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Seeing human resources of entrepreneurial firms in new ways
No full textDespite ongoing interest in human resource management (HRM) in entrepreneurial organizations, we believe the moment is ripe to rethink notions of human resource management in ways that take advantage of the distinctive nature of entrepreneurial settings. A critical first step is recognizing that the people creating and building an entrepreneurial organization extend beyond the founders and include people who may or may not be employees. As such, rather than following traditional human resources (HR) research's focus on employees, HR research in entrepreneurial organizations must take a broader perspective. We propose a focus on "joiners", people who, according to Roach and Sauermann (2015), are a "distinct type of nonfounding entrepreneurial actors who are attracted to the startup work setting but have little desire to be founders themselves." Joiners represent the human resources critical to venture progress. We argue that a research agenda focused on joiners that is pursued through explicitly understanding and engaging with the fundamental assumptions, debates, and conversations from an entrepreneurship perspective will yield novel questions and generate new insights. Through this editorial we hope to catalyze this important work by unpacking who joiners are and how they fit in the entrepreneurial context, highlighting the need for new research at the intersection of HRM and entrepreneurship, and suggesting novel questions, research opportunities, and methodologies related to HRM in entrepreneurial settings. Executive summary: Scholars have advanced our Understanding of human resource management (HRM) in entrepreneurial organizations from multiple perspectives. We believe the moment is ripe to rethink notions of human resource management in ways that take advantage of the distinctive nature of entrepreneurial settings, which will allow us to understand human resources of entrepreneurial firms in new ways. A critical first step is recognizing that the people creating and building an entrepreneurial organization extend beyond the founders and include people who may or may not be employees. We propose a definition of joiners that captures the original spirit of the term and emphasizes the people who are actively choosing an entrepreneurial work setting, remains agnostic to formal employment status, and focuses on the work that is being done: "Joiners are non-founders who contribute physical and/or mental labor to a new venture and are subordinate to the founders". Our definition is well-suited to the dynamic nature of entrepreneurial firms that are navigating uncertain environments, in which more flexible and less formal labor contributions are needed than merely those provided by employees. By consequence, our definition of joiners includes employees, contractors, interns, freelancers and volunteers and excludes other stakeholders such as tech transfer and other entrepreneurial support organization staff, board members, investors, policy makers, customers, and suppliers. We also suggest it may be helpful to distinguish between "primary joiners" and "secondary joiners." The first refers to the initial group of people who are in direct contact with founders and who are creating their role rather than inhabiting an established role. These individuals bring the human and social capital that determines an early venture's success.
Other individuals who later join an entrepreneurial venture, particularly those who are not directly overseen by founders, can be referred to as "secondary joiners", or if they are actually employed by the startup, simply as employees. We argue that the study of joiners merits fresh thinking that more explicitly takes into consideration the core aspects of entrepreneurship: that it involves uncertainty and dynamism, resource constraints and context dependence, informality, and social or interpersonal creation of opportunities, ventures, and systems. A traditional HR perspective is focused on employees within firms who are in a formal employment relationship, occupying defined roles, within a hierarchical reporting structure where there is a supervisor, a set of performance expectations, and a package of rewards. In contrast, an entrepreneurship perspective considers contributions from people who may be employees or contractors or non-contracted helpers, straddling the fuzzy boundaries of a new venture in roles and reporting relationships that are ambiguous and evolving, doing work that is uncertain and ever-changing, with risky and unknown outcomes, rewards, and career prospects. We highlight specific research questions focused on joiners from an HR versus an entrepreneurship perspective that warrant additional investigation and discuss the most appropriate methodologies for such study. Overall, while we acknowledge and commend the efforts of many scholars who have already explored issues related to joiners, we believe that more explicitly recognizing and engaging with the distinct focus, assumptions, debates, and conversations inherent to an entrepreneurship perspective, as well as taking a broader perspective on who is a joiner, will inspire new questions and uncover novel insights into human resources of entrepreneurial firms. We encourage work that advances a uniquely entrepreneurship-informed understanding of joiners and of HRM
The transmission of semantic, lexical, and orthographic information in young and older bilinguals' typed word production
No full textOlder adults may have weakened connections between words and their sounds/spelling, which affects top-down, but not bottom-up language processes (Burke et al., 1991). Similarly, bilinguals may show weaker connections in the same system because the frequency of input for each language is lower than in monolinguals (Gollan et al., 2008). We studied whether younger and older French-English bilinguals experienced top-down and bottom-up orthographic facilitation during the typed naming of English pictures while ignoring a visual distractor word. Half of the targets were interlingual homographs (e.g., "coin" [French meaning: corner]) and were paired with a semantic distractor ("bill"), a translation-related distractor ("nook") that was (related to) the French meaning of the homograph, or an unrelated distractor ("dust"). The other half were nonhomographs (e.g., "chin") appearing with a semantic ("jaw"), (bottom-up) orthographic ("chip"), or unrelated distractor ("jar"). Top-down orthographic facilitation was measured as the difference in first keystroke latencies between the translation-related and unrelated condition in homographs and bottom-up orthographic facilitation as the difference between the orthographic and unrelated distractor in nonhomographs. We found no top-down orthographic facilitation in either group, whereas bottom-up orthographic facilitation was generally observed. These findings support the idea of weakened connections in bilinguals and old age
Collaborative compositions : facilitating service orchestration from cloud to edge
No full textSamenwerking overheen organisatorische grenzen wordt steeds belangrijker. Dit gaat zowel over samenwerking tussen teams onderling, als tussen organisaties en bedrijven. De vierde industriële revolutie speelt hier een grote rol in. Deze start namelijk door digitale systemen die de fysieke wereld manipuleren te verbinden. De complexiteit van IT systemen stijgt enorm door de vergaande digitalisering van de maatschappij. Om deze complexiteit de baas te kunnen, wordt software steeds meer ontwikkeld als collaboratieve composities: verschillende componenten die samenwerken om één dienst te leveren. Applicaties zoals Netflix of Google bestaan uit honderden tot duizenden componenten die samenwerken om hun functionaliteit te voorzien. Dit proefschrift onderzoekt hoe software systeembeheerders kan helpen om collaboratieve composities te installeren en te beheren. Het stelt technieken en software voor die systeembeheerders de mogelijkheid geven om hun kennis in software te encapsuleren zodat ze deze kunnen delen en hergebruiken. Ook onderzoekt dit werk hoe huidige ontwikkelingen in het beheren van cloud applicaties kunnen toegepast worden op het beheer van applicaties die dichter bij gebruikers draaien, in de edge en de fog
Essays on migration, migration intentions, and terrorism
No full textDoes terrorism affect migration? What drives migrants to stay in their host country, go back, or move onward?
Terrorism is virtually everywhere since 2001. This particular type of violence has a long history, but intensified drastically since the 9/11 attack and the rise of Al-Qaeda ISIS. In parallel, the total number of migrants worlwide keeps increasing, with the overall total number of migrants tripling in the last 50 years according to the World Migration Report 2020. Despite these evidences, little is known about how terrorism affects migration rates. Also, few research has been conducted about why migrants decide to stay in their host country, go back to their birth country, or move onward. This dissertation brings a scientific perspective to improve our understanding of who migrates and the determinants of population movements so as to better anticipate present and future challenges related to population management.
In this dissertation, the most commonly used index of terror intensity (Global Terrorism Index) was improved to obtain accurate data at the regional and monthly levels for more than 130 countries between 2007 and 2015. Similarly, data on
migration rates and migration intentions have been extracted from the Annual Bilateral Migration Database and the Gallup World Poll respectively. Both database allow to study yearly changes in patterns of migration (intentions) in a large set of countries. In addition, the latter allows to simultaneously measure the effect of terrorism on intentions to migrate internally and internationally.
Overall, the more attacks there are in a region/country, the more people seem to move to another region/country or avoid the place attacked. The magnitude of the effect is rather small though. Also, the number of victims seems to be the main determinant of people’s decision to move. Importantly, terrorism has an effect on people’s decision to move on top of conflicts, despite the large majority of attacks happening during conflicts. At the microeconomic level, the more educated the impacted population is, the more likely they are to move after terrorist attacks. In addition, religious individuals seem to cope better after terrorist events, and thus intend to move less. Yet, estimated relationships appear to vary by the type of countries (depending on their income level) considered.
Furthermore, few studies have looked simultaneously at the reasons driving migrants to stay in their host country, return at origin, or move onward. In this dissertation, it is shown that the majority of first generation immigrants aspire
to stay in their host country. We found that migrants wanting to move tend to be younger, non-married, with worse health, new in the host country, and living mostly in Africa or Latin/South America. The location of migrants’ family and
friends is also an important factor in migrants' location decision. Interestingly, the decision does not seem to be primarily driven by economic well-being, but rather by social fulfilment. Another striking result is that migrants are willing to go back to their country of origin when there is an unexpected event such as a disaster or a rise in terror intensity there to help their relatives.
For policy-makers, understanding whether terrorism influences internal and international migration rates is of utmost concern. They can use that information to adjust assimilation programs or negotiate agreements about migrants’ receptions with their neighbouring countries. Knowing the typical profiles of migrants is also essential to ease the integration of targeted newcomers or retain valued individuals, but also to understand migrants’ incentives and indirect benefits for sending countries through remittances
Investigation of paramagnetic dopant centres in materials for sensor applications
No full textIn deze thesis worden paramagnetische intentionele onzuiverheden in vaste materialen onderzocht, die veranderingen in hun nabije omgeving voelen. Op basis van deze eigenschap kan een dergelijk systeem fungeren als sensor voor die verandering. Deze structurele veranderingen in de vaste materialen kunnen met de elektronen paramagnetische resonantie techniek onderzocht worden. Er zijn twee types materialen met potentieel als sensorsysteem onderzocht in dit werk: de metaal-organische netwerken MIL-53(Al) en DUT-5(Al) met vanadyl moleculaire ionen als paramagnetisch onzuiverheid, waarvan de mogelijkheden als sensor voor zuurstof- en koolstofdioxidegas onderzocht zijn, en de anorganische fosfor LiF:Mg,Cu,P genaamd MCP-N, die gebruikt wordt bij stralingsdetectie op basis van thermoluminescentie metingen. Het werk in deze thesis heeft aangetoond dat elektronen paramagnetische resonantie spectroscopie in staat is om gedetailleerde informatie te onthullen over de ingebouwde paramagnetische dopanten die dikwijls moeilijk te achterhalen is met andere analytische technieken
