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National, regional, and global prevalence of cigarette smoking among women/females in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textBackground: This systematic and meta-analysis review aimed to provide an updated estimate of the prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women, in geographic areas worldwide, and demonstrate a trend of the prevalence of smoking over time by using a cumulative meta-analysis. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published on the prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women. We searched PubMed, Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, and Ovid from January 2010 to April 2020. The reference lists of the studies included in this review were also screened. Data were reviewed and extracted independently by two authors. A random effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women. Sources of heterogeneity among the studies were determined using subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Results: The pooled prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women was 28 and 17, respectively. The pooled prevalence of ever cigarette smoking in adolescent girls/students of the school, adult women, pregnant women, and women with the disease was 23, 27, 32, and 38, respectively. The pooled prevalence of ever cigarette smoking in the continents of Oceania, Asia, Europe, America, and Africa was 36, 14, 38, 31, and 32, respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of cigarette smoking among women is very high, which is significant in all subgroups of adolescents, adults, and pregnant women. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement appropriate educational programs for them, especially in schools, to reduce the side effects and prevalence of smoking among women. © 2021, The Author(s)
Harm reduction program and hepatitis C prevalence in people who inject drugs (PWID) in Iran: an updated systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis
No full textBackground: Prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Iran is high. Since 2005, the Iranian government has implemented a harm reduction program to control HCV. We aimed to describe the prevalence of HCV antibody (Ab) in Iranian PWID before and after the implementation of harm reduction with cumulative meta-analysis. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published on the seroprevalence of HCV among PWID. We systematically reviewed the literature to identify eligible studies up to December 2018 in international and national databases. Pooled prevalence and 95 confidence intervals were calculated using Der Simonian and Laird method, taking into account conceptual heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses were performed by harm reduction implementation and studies� characteristics to assess the sources of heterogeneity. We used Cochran�Armitage test for the linear trend of the prevalence of HCV Ab among PWID. Results: We reviewed 5966 papers and reports and extracted data from 62 eligible records. The pooled HCV Ab prevalence among PWID in Iran was 46.5 (95 confidence interval 95% CI 41.1�52.0%). Overall, the Cochran�Armitage test for trend indicated a significant decreasing trend of HCV Ab prevalence (P = 0.04). The cumulative meta-analysis showed a slight decline in the prevalence of HCV Ab between the years 2005 and 2018. Conclusions: The HCV Ab prevalence among PWID in Iran is high, with a considerable geographical variation. The prevalence of HCV Ab among PWID in Iran slightly decreased after 2005 which could be, at least to some extent, related to the implementation of extensive harm reduction programs in the country. © 2021, The Author(s)
Investigations of adsorption behavior and anti-inflammatory activity of glycine functionalized Al12N12 and Al12ON11 fullerene-like cages
No full textThe adsorption behavior of the amino acid, glycine (Gly), via the carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amino groups onto the surfaces of Al12N12 and Al16N16 fullerene-like cages were computationally evaluated by the combination of density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking studies. It was found that Gly can chemically bond with the Al12N12 and Al16N16 fullerene-like cages as its amino group being more favorable to interact with the aluminum atoms of the adsorbents compared to carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. Oxygen and carbon doping were reported to reduce steric hindrance for Glycine interaction at Al site of Al12ON11/Gly and Al12CN11/Gly complexes. Interaction was further enhanced by oxygen doping due to its greater electron withdrawing effect. Herein, the Al12ON11/Gly complex where two carbonyl groups of Gly are bonded to the aluminum atoms of the Al12N12 fullerene-like cage is the most stable interaction configuration showing �adsH and �adsG values of �81.74 kcal/mol and �66.21 kcal/mol, respectively. Computational studies also revealed the frequency shifts that occurred due to the interaction process. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the Al12N12/Gly (�11.7 kcal/mol) and the Al12ON11/Gly (�9.2 kcal/mol) complexes have a good binding affinity with protein tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). TNF-α was implicated as a key cytokine in various diseases, and it has been a validated therapeutic target for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. These results suggest that the Al12N12/Gly complex in comparison with the Al16N16/Gly, Al12ON11/Gly, and the Al12CN11/Gly complexes could be efficient inhibitors of TNF-α. © 202
Association of serum levels and receptor genes BsmI, TaqI and FokI polymorphisms of vitamin D with the severity of multiple sclerosis
No full textPurpose: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease. Vitamin D has a major role in preventing inflammatory disorders. Therefore, any alteration in vitamin D receptor (VDR) might be a genetic risk factor for MS development. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of serum levels and VDR FokI, BsmI, and TaqI gene polymorphisms on the severity of MS. Methods: This case-control study recruited 160 MS patients (71.9 females, mean age of 34.3 ± 8.3 years) and 162 (66.7 females, mean age 35.4 ± 7.9 year) age, sex, and ethnicity matched healthy controls. FokI (rs2228570), BsmI (rs1544410), and TaqI (rs731236) polymorphisms were carried out using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Demographic, clinical parameters, and the levels of vitamin D were compared between groups. Results: We found that the frequency of FokI and TaqI polymorphisms significantly differed between the patients and the controls (p = 0.0127 and p = 0.0236, respectively). The MS patients had low levels of vitamin D compared to the controls (p = 0.011). In addition, TaqI T/C polymorphism significantly decreased the levels of vitamin D in the MS patients (p = 0.002). However, there was no significant association between FokI or BsmI SNPs and the levels of vitamin D in MS patients (p > 0.5). Conclusion: Our results suggest that FokI and TaqI polymorphisms of VDR are associated with MS risk and TaqI polymorphism is associated with Vitamin D levels in MS patients. Meanwhile, no difference was observed between VDR gene polymorphisms and any types of MS. © 202
Evaluation of a Persian version of the Adelaide driving self-efficacy scale among Iranian older adults
No full textObjective: Our aim in the present study was to estimate the psychometric properties of the full-length Adelaide driving self-efficacy scale (ADSES) for use among community-based resident older adults in Tehran, Iran. Methods: We recruited older adults (60+ years) from various sampling units nested in the Tehran district�s general urban population (20 subjects/questionnaire-item). The questionnaire was translated and back-translated by using recommended pathways. Multiple forms of validity and reliability, including Cronbach alpha, were estimated. Also, we measured intra-class correlation coefficient, and did confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: A total of 243 participants (mean age: 65.8, 95CI 65.4�66.3) met our inclusion criteria. For ADSES, the alpha coefficient was 0.77, the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.97 (95 CI: 0.95�0.98), and the average item-test correlation was 0.67. Upon CFA, we found a 0.95 comparative fit index, a coefficient of determination = 92.6, and standardized size of the residual = 0.04. Conclusion: Our Persian language ADSES was found to have adequate validity and factor structure parameters for evaluating driving self-efficacy among community-based older adults in a non-western context. Our questionnaire is an essential first step toward evaluating driving self-efficacy among older adults, especially where no such tool is available, to help develop driving self-efficacy as a healthy aging measure. © 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in Kermanshah City, west of Iran
No full textIt is estimated that one-third of the world's population is infected with Toxoplasma gondii. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the latest status of toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in the general population and pregnant women in the west of Iran. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018. Accordingly, data associated with serodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis, age, sex, anti-toxoplasmosis IgG and IgM, and pregnancy status in women were collected from 6 health centers of Kermanshah City, the west of Iran, during 2016-2017. In total, 1228 people referred to the health centers in Kermanshah City. Of 1228 people, 359 (29.23) individuals were seropositive for toxoplasmosis, of them 294 (81.89) individuals were seropositive only for IgG, and 65 (18.11) individuals were both IgG and IgM seropositive. The seropositivity in men was 29.3 (n = 63), in women was 29.2 (n = 296), and in pregnant women was 25.9 (n = 44). All individuals were examined using ELISA kit. This study showed that the prevalence of this disease in the west of Iran has been decreased in comparison with the previous studies. Therefore, regular epidemiological studies of in different regions seem to be necessary in order to conclude on the decrease or increase trend of this disease in an area
Evaluation of caries risk reduction following preventive programs in orthodontic patients, using cariogram computer model: A quasi-experimental trial
No full textObjective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of preventive strategies on caries risk reduction in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, using the Cariogram program. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, samples were selected using a convenience quota sampling technique, in a public dental school. At first, caries risk profile was determined for each subject using the Cariogram before brackets bonding. The sample size consisted of 36 patients. The intervention group (n = 18) received preventive programs, and the control group (n = 18) was trained based on the routine oral health education by means of pamphlets. Then, Cariogram parameters were calculated for patients in both groups after six months. Results: The age range of participants was from 12 to 29 years. The mean percentage of the �Actual chance of avoiding new cavities� section in the intervention group increased from 45.72 ± 21.64 to 62.50 ± 17.64. However, the mean percentage of other parameters � such as �Diet�, �Bacteria� and �Susceptibility� � decreased after six months (p < 0.001). Besides, the differences in the mean percentage between intervention and control group at the end of the study period (T1 ) related to the Cariogram parameters were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Accordingly, the mean percentage of �Actual chance of avoiding new cavities�� parameter in the intervention group (62.50) was statistically higher than in the control group (42.44) (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Implement-ing different preventive approaches is able to reduce the caries risk in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment, which can be clearly demonstrated using Cariogram program. © 2021, Dental Press Editora Ltda. All rights reserved
A comparative study of anti-leukemic effects of kaempferol and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on human leukemia HL-60 cells
No full textObjective: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is among the most threatening hematological malignant cancers. Defects in cell growth and apoptotic pathways lead to the pathogenesis of the disease as well as its resistance to therapy; therefore, it is a good model for examining pro-apoptotic agents. The present study compared the molecular mechanism induced by kaempferol and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as well as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), in HL-60 leukemia cells during five days. Materials and Methods: Cell viability was determined by resazurin assay following treatment with ATRA (10 ìM), EGCG, and kaempferol (12.5-100 ìM), and apoptosis was detected by the ANX V/PI kit. Moreover, the levels of genes involved in apoptosis (PI3K, AKT, BCL2, BAX, P21, PTEN, CASP3, CASP8, and CASP9) and multi-drug resistance (MDR, ABCB1 and ABCC1) were assessed by using real-time PCR test. Results: Based on the findings, kaempferol decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis in HL60 cells more than EGCG. Apoptosis was induced via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in HL60 cells by kaempferol and EGCG. In addition, kaempferol and EGCG increased apoptosis and inhibited MDR in a concentration- A nd time-dependent manner. Conclusion: Kaempferol at high concentrations can be taken into consideration for treating patients with APL as compared with EGCG. © 2021 Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved
Primary liver cancer in Golestan Province, Northeastern Iran: 13-year experience of Golestan Population-Based Cancer Registry (GPCR)
No full textBackground: Liver cancer (LC) is among the most common and fatal cancers worldwide. A four-fold increasing trend is reported for LC age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) in Iran within 1990-2015. In the present study, we aimed to report the incidence rate of LC during the 13-year establishment of the Golestan population-based cancer registry (GPCR). Methods: Age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) per 100 000 person-years was calculated using CanReg5 software. The Joint point regression analysis was used to assess the temporal trends in incidence rate of LC. Results: During the study period, GPCR registered 575 of LC cases, of which 373 (64.9) were men and 297 (51.6) lived in rural areas. The mean (SD) age of LC in men and women were 60.3 (17.2) and 58.0 (17.1), respectively. The ASIR of LC was significantly higher in men than women (4.7 vs. 2.6; P value < 0.01) and a minimal increasing trend in LC incidence was observed in both sexes. The incidence rate of LC was significantly higher in rural areas compared to the urbans (3.91 vs. 3.40; P value = 0.04). In the last 13 years, rural population had a significant increasing trend in ASIR of LC (average annual percent change AAPC = 7.85, P value = 0.005). Conclusion: LC was more prevalent in men among both urban and rural populations. The results showed a significant increasing trend in rural areas that requires Golestan health care system to take action in controlling the burden of LC in rural areas. © 2021 Academy of Medical Sciences of I.R. Iran. All rights reserved
Optimization and modeling of p-nitroaniline removal from aqueous solutions in heterogeneous catalytic ozonation process using mgal-layered double hydroxides (Mgal-ldh cop)
No full textp-nitroaniline (PNA) is a well-known acute oral, dermal, and inhalation toxin that has been reported as a priority toxic pollutant by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In this study, MgAl-layered double hydroxides (MgAl-LDH) nanoparticles were prepared by a simple and fast co-precipitation method and used as a catalyst in the ozonation process to remove PNA from aqueous solutions. Next, the structure of the synthesized MgAl-LDH was investigated by X-ray diffraction pattern and field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy. The response surface methodology was used to investigate the effects of different parameters includ-ing reaction time, initial PNA concentration, pH, and LDH loading on the removal of PNA by MgAl-LDH catalytic ozonation process (MgAl-LDH COP). The highest removal efficiency of 91.5 was observed in optimum conditions as follows: initial PNA concentration of 162.5 mg/L, pH of 8.25, LDH loading of 750 mg/L, and reaction time of 70 min. The quadratic model was obtained with a high degree of fit. The removal values of COD and TOC were 77 and 68, respectively. As a result, MgAl-LDH COP, as an excellent practical alternative, has a high performance in removing persistent compounds such as PNA from aqueous solutions. © 2021 Desalination Publications. All rights reserved