae was the most prevalent NTM species in our region. Therefore, identification of common species in each region is recommended and clinicians should pay more attention to them in each region. © 2021 The Authors. Published by Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Cancer in Iran 2008 to 2025: Recent incidence trends and short-term predictions of the future burden
No full textPolicymakers require estimates of the future number of cancer patients in order to allocate finite resources to cancer prevention, treatment and palliative care. We examine recent cancer incidence trends in Iran and present predicted incidence rates and new cases for the entire country for the year 2025. We developed a method for approximating population-based incidence from the pathology-based data series available nationally for the years 2008 to 2013, and augmented this with data from the Iranian National Population-based Cancer Registry (INPCR) for the years 2014 to 2016. We fitted time-linear age-period models to the recent incidence trends to quantify the future cancer incidence burden to the year 2025, delineating the contribution of changes due to risk and those due to demographic change. The number of new cancer cases is predicted to increase in Iran from 112 000 recorded cases in 2016 to an estimated 160 000 in 2025, a 42.6 increase, of which 13.9 and 28.7 were attributed to changes in risk and population structure, respectively. In terms of specific cancers, the greatest increases in cases are predicted for thyroid (113.8), prostate (66.7), female breast (63.0) and colorectal cancer (54.1). Breast, colorectal and stomach cancers were the most common cancers in Iran in 2016 and are predicted to remain the leading cancers nationally in 2025. The increasing trends in incidence of most common cancers in Iran reinforce the need for the tailored design and implementation of effective national cancer control programs across the country. © 2021 Union for International Cancer Control
Clonal lineage analysis of shigella flexneri isolates circulating in Ahvaz, Iran
No full textBackground: Shigellosis is a significant public health challenge particularly in developing countries, and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes through integron structures has become an important problem in the treat-ment of Shigellosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic association of Shigella flexneri antibiotic resistant clones collected from Ahvaz between 2013 and 2015 by pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method. Methods: A total of 45 S. flexneri isolates, which were resistant to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole, were obtained from patients with Shigellosis referred to Ahvaz hospitals during 2013 - 2015. PCR was performed to evaluate the frequency of Sul1, int1, blaOXA, and int2 genes. In addition, pulse field gel electrophoresis method was used to in-vestigate the genetic relationship between 40 S. flexneri isolates. Results: PCR results showed that the highest frequency was related to the sul1 gene with 80 (36 isolates) and the lowest frequency was related to class 2 integron with 15.5 (7 isolates); 31.11 (14 isolates) of the isolates were sul1 and int1. Also, 13.33 (6 isolates) had blaOXA and int1 genes, simultaneously. But none of the isolates had class 1 integrons and class 2 integrons at the same time. PFGE results showed 25 different pulsotype patterns, of which 16 isolates had their own unique pattern and were divided into 16 pulsotypes, and 27 isolates were divided into 9 pulsotypes. Conclusions: Int2 and sul1 resistance genes had an upward trend from 2013 to 2015 and the results of PFGE indi-cated a different origin of S. flexneri clones. © 2021 Verlag Klinisches Labor GmbH. All rights reserved
Dysregulation of Key Proteinases in Aspergillus fumigatus Induced by Blood Platelets
No full textBackground: Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common species causing invasive aspergillosis (IA), a life- threatening infection with more than 80 mortality. Interactions between A. fumigatus and human blood platelets lead to intravascular thrombosis and localized infarcts. To better understand A. fumigatus pathogenesis, we aimed to analyze the genetic basis of interactions between the pathogen and blood platelets.Methods: A bioinformatic pipeline on microarray gene expression dataset, including analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using Limma R package and their molecular function, as well as biological pathways identification, was conducted to find the effective genes involved in IA. In the wet phase, the gene expression patterns following fungal exposure to blood platelets at 15, 30, 60, and 180 min were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis.Results: Three genes encoding aspartic endopeptidases including (Pep1), (Asp f 13), and (P-glucanase) were the standing candidates. The invasion-promoting fungal proteinase-encoding genes were down- regulated after 30 min of hyphal incubation with blood platelets, and then up-regulated at 60 and 180 min, although only Pep1 was greater than the control at the 60and 180 min time points. Also, the same genes were downregulated in more the clinical isolates relative to the standard strain CBS 144.89.Conclusions: Our findings delineate the possible induction of fungal-encoded proteinases by blood platelets. This provides a new research line into A. fumigatus � molecular pathogenesis. Such insight into IA pathogenesis might also guide researchers toward novel platelet-based therapies that involve molecular interventions, especially in IA patients. © 2021, Reports of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology .All Rights Reserved
Investigations of adsorption behavior and anti-cancer activity of curcumin on pure and platinum-functionalized B12N12 nanocages
No full textRecently boron nitride (BN) nanoparticles have been considered as good carrier candidates in drug delivery systems. Herein, the loading of curcumin (CUR) in different possible states onto a platinum functionalized B12N12 nanocage was studied to improve their solubility and stability using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) models by B3LYP and B3PW91 functionals. It was found that the Pt atom in complex I can be strongly bound to B12N12 surface through the B�Pt�N coordination bond or B-Pt-N covalent bond compared to complexes II and III. We investigate the adsorption of CUR onto Pt-B12N12 in gas and solvent (water) phases. IR spectra and UV absorption were computed and investigated in order to identify the most significant alteration that take place as a consequence of interactions between the CUR and Pt-B12N12 nanocage. The decorated Pt on the B12N12 nanocage improves the adsorption of CUR with larger binding energy for both functionals. The strong binding of CUR with Pt-B12N12 can happen by larger charge transfer from the CUR to the cage, which leads to a substantial increase in dipole moment and energy gap change. The study of molecular docking indicates that CUR through its β-diketo group adsorbed on Pt and B atoms of the Pt-B12N12 nanocage and showed the best binding affinity and inhibition potential of tyrosine regulated kinase 2 (DYRK2) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) as compared with the pure B12N12 nanocage. The results of molecular docking and in silico analysis of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity revealed that the chosen complexes agree with the Lipinski Rule and have appropriate pharmacokinetic features which could be used as templates for the development of novel anti-inflammatory agents with substantial anticancer activity. © 2021 Elsevier B.V
Effect of Adding Intravenous Somatostatin to Rectal Indomethacin on Post-Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Pancreatitis in High-risk Patients: A Double-blind Randomized Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial
No full textBackground: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has an important role in the treatment of pancreaticobiliary disorders. Goals: Considering the high prevalence and importance of postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP) and the controversial findings, we aimed to determine the effect of adding intravenous somatostatin to rectal indomethacin on the incidence of PEP in high-risk patients. Study: In this prospective study, 530 patients underwent ERCP during March 2018 and February 2019. Patients were randomized into 2 groups. The intervention group received a bolus injection of 250 μg somatostatin followed by an infusion of 500 μg of somatostatin for 2 hours. In both groups, 100 mg of pre-ERCP suppository indomethacin was administrated. All patients were screened for PEP symptoms and signs for 24 hours after ERCP (Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials code: IRCT20080921001264N11). Results: A total of 376 patients were finally analyzed. PEP was the most common adverse event with 50 (13.2) episodes, including 21 (5.5) mild, 23 (6.1) moderate, and 6 (1.2) severe. The rate of PEP was 15.2 in the control group and 11.4 in the intervention group (P=0.666). The incidence of post-ERCP hyperamylasemia was 21.7 in the control group and 18.2 in the intervention group (P=0.395). No death occurred. Conclusions: In this study administration of somatostatin plus indomethacin could safely reduce the rate of post-ERCP hyperamylasemia and PEP in the intervention group compared with the control group, but the differences were not significant. Further studies with larger sample sizes are required. © 2021 Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.. All rights reserved
Facile method to covalently-jointed ZnO-NPs with Chitosan by using GPTMS: a new strategy to decrease the cytotoxicity of ZnO-NPs
No full textIn the present study, a combination of Zinc Oxide- (3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane- Chitosan (ZnO-GPTMS-CS) nano-hybrid were fabricated by modifying the surface of ZnO-NPs and combining it with CS to investigate the influence of surface modification on the thermal stability and cell viability of the nanoparticles. The properties of the prepared samples including surface modification of ZnO-NPs (ZnO-GPTMS-NPs) and the ZnO-GPTMS-CS nano-hybrid were investigated by different techniques. The ZnO-GPTMS-CS nano-hybrid exhibited high thermal stability in comparison to CS and modified ZnO (ZnO-GPTMS). Moreover, the cytotoxicity assay showed that ZnO-GPTMS-CS nano-hybrid had excellent cell viability compared to ZnO-NPs and ZnO-GPTMS in different concentrations. Especially considered in regard to 50 μg/ml of nano-hybrid, cell survival remained more than 90 after 48 hours of incubation. Thus, the results indicated that ZnO-NPs reacted with GPTMS and CS has a great potential to be used in biological applications. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
Evaluation of the Xpert MTB/RIF test accuracy for diagnosis of tuberculosis in areas with a moderate tuberculosis burden
No full textThe Xpert MTB/RIF assay (Xpert) is a molecular assay used for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in clinical specimens. In this study, we aimed to assess the accuracy of the Xpert assay for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in TB suspected patients from the northern region of Iran. The obtained results were compared with the culture method. The sputum specimens were examined using the Xpert assay, smear microscopy, and solid culture media as a reference diagnostic tool. Among 293 presumptive TB cases, 92 (31.4) were positive according to the culture method. The Xpert method detected 88 (95.7) cases that were positive according to the culture method, compared with 78 (84.8) positive cases according to smear microscopy. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the Xpert method for TB diagnosis were 95.7 and 99, respectively. Also, the sensitivity and specificity for smear microscopy were 84.8 and 97.5, respectively. The Xpert assay showed high overall sensitivity and specificity; thus, it can be effectively used for the early and accurate diagnosis of MTB in TB endemic areas. In addition, the agreement between semi-quantitative results of Xpert and smear microscopy assays could be helpful in evaluating transmission potential in TB patients. © 2020 Scandinavian Societies for Medical Microbiology and Patholog