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Pelatihan dan Pendampingan Kader Kesehatan melalui Media Flashcard untuk Meningkatkan Kesadaran Herbavigilans dan Rasionalitas Penggunaan Tanaman Obat [ Training and Assistance of Health Cadres through Flashcard Media to Increase Awareness of Herbavigilance and the Rationality of the Use of Medicinal Plants]
No full textThis community service activity was carried out in Danda Jaya Village, Rantau Badauh District, Barito Kuala Regency, with the aim of increasing awareness of herbavigilance and rationality of the use of medicinal plants among the community. This program uses a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach that emphasizes the activity involvement of the community in every stage of the activity. The target of the activity consisted of Posyandu cadres with a total of 20 participants. The implementation of the activity lasted for three months and included three main stages, namely preparation, implementation, and evaluation. In the preparation stage, coordination was carried out with the village government and an initial survey regarding the types and patterns of use of medicinal plants. The implementation stage included counseling, training and mentoring, as well as the formation of the Danda Jaya Village Herbavigilance Monitoring Group as an effort to sustain the program. The results of the evaluation showed that there was a significant increase in the average value of cadre knowledge from 49,5 ± 13.17 to 82.0 ± 9.51, with an increase of 32.5% and a statistically significant difference (p less than 0.001). The distribution of categories shows a large shift from the “less” to the “good” and “excellent” levels. Before the training, the majority of cardes (85%) were in the “less” and “sufficient” categories, while after the training, 85% had reached the “good” to “very good” category. These results prove that herbavigilance-based training with the support of flashcard media is effective in increasing cardes understanding of the safety of using medicinal plants safely and rationally. Although the increase is not too large, this activity has succeede in fostering a new understanding of the importance of monitoring the side effects of medicinal plants and encouraging the public to be more careful in their use. This program has proven to be effective in educating the community while strengthening the role of villages as active actors in maintaining health based on local potential. Abstrak. Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini dilaksanakan di Desa Danda Jaya, Kecamatan Rantau Badauh, Kabupaten Barito Kuala, dengan tujuan meningkatkan kesadaran herbavigilans dan rasionalitas penggunaan tanaman obat di kalangan masyarakat. Program ini menggunakan pendekatan Participatory Action Research (PAR) yang menekankan keterlibatan aktif masyarakat dalam setiap tahapan kegiatan. Sasaran kegiatan terdiri dari kader posyandu dengan total peserta sebanyak 20 orang. Pelaksanaan kegiatan berlangsung selama tiga bulan dan mencakup tiga tahapan utama, yaitu persiapan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi. Pada tahap persiapan dilakukan koordinasi dengan pemerintah desa serta survei awal mengenai jenis dan pola penggunaan tanaman obat. Tahap pelaksanaan mencakup penyuluhan, pelatihan dan pendampingan, serta pembentukan Kelompok Pemantau Herbavigilans Desa Danda Jaya sebagai upaya keberlanjutan program. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan adanya peningkatan nilai rata-rata pengetahuan kader meningkat signifikan dari 49,5 ± 13,17 menjadi 82,0 ± 9,51, dengan peningkatan sebesar 32,5% dan perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik (p kurang dari 0,001). Distribusi kategori menunjukkan pergeseran besar dari tingkat “kurang” ke “baik” dan “sangat baik”. Sebelum pelatihan, mayoritas kader (85%) berada pada kategori “kurang” dan “cukup”, sedangkan setelah pelatihan, 85% sudah mencapai kategori “baik” hingga “sangat baik”. Hasil ini membuktikan bahwa pelatihan berbasis herbavigilans dengan dukungan media flashcard efektif dalam meningkatkan pemahaman kader tentang keamanan penggunaan tanaman obat secara aman dan rasional. Meskipun peningkatannya tidak terlalu besar, kegiatan ini berhasil menumbuhkan pemahaman baru tentang pentingnya pengawasan terhadap efek samping tanaman obat serta mendorong masyarakat untuk lebih berhati-hati dalam penggunaannya. Program ini terbukti efektif dalam mengedukasi masyarakat sekaligus memperkuat peran desa sebagai pelaku aktif dalam menjaga kesehatan berbasis potensi lokal
Education on the Prevention and Early Detection of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Through Anamnestic Screening
Full text linkPulmonary Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem in Indonesia. The elderly are a vulnerable group due to decreased immunity and comorbidities, while stigma and low awareness often hinder early detection. This Community Service activity aimed to improve elderly understanding of Pulmonary Tuberculosis prevention and early detection through interactive education and anamnestic screening. The innovation of this program lies in the use of the N-Gain Score to evaluate the effectiveness of health education at the community level. The activity involved health education through interactive lectures, discussions, and educational media (PowerPoint and booklet), followed by anamnestic screening using a structured questionnaire. A total of 29 elderly participants from Wonocolo District were included as a high-risk group. Effectiveness was assessed using pre-tests and post-tests with 10 multiple-choice questions, analyzed using the N-Gain Score. Results showed an increase in the average knowledge score from 70.34 to 94.48 (gain of 24.14 points). Fourteen participants achieved a high N-Gain category, 13 were moderate, and none were low. No Pulmonary Tuberculosis symptoms were detected during screening. This program effectively improved health literacy and awareness among the elderly. Supporting community-based efforts toward Pulmonary Tuberculosis elimination
Pelatihan Pembuatan Teh Daun Salam Herbal Untuk Kesehatan Di Banjarmasin Utara [Training on the Preparation of Herbal Bay Leaf Tea for Health in North Banjarmasin]
No full textAbstract. Gout is a metabolic disease caused by elevated uric acid levels in the blood (hyperuricemia), which can lead to joint pain and inflammation. The prevalence of gout continues to rise in line with high-purine diets and unhealthy lifestyles. Bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) are known to contain active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and essential oils that act as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase, the main enzyme involved in uric acid formation. Utilizing bay leaves in the form of herbal tea is an innovative preparation that can be developed as an alternative functional beverage beneficial for lowering uric acid levels. This community service program aims to provide training to empower women with the skills to make bay leaf-based tea as a herbal product beneficial for health. Based on the educational activities on the use of medicinal plants in the Alalak Utara neighborhood complex, particularly herbal bay leaf tea, there was a significant increase in residents' knowledge, from 52.7% before education to 94.8% after education, with an improvement of 42.1%. Abstrak. Asam urat merupakan penyakit metabolik akibat tingginya kadar asam urat dalam darah (hiperurisemia) yang dapat menimbulkan nyeri dan peradangan pada sendi. Prevalensi asam urat terus meningkat seiring dengan pola makan tinggi purin dan gaya hidup yang kurang sehat. Daun salam (Syzygium polyanthum) merupakan tanaman yang diketahui mengandung senyawa aktif seperti flavonoid, tanin, saponin, dan minyak atsiri yang memiliki sebagai penghambat enzim xantin oksidase, enzim utama dalam pembentukan asam urat. Pemanfaatan daun salam dalam bentuk teh herbal merupakan salah satu bentuk inovasi sediaan yang dapat dikembangkan sebagai alternatif minuman fungsional yang bermanfaat dalam menurunkan kadar asam urat. Pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pelatihan untuk memberdayakan ibu-ibu dengan keterampilan membuat teh berbahan dasar daun salam sebagai produk herbal yang bermanfaat untuk kesehatan. Berdasarkan kegiatan edukasi pemanfaatan tanaman obat di Komplek Kelurahan Alalak Utara, khususnya teh herbal daun salam, terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan warga yang signifikan, dari 52,7% sebelum edukasi menjadi 94,8% setelah edukasi, dengan peningkatan sebesar 42,1%
Tinjauan Yuridis Terhadap Praktik Gratifikasi Jual Beli Jabatan Dalam Putusan Pengadilan [Juridical Review of the Practice of Gratification in Position Trading in Court Decisions]
No full textAbstract. This study analyzes the legal review of the criminal act of buying and selling positions by the Regent of Nganjuk Regency based on Decision Number 64/Pid.Sus-TPK/2021/PN.Sby. Buying and selling positions is categorised as bribery that damages the bureaucracy's integrity and state administrators' dignity. The method used is a sociological legal approach, which examines cases based on positive legal principles and their relevance to social conditions. The urgency of this study lies in the importance of enforcing the law against corrupt practices that undermine public trust in the government bureaucracy. The study results show that the defendant, Dupriono, was proven to have given Rp50,000,000.00 to the Regent of Nganjuk, Novi Rahman Hidhayat, to obtain the position of Head of Pace Sub-district. The panel of judges considered that the elements of the criminal offence charged by the Public Prosecutor had been fulfilled, and that the act was committed jointly with other parties. The judges' legal considerations were based on Article 5 paragraph (1) letters a and b, and Article 13 of Law Number 31 of 1999, in conjunction with Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes. The result shows that the defendant's actions constituted the criminal act of corruption in the form of gratification of office. This verdict emphasises the importance of enforcing anti-bribery laws as an instrument for maintaining the integrity of the bureaucracy and preventing abuse of authorities. Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tinjauan yuridis terhadap tindak pidana jual beli jabatan oleh Bupati Kabupaten Nganjuk berdasarkan Putusan Nomor 64/Pid.Sus-TPK/2021/PN.Sby. Praktik jual beli jabatan dikategorikan sebagai suap yang merusak integritas birokrasi dan martabat penyelenggara negara. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan yuridis sosiologis, yaitu menelaah kasus berdasarkan asas hukum positif serta relevansinya dengan kondisi sosial. Urgensi penelitian ini terletak pada pentingnya menegakkan hukum terhadap praktik korupsi yang melemahkan kepercayaan publik terhadap birokrasi pemerintahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdakwa Dupriono terbukti memberikan uang sebesar Rp50.000.000,00 kepada Bupati Nganjuk, Novi Rahman Hidhayat, untuk memperoleh jabatan sebagai Camat Pace. Majelis hakim menilai bahwa unsur-unsur tindak pidana yang didakwakan Jaksa Penuntut Umum telah terpenuhi, dan perbuatan tersebut dilakukan secara bersama-sama dengan pihak lain. Pertimbangan hukum hakim didasarkan pada Pasal 5 ayat (1) huruf a dan b serta Pasal 13 Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 jo. Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa perbuatan terdakwa merupakan tindak pidana korupsi berupa gratifikasi jabatan. Putusan ini menegaskan pentingnya penegakan hukum antisuap sebagai instrumen menjaga integritas birokrasi dan mencegah penyalahgunaan wewenang
Biblioedukasi dan Animasi Edukasi; Meningkatkan Kompetensi Guru Sekolah Inklusi pada Kelompok Kerja Guru SD di Kabupaten Sigi [Biblioeducation and Educational Animation: Enhancing Competence of Inclusive School Teachers in the Primary School Teacher Working Group in Sigi Regency]
No full textInclusive education requires teachers who are able to identify diverse learning needs, design adaptive instruction, and utilize engaging learning media that support all students, including those with special educational needs. The needs assessment conducted in the Sigi district showed that most teachers had not previously received comprehensive training on inclusive practices, and more than seventy percent lacked access to simple educational media such as story-based materials and animations. This community engagement program aimed to strengthen teacher competence through training on the development and classroom application of biblioeducation and educational animation grounded in local Kaili cultural values. Using a participatory training and mentoring approach, the program included workshops, hands-on media production, classroom implementation, and structured evaluation. Quantitative findings indicated substantial improvement in teacher competence, with the average pre-test score increasing from 64.67 to 90.50 in the post-test. More than eighty percent of teachers achieved medium to high gain scores, and sixty percent reported high levels of perceived competence after the training. Classroom observations also showed that the stories and animations developed effectively supported the delivery of empathy, cooperation, and anti-bullying values. These results demonstrate that integrating culturally grounded biblioeducation and educational animation is an effective strategy for enhancing inclusive teaching practices, especially in schools with limited resources. Abstrak. Pendidikan inklusif membutuhkan guru yang mampu mengidentifikasi kebutuhan belajar yang beragam, merancang pembelajaran yang adaptif, serta memanfaatkan media pembelajaran yang menarik untuk mendukung semua siswa, termasuk mereka yang memiliki kebutuhan pendidikan khusus. Penilaian kebutuhan yang dilakukan di Kabupaten Sigi menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar guru belum pernah menerima pelatihan komprehensif tentang praktik inklusif, dan lebih dari tujuh puluh persen tidak memiliki akses ke media edukasi sederhana seperti materi berbasis cerita dan animasi. Program pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk memperkuat kompetensi guru melalui pelatihan pengembangan dan penerapan biblioedukasi serta animasi edukasi yang berlandaskan nilai budaya lokal Kaili. Dengan pendekatan pelatihan partisipatif dan pendampingan, program ini meliputi lokakarya, produksi media secara langsung, penerapan di kelas, dan evaluasi terstruktur. Temuan kuantitatif menunjukkan peningkatan signifikan dalam kompetensi guru, dengan rata-rata skor pre-test meningkat dari 64,67 menjadi 90,50 pada post-test. Lebih dari delapan puluh persen guru mencapai skor peningkatan sedang hingga tinggi, dan enam puluh persen melaporkan tingkat kompetensi yang tinggi setelah pelatihan. Observasi kelas juga menunjukkan bahwa cerita dan animasi yang dikembangkan efektif mendukung penyampaian nilai empati, kerja sama, dan anti-perundungan. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa integrasi biblioedukasi dan animasi edukasi yang berlandaskan budaya lokal merupakan strategi efektif untuk meningkatkan praktik pengajaran inklusif, terutama di sekolah dengan sumber daya terbatas
Peningkatan Pengetahuan dan Keterampilan Penanganan Low Back Pain bagi Kader Kesehatan di Puskesmas Kecamatan Kendari Barat, Kota Kendari Sulawesi Tenggara Tahun 2025 [Enhancing Knowledge and Skills in Managing Low Back Pain for Health Fasililator at the Kendari Barat District Community Health Center, Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi in 2025]
No full textLow back pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders worldwide, with a global prevalence of 60–80% among adults. This condition results in limitations of daily activities, decreased productivity, and reduced quality of life. In Indonesia, LBP is frequently reported among both productive and elderly age groups, with major risk factors including non-ergonomic working postures, insufficient physical activity, and degenerative processes. In Kendari Barat District, LBP cases are often encountered at community health centers , particularly among individuals with diverse occupations such as office workers, traders, and laborers. These jobs often involve repetitive physical activity or prolonged static postures, highlighting the need for stronger promotive and preventive interventions at the community level.The purpose of this community service program is to strengthen the capacity of health fasilitators in understanding, preventing, and managing LBP through education, ergonomic training, and stretching exercises. The methods applied include interactive counseling, practical simulations, and cadre mentoring at the Kendari Barat Community Health Center. A total of 60 health cadres participating in this activity are expected to contribute by providing education to the community in their respective environments. Abstrak. Low back pain (LBP) merupakan salah satu gangguan muskuloskeletal dengan prevalensi global tinggi, yaitu 60–80% pada orang dewasa, dan berdampak pada keterbatasan aktivitas, penurunan produktivitas, serta kualitas hidup. Di Indonesia, keluhan LBP banyak dijumpai pada kelompok usia produktif maupun lanjut usia, dengan faktor risiko utama berupa postur kerja tidak ergonomis, kurangnya aktivitas fisik, serta proses degeneratif. Di Kecamatan Kendari Barat, kasus LBP sering ditemukan di Puskesmas, terutama pada masyarakat dengan variasi pekerjaan seperti pegawai kantoran, pedagang, dan buruh. Kondisi ini menegaskan perlunya intervensi promotif dan preventif yang lebih kuat di tingkat komunitas. Tujuan dari program pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah meningkatkan kapasitas kader kesehatan dalam memahami, mencegah, dan menangani LBP secara sederhana melalui edukasi, pelatihan ergonomi, serta latihan peregangan. Metode yang digunakan meliputi penyuluhan interaktif, simulasi praktik, dan pendampingan kader di Puskesmas Kecamatan Kendari Barat. Sebanyak 60 kader kesehatan yang mengikuti kegiatan ini diharapkan mampu memberikan berkontribureka dalam memberikan edukasi kepada Masyarakat dilingkungan mereka masing-masing
Peningkatan Kompetensi Guru SDN Kalirungkut 1 Surabaya dalam Penyusunan Modul Ajar Berdiferensiasi dan Berbasis Proyek P-5 untuk Menanamkan Karakter Rahmatan lil Alamin [Enhancing the Competence of SDN Kalirungkut 1 Surabaya Teachers in Developing Differentiated and Project-Based P-5 Teaching Modules to Instill the Rahmatan lil Alamin Character]
No full textAbstract. The community service program conducted at SDN Kalirungkut 1 Surabaya aimed to improve teachers' competence in designing differentiated and project-based P-5 learning that integrates the Rahmatan lil Alamin character. The program was implemented through a five-day training and mentoring session, focusing on developing teaching modules tailored to students' needs and characteristics, as well as instilling values such as kindness, tolerance, and empathy. The results of the training demonstrated a significant improvement in teachers' understanding and skills in designing more inclusive and character-based learning. The sustainability of the program is ensured through ongoing mentoring and strengthened collaboration among teachers. Abstrak. Pengabdian masyarakat yang dilaksanakan di SDN Kalirungkut 1 Surabaya bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kompetensi guru dalam merancang pembelajaran berdiferensiasi dan berbasis proyek P-5 yang mengintegrasikan karakter Rahmatan lil Alamin. Program ini dilaksanakan melalui pelatihan dan pendampingan selama lima hari, dengan fokus pada pengembangan modul ajar yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan karakteristik siswa, serta penanaman nilai karakter seperti kasih sayang, toleransi, dan empati. Hasil dari pelatihan ini menunjukkan peningkatan signifikan dalam pemahaman dan keterampilan guru dalam merancang pembelajaran yang lebih inklusif dan berkarakter. Keberlanjutan program dijamin melalui pendampingan berkelanjutan dan penguatan kolaborasi antar guru
Pendampingan Pembuatan Narasi Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Kerajaan Adat Marusu Melalui Teknologi Tepat Guna [Assistance in Developing Historical and Cultural Narratives of the Marusu Customary Kingdom through Appropriate Technology]
No full textThis Community Service activity is motivated by the absence of a systematic historical and cultural narrative in the area of the Marusu Customary Kingdom, located in Baju Bodoa Subdistrict, Maros Baru District, Maros Regency, as well as the partners’ limited capacity in using cultural documentation technology. The purpose of this activity is to assist the local community in compiling historical and cultural narratives through a participatory approach and training in the use of appropriate digital technology. The methods used include stages of historical research—heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography—combined with audio-visual documentation training. The activity involved traditional leaders, cultural maestros, and youth in the processes of interviews, visual documentation, and narrative validation. The outcomes include an online-published documentary video on the history and culture of the Marusu Customary Kingdom and a pocket book containing historical narratives based on oral sources. This activity has enhanced the partners’ capacity in managing digital media and strengthened collective awareness of the importance of preserving local history and culture. The program demonstrates the effectiveness of community-based collaboration in cultural preservation and is recommended for replication in other customary regions to reinforce local identity. Abstrak. Kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat ini dilatarbelakangi oleh belum adanya narasi sejarah dan kebudayaan yang sistematis di wilayah Kerajaan Adat Marusu, Kelurahan Baju Bodoa, Kecamatan Maros Baru, Kabupaten Maros, serta keterbatasan mitra dalam penguasaan teknologi dokumentasi budaya. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah mendampingi masyarakat lokal dalam menyusun narasi sejarah dan budaya melalui pendekatan partisipatif serta pelatihan penggunaan teknologi digital yang tepat guna. Metode yang digunakan mencakup tahapan penelitian sejarah meliputi heuristik, verifikasi, interpretasi, dan historiografi, dikombinasikan dengan pelatihan dokumentasi audio-visual. Kegiatan ini melibatkan tokoh adat, maestro budaya, dan pemuda dalam proses wawancara, dokumentasi visual, dan validasi narasi. Hasil kegiatan meliputi video dokumenter sejarah dan budaya Kerajaan Adat Marusu yang dipublikasikan secara daring serta buku saku berisi narasi sejarah berbasis sumber lisan. Kegiatan ini meningkatkan kapasitas mitra dalam pengelolaan media digital serta memperkuat kesadaran kolektif terhadap pentingnya pelestarian sejarah dan budaya lokal. Program ini membuktikan efektivitas kolaborasi berbasis komunitas dalam pelestarian budaya dan direkomendasikan untuk direplikasi di wilayah adat lainnya guna memperkuat identitas lokal
The 20-20-20 Rule: An Initiative to Maintain Children's Eye Health Amidst the Widespread Use of Gadgets
Full text linkThe widespread use of gadgets among children, including santri (Islamic boarding school students), contributes significantly to ocular health issues such as eye strain, dry eyes, and escalating myopia rates. Recognizing the limited awareness of excessive screen exposure risks, this community service intervention aimed to improve the knowledge and awareness of 38 Santri Husada (Student Health Cadres) at Assalafi Al-Fithrah Islamic Boarding School in Surabaya by implementing The 20-20-20 Rule. The methodology employed an interactive educational approach divided into three phases: preparation, implementation, and evaluation. The core procedure involved pre-test administration, interactive health sessions, practical simulation of the 20-20-20 Rule, educational leaflet distribution, and a post-test. Data were analyzed using the N-Gain score to measure effectiveness. Results demonstrated a significant knowledge improvement, with the average score increasing from 5.8 (pre-test) to 8.8 (post-test). N-Gain analysis indicated that 71.05% of participants achieved a high-improvement category, confirming the effectiveness of the interactive educational method. This activity successfully enhanced the santri's health understanding and is deemed a potential sustainable health education model for boarding schools, although long-term monitoring is recommended
Friendships Between LGBT Individuals and Heterosexuals: Voices from Indonesian Youth
Full text linkLGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) individuals face various social challenges, including discrimination and pressure that affect their ability to build interpersonal relationships, especially with heterosexual individuals. This study aims to explore the friendship dynamics between gay and lesbian individuals and heterosexuals, focusing on social experiences and interactions among young Indonesians. This qualitative research used a phenomenological approach with semi-structured interviews, and the data were thematically analyzed. Three participants, namely gay, lesbian, and heterosexual individuals, were selected through purposive sampling. The results showed that Indonesian society still has difficulty accepting sexual orientations that differ from heterosexuals, with the self-internalized stigma on LGBT individuals further limiting their freedom to express their sexual identity. However, solidarity across sexual orientations is visible, especially among young people, who are more open to sexual diversity, although their attitudes vary. This research emphasizes the importance of social acceptance in reducing discrimination and creating inclusive spaces for LGBT individuals.Abstrak: Individu LGBT (lesbian, gay, biseksual, dan transgender) menghadapi berbagai tantangan sosial, termasuk diskriminasi dan tekanan yang mempengaruhi kemampuan mereka dalam membangun hubungan interpersonal, terutama dengan individu heteroseksual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi dinamika pertemanan antara individu gay dan lesbian dengan heteroseksual, dengan fokus pada pengalaman sosial dan interaksi di kalangan orang muda Indonesia. Penelitian kualitatif ini menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi dengan wawancara semi-terstruktur, kemudian data dianalisis secara tematik. Tiga partisipan, yaitu individu gay, lesbian, dan heteroseksual dipilih melalui purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat Indonesia masih kesulitan menerima orientasi seksual yang berbeda dari heteroseksual, dengan adanya stigma internal pada individu LGBT yang semakin membatasi kebebasan mereka dalam mengekspresikan identitas seksual. Meski demikian, solidaritas lintas orientasi seksual terlihat, terutama di kalangan generasi muda yang lebih terbuka terhadap keberagaman seksual, meskipun sikap mereka bervariasi. Penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya penerimaan sosial dalam mengurangi diskriminasi dan menciptakan ruang inklusif bagi individu LGBT