Journals of Universitas Sangga Buana
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Metacognitive training to improve perceptual decision-making
No full textThe quality of perceptual decisions is limited by the reliability of incoming sensory information. While unreliable sensory signals can increase uncertainty and impair decision-making, previous research has shown that decision-makers are sensitive to uncertainty in their decisions and can reflect this in their metacognitive judgements (e.g., lower confidence ratings, changes of mind). In this study, we aim to test whether a multi-session metacognitive training protocol can increase participants' sensitivity to uncertainty (i.e., increase knowledge of internal uncertainty levels, or reduce "meta-uncertainty") during perceptual decision-making and lead to enhanced metacognition. To do so, we will recruit participants to perform variants of a random dot motion (RDM) discrimination task over three experimental sessions while behavioural and electroencephalographic (EEG) data are recorded. During pre- and post-training assessment sessions, the motion discrimination task will involve a categorical judgement about the direction of dot motion relative to a decision criterion. Following each motion discrimination response, participants will rate their desire to change their mind, which will serve as a measure of metacognitive ability (i.e., the extent to which changes of mind align with the accuracy of participants' initial decisions). During training sessions, participants will perform a variant of the motion discrimination task in which they are presented with two sequential RDM displays, or dot patches, with varying levels of stimulus reliability (i.e., dot motion coherence). Participants will be instructed to produce a continuous response by reproducing the average motion direction of one of the two dot patches.
In the experimental (active) condition, participants will choose the dot patch whose motion direction they would like to reproduce (first or second patch). These participants will then indicate how confident they are in their response by providing a confidence band, or range of possible motion directions, around their point estimate of the motion direction. Participants will earn monetary reward according to the fidelity of their confidence ratings. In the control (passive) condition, participants will perform an identical task with the following exceptions: 1) the dot patch whose motion they must reproduce will be assigned rather than chosen, and 2) participants will not be asked to provide, or earn reward according to, their confidence judgements. Rather, participants in the passive condition will earn reward according to how accurately their motion reproduction response matches the true motion direction of the assigned dot patch.
In addition to collecting behavioural data, we will use EEG to record neural activity during testing and training sessions. Use of EEG will enable us to derive neural measures of internal uncertainty to relate to behavioural outcomes. It is hypothesised that by asking participants in the active condition to explicitly think about the stimulus uncertainty in order to guide their dot patch choices and subsequent confidence judgements, they will learn to become more sensitive to their internal uncertainty levels, and this will be reflected in their metacognitive judgements and patterns of brain activity. By contrast, by removing the requirement to decide which dot patch to reproduce, we predict that participants in the passive condition will not engage in explicit processing of their internal uncertainty levels. As such, it is expected that they will have less awareness of their internal uncertainty levels and will display poorer metacognitive ability relative to the active condition during the post-test assessment
Enhancing sensorimotor adaptation of speech using tDCS over motor cortex and cerebellum: a replication study
No full textSensorimotor adaptation of speech plays an essential role in speech production. Specifically, speech processing relies on a dynamic interaction between the auditory and motor systems of the brain. Previous studies have indicated that the primary motor cortex (M1) and the cerebellum contribute to speech-motor adaptation. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was used to increase excitability over the left M1 and the right cerebellum during a speech adaptation task in which participants compensated for a shift in the formant frequency fed back to them in real-time by altering the frequency in their speech production (Lametti, Smith, Freidin, et al., 2018). Stimulation over the left M1 drove participants to compensate for the shift in the first formant by adapting both the first and the second formant in their production, thereby producing speech closer to an existing vowel category. The shifts produced in both formants exceeded those produced by participants who received only sham stimulation. In contrast, anodal tDCS over the right cerebellum drove significantly greater adaptation in the first formant, but the second formant was unchanged. Here, we aim to replicate these findings. We will use software to provide the formant shift rather than the hardware setup used previously. We will also use a different location for the cathode electrode placement in the cerebellar stimulation since attaching it to the face may have impeded speech production in the original study. We also propose a revised experimental design by introducing the speech-shaped noise feedback masking to limit unlearning when the perturbation to feedback is removed. Finally, we will test categorical perception with identification and discrimination tasks before and after the adaptation to examine the effect of individual variability in perception on adaptation and the effect of adaptation on perception
Testing the Violation of Social Expectations and its Influence on Loneliness in Bereaved Individuals
No full textNegative social expectations can complicate grief processes, increase loneliness, and contribute to mental health problems (Smith at al., 2020; Vedder et al., 2021). The ViolEx-model (Rief et al., 2015) defines the modification of these expectations as a necessary step to reduce distress. This study investigates whether violation of negative social expectations reduces negative social expectations and the experience of loneliness in bereaved individuals
Jealousy and Partner Number (Study 2)
No full textA large body of research has examined jealousy responses to sexual and emotional infidelity (Buss et al., 1992; Sagarin et al., 2012). However, little research to date has examined the cues involved in determining whether a given form of infidelity is exclusively sexual, exclusively emotional, or both. Here, we suggest that the number of affair partners with whom a spouse is sexually involved may influence assessments of concomitant emotional attachment. These inferences, in turn, may influence the level of jealousy one experiences.
To test these possibilities, we examine whether repeated sexual encounters with a single affair partner increase jealousy and emotional attachment concerns to a greater extent than the same number of sexual encounters divided across multiple cheating partners. Participants will be asked to imagine one of two possible scenarios varying in the number of affair partners with whom a spouse is involved. Participants will then be asked to rate their jealousy; the anger they would feel toward both the affair partner(s) and their spouse, separately; and the magnitude of their spouse’s emotional attachment to the affair partner(s) described in the scenario.
Note that, throughout this pre-registration, we use the term “spouse” rather than “partner” to distinguish one’s own partner from the affair partners with whom they are involved. However, participants in the present study may or may not be married, and questions shown to participants will use the term “partner.
Course Syllabi for Open and Reproducible Methods
No full textA collection of course syllabi from any discipline featuring content to examine or improve open and reproducible research practices. Email to join project, access articles, or add other syllabi
A Time-Limit Running Wild? Article 39(2) CISG and Domestic Limitation Periods, in: Mads Bryde Andersen/René Franz Henschel (eds.), A tribute to Joseph M. Lookofsky, 2015
No full textArticle 39(2) of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods of 11 April 1980 (CISG) imposes a cut-off period on the buyer's remedies for the delivery of non-conforming goods, depriving the buyer of all remedies under the CISG if he has not given notice of non-conformity to the seller within two years after the goods were handed over.
Despite the fact that the CISG contains no rules on the limitation of actions (prescription), courts in various jurisdictions have held that Article 39(2) CISG preempts the application of limitation periods under domestic laws that are shorter than two years. The present article challenges this approach and argues that the prevailing interpretation of Article 39(2) CISG misunderstands the provision's purpose. If construed correctly, no conflict exists between the CISG's two-year cut-off rule and shorter domestic limitation periods
German and Dutch ASA Questionnaire Translations - Part 2: Summative Assessment
No full textThis study is the continuation of the research into creating validated translations of the Artificial Social Agent (ASA) Questionnaire for evaluating human-ASA interactions. Following a similar approach as a study for validating a Mandarin-Chinese translation of the same questionnaire (https://osf.io/xgfy3), this study validates German and Dutch translations of the ASA questionnaire via online user studies and provides a summative assessment. The German and Dutch translations were previously created and formatively assessed as described in this OSF pre-registration: osf.io/adknw.
This work is funded by the multidisciplinary research project Perfect Fit, which is supported by several funders organized by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), program Commit2Data - Big Data & Health (project number 628.011.211). Besides NWO, the funders include the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw), Hartstichting, the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (VWS), Health Holland, and the Netherlands eScience Center. The German translation validation is further funded by the North Rhine-Westphalia state government in Germany
Effect of the addition of antioxidants to the cryopreservation medium on the cryotolerance of ovarian tissue: a systematic review
No full textThis review propose to assess one of the strategies to improve cryopreservation of ovarian tissues. This technique has been studied espetially for cases in which human patients begin gonadotoxic treatments (example, in cancer cases). Patients that need to begin a cancer treatment immediately or that have hormone sensitive tumors and can not cryopreserve oocytes could preserve their fertility by cryopreserving ovarian fragements for later reinplantation. In this sense, advances on research that can answer not only if, but which antioxidant would be more interesting to use in ovarian tissue cryopreservation, can help develop new strategies in the improvement of this technique and, thus, to preserve the fertility of patients that need to use this strategy