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Intrusion detection in internet of things using supervised machine learning based on application and transport layer features using UNSW-NB15 data-set
Get PDFInternet of Things (IoT) devices are well-connected; they generate and consume data which involves transmission of data back and forth among various devices. Ensuring security of the data is a critical challenge as far as IoT is concerned. Since IoT devices are inherently low-power and do not require a lot of compute power, a Network Intrusion Detection System is typically employed to detect and remove malicious packets from entering the network. In the same context, we propose feature clusters in terms of Flow, Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) by using features in UNSW-NB15 data-set. We eliminate problems like over-fitting, curse of dimensionality and imbalance in the data-set. We apply supervised Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, i.e., Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine and Artificial Neural Networks on the clusters. Using RF, we, respectively, achieve 98.67% and 97.37% of accuracy in binary and multi-class classification. In clusters based techniques, we achieved 96.96%, 91.4% and 97.54% of classification accuracy by using RF on Flow & MQTT features, TCP features and top features from both clusters. Moreover, we show that the proposed feature clusters provide higher accuracy and requires lesser training time as compared to other state-of-the-art supervised ML-based approaches. © 2021, The Author(s)
To Fee or Not to Fee? Satisfaction, Service Quality, and Support of an Entrance Fee of a State Park System
Get PDFIn the past decade, state government appropriation reductions have forced park agencies to seek other sources of revenue to support park operations. To overcome shrinking budgets, many public park agencies embrace private-sector business models and investigate customer satisfaction, service quality, and user fee structures. The purpose of this study was to obtain public input regarding service quality, general satisfaction, and experience use history of state park visitation. A total of 382 Oklahoma state park users completed an online survey and were sorted into Pro-Fee (n = 200,52%) and No-Fee (n = 182,48%) groups for one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) tests. The researchers found a significant difference between the two groups on service quality, but not on overall satisfaction or behavioral intention (e.g., revisit, recommending the park). When comparing Pro-Fee and No-Fee groups, researchers found no statistically significant variance in visitors\u27 demographics, such as gender, education level, and income, whereas the number of years that had passed since the visitors\u27 first visit showed a significant difference between the groups. The findings of this study provide valuable insight for discussions related to entrance fees and service fees in state park systems
iPLA2-VIA is Required for Healthy Aging of Neurons, Muscle, and the Female Germline in Drosophila melanogaster
Get PDFNeurodegenerative disease (ND) is a growing health burden worldwide, but its causes and treatments remain elusive. Although most cases of ND are sporadic, rare familial cases have been attributed to single genes, which can be investigated in animal models. We have generated a new mutation in the calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) VIA gene CG6718, the Drosophila melanogaster ortholog of human PLA2G6/PARK14, mutations in which cause a suite of NDs collectively called PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN). Our mutants display age-related loss of climbing ability, a symptom of neurodegeneration in flies. Although phospholipase activity commonly is presumed to underlie iPLA2VIA function, locomotor decline in our mutants is rescued by a transgene carrying a serine-to-alanine mutation in the catalytic residue, suggesting that important functional aspects are independent of phospholipase activity. Additionally, we find that iPLA2-VIA knockdown in either muscle or neurons phenocopies locomotor decline with age, demonstrating its necessity in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. Furthermore, RNA in situ hybridization shows high endogenous iPLA2-VIA mRNA expression in adult germ cells, and transgenic HA-tagged iPLA2-VIA colocalizes with mitochondria there. Mutant males are fertile with normal spermatogenesis, while fertility is reduced in mutant females. Mutant female germ cells display age-related mitochondrial aggregation, loss of mitochondrial potential, and elevated cell death. These results suggest that iPLA2-VIA is critical for mitochondrial integrity in the Drosophila female germline, which may provide a novel context to investigate its functions with parallels to PLAN
Trillium govanianum (Himalayan Trillium): Production, Distribution, Use and Conservation in Nepal
No full textTrillium govanianum is known to be used for primary health care and household economy, however detailed information on its ecology and importance for local economy has remained unknown. In this study, we investigated T. govanianum population, production and distribution range, as well as its use, trade and vulnerability in Nepal. We show that the current practice of T. govanianum rhizome marketing has resulted in unsustainable harvesting, putting in extreme pressure on its habitats and populations. Harvesting methods such as premature harvesting and mass collections, without knowing actual population size and distribution, may have serious negative effects on reproduction, growth and survival of the species. To gather data and information, we sampled 80 quadrats and 320 (1 × 1 m) nested plots along with 96 interviews. Information on species occurrence points was gathered from various sources including direct field sampling and predicted potential suitable habitat using a maximum entropy model (MaxEnt). Rapid vulnerability assessment (RVA) was used to assess the conservation status of the species. Our results showed that T. govanianum occurs in 26 districts of Nepal and can be expected in 10 more mountainous districts along the elevation range between 2400 m and 4050 m. Among the environmental factors, elevation, precipitation and temperature were found to be the most influential for the species\u27 distribution. Market-led unsustainable collections were prevalent and T. govanianum collections were traded as an adulterant to Paris polyphylla, a highly traded medicinal plant. We found that T. govanianum is a vulnerable species with threat category I. Therefore, conservation efforts are urgently needed, including protection of its key sites and habitats along with sustainable use so as to save its existence
Government Intervention in Chinese Rural Commercial Banks–A Helping Hand or a Grabbing Hand?
No full textWe show that government intervention deteriorates the Chinese rural commercial banks’ capital efficiency when fiscal or political pressure is high, an evidence supporting the grabbing-hand view of government. On the other hand, government intervention does not improve bank capital efficiency when the banking market is more competitive, showing no significant helping hands
Predicting Student Success in an Electrical Engineering Program
Get PDFSuccessful completion of course of study leading to graduation in electrical engineering was found to be linked to a couple of key gateway courses. Students that performed below a threshold in these early courses had a lower probability of graduating and could then be identified for additional assistance. Based on these results, changes were implemented in the curriculum to enhance student success in these preliminary courses to facilitate retention
Localization of Seed-derived and Externally Supplied Nutrients in Peanut Seedling Root
No full textThe distribution of essential nutrients such as potassium (K), phosphorous (P), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S) and chlorine (Cl) within root tissues is crucial aspect of plant growth but nothing is known regarding this subject in seedlings of dicotyledons such as peanut (Arachis hypogaea). We used scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to analyze element distributions in developing root tissues. Distribution patterns and concentrations of endogenous K, P, S and exogenous Ca from seeds grown in water varied along the length of peanut radicle and were tissue specific. Semi-quantitative SEM/EDS data indicated 24 mM K in the cortex and 46 mM K in the stele at a distance of 5 mm from the root tip. The P concentration in the same region was 15 mM in cortex and 22 mM in stele. The concentration of K and P decreased in the more mature parts of the root. SEM–EDS element concentrations values were lower for K and higher for P when compared with the ICP-OES data of root segments. Peanut roots grown in 10 mM Ca(NO3)2 solution for hours showed tissue-specific Ca distribution at 25 mm from the root tip with the highest levels detected in portions of the cortex. The parent root cortex centrifugal to the tip of developing lateral root primordia had lower levels of calcium than could be detected by SEM/EDS
Intentional International Presence of United Nation\u27s Locations
Get PDFThe United Nations chose specific locations to house its main headquarters and major offices. While there are many smaller regional offices of the United Nations, this focuses only on the four main offices and the Hague, which houses the International Court of Justice. The different locations of New York, the Hague, Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi were chosen over a time period of fifty years with New York, the first permanent location, chosen in 1946, and Nairobi, the most recent addition, finalized in 1996. The locations were not chosen purely because of monetary concerns but because they met specific qualifications set up with the establishment of the United Nations and because the cities chosen had an existing presence on the international stage. Whether that presence could be traced back to the Habsburg Empire or it was just being established due to new infrastructure, the cities that the United Nations picked stood out from their neighbors. By analyzing UN documents and other primary sources, this thesis will provide evidence that the UN headquarters were chosen for specific reasons. New York City, Geneva, The Hague, Vienna, and Nairobi were chosen to house UN headquarters and UN bodies because they met certain qualifications and standards, such as location and accessibility, and because they already had a presence on the international stage. This thesis will also show that while the ideal of the United Nations is to be a truly international body and organization, the reality is that it is still very Euro-centric. This is shown in the decisions to house United Nations Offices in places that are either European or have strong ties to Western capitalist Europe. All of the major offices and locations of the United Nations were chosen during the Cold War and that is reflected in the choices of United Nations representatives. This thesis will expand on existing historiography by sharing why Geneva, the Hague, Vienna, and Nairobi were chosen. Existing literature only dealt with why the United States and New York City, in particular, were chosen to house the first permanent headquarters
Impact of Natural Disasters on Economic Activity
No full textNatural shocks and climatic disasters have been causing great destruction to human life and property. These shocks and disasters have often damaged the economy and caused a massive loss to the affected nation. A large amount of aid is necessary for recovery from such natural shocks. We propose to examine and compare the impact of natural disasters on economic activity. The type of natural disaster considered here is earthquakes, and the variable for economic activity is Merchandise Imports. We find that the natural disasters have a significant impact on the economic activity and the results vary based on the form of government and the level of development within the country
Effect of Text-to-Speech and Human Reader on Listening Comprehension for Students with Learning Disabilities
No full textStudents with learning disabilities in reading often have difficulty with comprehension. Four participants with learning disabilities, ages 16 and 17, were assessed in listening comprehension to determine the effects of two treatments, text-to-speech and human reader. Results of this single subject, alternating treatments study indicate that student mean scores on excerpts and multiple-choice listening comprehension quizzes from a required grade level reading were greater during the human reader treatment. Implications and conclusions of this study revealed that text-to-speech may benefit students with learning disabilities who struggle with reading and comprehension when used as a supplement to explicit teacher instruction; however, the text-to-speech was not as effective as a human reader on listening comprehension for students with learning disabilities