NaUKMA Research Papers. Law
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Принцип доступності в діяльності органів публічного адміністрування
Get PDFThe article provides a general analysis of the content and essence of the principle of accessibility as a component of the rule of law in the activities of state authorities and local self-government bodies. The author offers a general understanding of the features and peculiarities of the principle of accessibility as one of the basic theoretical principles of public services providers in accordance with European standards of public administration. The article suggests that accessibility should be considered in its two meanings. A broader understanding of the principle of accessibility implies the ability of any person to directly and unconditionally have a real access to the results of the public activity of any government authority or local self-government body under conditions determined by law. In this case, it is not even so much about specific administrative services but about the efficient functions of the governmental authority as a public institution in general. From this point of view, the principle of accessibility is a special criterion for the efficiency of the public authority’s functioning, since it aims to assess the quality of “access” of a person to the results of the activity of such an authority. Concerning a narrower understanding of the accessibility principle, this means a system of definite measures to ensure the real and physical capacity of a person to receive a public service, which involves a set of legal requirements for the organization of the public authority. Such interpretation actually contains an understanding of the principle of accessibility as a set of certain standards for the activity of the body that provides public services. It is proposed to consolidate these standards for public services providers into several blocks: informational, organizational and a block for comfort requirements. The information block includes requirements for the public disclosure of information on the competence of the public authority. For example, this imples the information on the list and the meaning of the authority’s powers in the field of administrative services; the procedures on accepting documents for consideration and general stages of their passing; the procedure for appeals, etc. The organizational unit contains a number of requirements for ensuring a person’s real access to the administrative service provider. This should include, first of all, requirements for offices where reception of citizens and initial processing of documents are carried out. The comfort block is a certain system of generalization of information and organizational units with a specific focus of the public authority’s activity on providing administrative services in the most convenient way for the applicant. The requirements of this block are based on respect for the dignity of people seeking specific administrative services or trying to get advice on a particular issue without proper formalization and formal initiation of the process of granting / receiving an administrative service. The article also presents an analysis of the trends and the development of the current legislation in the field of providing public services.У статті здійснено загальний аналіз змісту та суті принципу доступності як складової верховенства права в діяльності органів державної влади та органів місцевого самоврядування. Подано загальне розуміння ознак та характерних особливостей принципу доступності як однієї з основних теоретичних засад надання публічних послуг відповідно до європейських стандартів публічного адміністрування. Проаналізовано тенденції сучасного стану розвитку чинного законодавства у сфері надання публічних послуг.Матеріал надійшов 15.05.201
Право, наука та інші форми світосприйняття і методологія: лінії взаємозв’язків
Get PDFThe article is devoted to the overview of the ties between law and extrascientific forms of world perception, namely religion, morals, and art. The evolution of the views regarding these ties and short overview of the contemporary state of the philosophic and legal scholarship regarding this issue is provided.The article widely deals with the analysis of value-based aspects of law, while understanding and clarification of these aspects comprise prerequisites of understanding the law as a phenomenon. Positivist and natural law jurisprudential concepts and their varieties provide several approaches to interconnection of the law with morals, starting with their denial and finishing with the dissolution of the law in morals. The author also shares his observations of the tendencies to the interpretations of more prudent and soft interconnection between them.Special attention is focused on the relations of law and justice. While dwelling on it as an essential, onthological quality of law, the author also stresses the impossibility of total assimilation of law and justice and provides the directions of their division.Value-based approach to the social realm connects law with religion, morals as well as with the art. Therefore, the author has noted the ties between law and art both on the formation stage and on the stages of their interpretation and application.The article concludes by stressing that the ties between law and religion, morals and art cannot be subject to rational logical analysis by methods applicable to science. Therefore, the author dwells on firm essential identities of jurisprudential methodology in comparison to the methodology of law, which is often out of focus in national legal academia.Article received 18.11.2018У статті увагу зосереджено на розкритті взаємозв’язків права з позанауковими формами світосприйняття – релігією, мораллю та мистецтвом, без належного осмислення яких зрозуміти право неможливо.Наголошено на тому, що ці взаємозв’язки не можуть бути піддані раціональному, логічному аналізу з використанням виключно наукових методів. З огляду на це зроблено висновок про суттєві особливості методології правознавства і методології права, які у вітчизняному правознавстві майже не враховують.Матеріал надійшов 18.11.201
Підходи Європейського суду з прав людини щодо права на свободу мирних зібрань
Get PDFThis article is dedicated to European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) case law on freedom of peaceful assemblies. The author analyzes the circumstances in which the ECHR may admit that the state interferes with the right to peaceful assembles and whether this interference is legitimate from the prospective of European Convention.According to the ECHR case law, either act or nonfeasance of general or individual character taken before, during, or after the peaceful assembly could be considered as an interference in the right to peaceful assemble even if such actions had no apparent effect on the actual conduct of peaceful assembly, or formally legally not related to its consequences. The interference may also be recognized when the authorities take no necessary actions related to conduction of peaceful assembly in cases where such actions could be reasonably expected.In order to verify that the interference with the right to freedom of peaceful assembly meets the conditions of the Convention, the Court uses the special three-part test. The interference does not violate the Convention if it is prescribed by the law, has at least one legitimate aim, and is necessary in the democratic society.As to the first requirement, the general practice of the ECHR is used. The restriction on peaceful assembly would be considered as prescribed by the law if the law is accessible and sufficiently precise to enable the citizen to foresee the consequences of his or her behavior, whether lawful or not.It is very hard for applicant to prove that the restriction of the right to freedom of peaceful assembly does not pursue one of the legitimate aims of the Convention. The ECHR in most cases does not question the reference of the state to one of the legitimate aims under the Conventions. The only possible way for the applicant to prove that the restriction does not pursue one of the legitimate aims is to provide Court with the strong evidence that the reference given by the state is purely formal and another hidden aim exists that is not prescribed by the Convention.Interference with the freedom of peaceful assembly must also meet the criteria of necessity in a democratic society. In practice, this means, first of all, that the state should demonstrate a sufficient degree of tolerance for peaceful gatherings, proportionally balance the interests of the members of the assemblies and those who do not participate in them, and be ready to fulfill the positive responsibilities of the state during the peaceful gatherings.Article received 02.11.2018Статтю присвячено практиці Європейського суду з прав людини щодо мирних зібрань. Автор розглядає позиції Суду щодо випадків, у яких може бути визнане втручання у свободу мирних зібрань, та узагальнює практику перевірки правомірності такого втручання за трискладовим тестом. Робить висновок, що відповідно до позиції Суду втручанням у право на свободу мирних зібрань можуть бути визнані будь-які дії або бездіяльність загального або індивідуально характеру, вжиті до, під час або після проведення мирного зібрання, навіть якщо такі дії не мали видимого впливу на фактичне проведення мирних зібрань, або формально-юридично не пов’язані з його наслідками.Матеріал надійшов 02.11.201
Принцип пропорційності у праві інтелектуальної власності ЄС
Get PDFAs a result of a country’s accession to the EU, primary and secondary EU law becomes a part of the national law, which still maintains a certain autonomy. EU authorities also promote the correctness and unambiguity of the application of EU law within national jurisdictions. This is manifested primarily in the functions of the ECJ, which can provide a detailed interpretation of appeals from national courts in cases where there are doubts about the interpretation of certain legal norms of the EU.Marleasing, a methodological principle of ECJ interpretation (a term introduced by J. Pila), has been considered and supported by the principle of proportionality and national intellectual property regimes. The central element of the principle of proportionality on the basis of methodology is the doctrine of indirect effect, i.e. the directives can be applied in private law disputes and in relations between private individuals (however, the decision in the case of Marleasing insists on using only the provisions of directives themselves for resolution in such relations). A dispute is solved by using both the Member States law and the Community law, where the norms of the EU law provide the possibility of broad interpretation, and the internal rules provide for a maximum consideration of local traditions and characteristics with respect to the dispute.Marleasing should be introduced to the civil procedure activities of the judicial bodies of Ukraine. It is considered as recognition of the freedom of States to bring their own legal systems towards the European legal order through an evolutionary process of regulatory compatibility (parallel activity of the two systems: the national legislations of the EU Member States and the EU law in the context of their structural cooperation through a gradual harmonization and adaptation of national legislation with the EU law) without prejudice to their “legal rationality”.Article received 05.11.2018У статті розкрито сутність дії методологічного принципу інтерпретації Європейського суду справедливості Marleasing (походить від назви однієї зі сторін справи), що домінує у частині непозовного провадження та підтримуваного принципом пропорційності, а також національними режимами інтелектуальної власності. Зазначений принцип, доцільний для запровадження у цивільно-процесуальній діяльності судових органів України, полягає у визнанні свободи держав для наближення їхніх власних правових систем до європейського правового порядку через еволюційний процес нормативної сумісності (паралельної дії двох систем: національних законодавств країн–членів ЄС і права ЄС у контексті їхньої структурної взаємодії через поступову гармонізацію, адаптацію з правом ЄС) без шкоди їхній «юридичній раціональності».Матеріал надійшов 05.11.201
Нормативно-правове забезпечення заохочень працівників органів місцевого самоврядування: сутність, проблеми та перспективи
Get PDFThe article researches problems and perspectives of the legal enforcement of local self-government workers encouragement. Problems connected with the insufficient legal regulation of encouragement, in comparison with disciplinary rules, are considered. The problems of imperfection of the domestic legislation in the field of ensuring the motivation of the work of official’s in local government bodies are outlined. The article analyzes the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, Labor Law Code, Law of Ukraine “On Service in Local Self-Government Bodies”, and international legal acts.It is noted that in the context of the recent codification of labor legislation, it is appropriate to consolidate relations connected with encouragement in the future Labor Code. The analysis of the draft of the new Labor Code, which is under consideration by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (Ukrainian parliament), suggests that the authors of the project offer the following features: 1) for success in the work and faithful fulfillment of labor duties for employees, measures of moral and material encouragement can be appliead: the announcement of gratitude, awarding a diploma, payment of a prize, the delivery of a valuable gift, etc., the rules of the internal labor regulations, the regulatory acts of the employer may be set other types of encouragement applicable etc.; 2) for special labor merits, employees may be represented in the prescribed manner before awarding department and state awards.In this regard, it should be noted that the draft of the new Labor Code, essentially duplicating the rules of the Labor Code of Ukraine and giving the employer benefits to the use of labor workers will not promote their effective application.The main tendencies of improvement of the Ukrainian legislation with the proposal of a new definition of the concept of legal support are determined based on the analysis of legal literature.Legislation support on local government services should be carried out by adding system amendments to the draft of the Labor Code of Ukraine, which is under consideration in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and being prepared for the second reading, and also by the way of developing and adopting a new democratic model of the Law of Ukraine “On Local Government Services” on the basis of national and international experience.Article received 18.07.2018У науковій статті досліджено проблематику та перспективи нормативно-правового забезпечення заохочень працівників органів місцевого самоврядування. Розглянуто проблеми, пов’язані з недостатнім нормативним урегулюванням заохочень, порівняно з дисциплінарними нормами. Окреслено проблеми недосконалості вітчизняного законодавства у сфері забезпечення мотивації праці посадових осіб органів місцевого самоврядування. Проаналізовано положення Конституції України, Кодексу законів про працю, Закону України «Про службу в органах місцевого самоврядування», міжнародних нормативно-правових актів. Визначено основні тенденції удосконалення вітчизняного законодавства разом з пропозицією нового визначення поняття нормативно-правового забезпечення, на основі проведеного аналізу юридичної літератури.Матеріал надійшов 18.07.201
Право на доступ до правосуддя як одна з передумов забезпечення інших прав і свобод людини
Get PDFThe article analyzes the ways of interpretation and enforcement of the right of access to justice. Through comparison of national and foreign studies, the author is trying to prove the demand for a wide interpretation of the right of access to justice.By providing certain national studies, the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, and in-force legal policy, the author shows that only the first “wave” of the right to access to justice is implemented in Ukraine. Due to a narrow definition of the right of access to justice, the legal policy cannot guarantee a proper level of the rule of law. This fact is supported by the annual legal ranking of the countries by the World Justice Project Rule of Law Index. The countries in the top of the rule of law rating accept a wide definition of the right of access to justice, with all four “waves” [of this right] implemented. The article describes the elements of each “wave” that are also presented by the legal framework of reforming justice in Australia, the decisions of the Supreme Court of India, the Courts of Canada, and the Supreme Court of the United States of America. Those components include: a real possibility to use legal remedies of the formal justice, access to qualified legal assistance, promotion of pre-trial dispute resolution by facilitation, mediation or arbitration, and preventing disputes arising overall.The possibility of implementing the idea mentioned hereinabove is proposed by interpreting the 3rd article of the Constitution of Ukraine that underlines that human rights, freedoms, and guarantees shall determine the essence and course of activities of the State, and highlights that ensuring human rights and freedoms shall be the main duty of the State.Article received 10.04.2018Статтю присвячено порівнянню національних та зарубіжних підходів до тлумачення права на доступ до правосуддя. Розглянуто практику конституційної юстиції зарубіжних країн щодо досліджуваного питання.В Україні право на доступ до правосуддя зазвичай тлумачиться саме як можливість використання правових засобів класичного правосуддя. Це контрастує з підходом зарубіжних країн, що включають до змісту вказаного права не лише зазначений елемент, а й можливість отримання ефективної правової допомоги, поширення правової обізнаності, запобігання виникненню конфліктів (спорів), популяризацію досудового врегулювання спору (конфлікту) шляхом фасилітації, медіації чи арбітрування. Саме таке тлумачення є однією з передумов належного регулювання всіх елементів права на доступ до правосуддя в Україні у системному взаємозв’язку.Можливість реалізації такого широкого підходу запропоновано шляхом тлумачення ст. 3 Конституції України, що визначає мету та спрямованість діяльності держави.Матеріал надійшов 10.04.201
Деякі міркування про постправду в праві
Get PDFThe article presents an attempt of the author to address the issue of post-truth in the legal reality. It tries to cover the issues of post-truth genesis as a term, its interrelation within philosophical, religious, journalistic discourse, and its essence and role in law. The author concludes that post-truth cannot be viewed as a newly established term and that it has continuously been used before. It has been used by different ancient nations’ educated citizens, and continued on with being used by religious leaders and European philosophers afterwards. The idea of post-truth can be traced in most classic philosophic works, and it keeps getting attention by legal, philological, and philosophical researchers, as well as the researchers in other fields. Post-truth is currently one of the most addressed topics around the world due to its tight links with the current highly debatable political occurrences (annexation of Ukrainian Crimea, subsequent military operations in Eastern Ukraine, Brexit, recent United States’ presidential elections, as well as many other aspects being clear only to a certain point. The main goal of post-truth as a term is to divert the attention of its object from applying rational decision making to applying emotional decision making even if one is not fully substituted by the other. It urges the object to be guided by emotions more than by common sense and rational choice while it does not fully dwell on emotions thus leaving room for certain rational choice decisions made under strict control of the newly created reality it is a basis of. This reality is also not a unique accomplishment. Virtual reality has been a subject of research for the whole of human history. It was well addressed by religious leaders (and still is), by scientists, psychologists, novelists, medical researchers, journalists, philosophers, as well as lawyers. The article specifically focuses on the role of post-truth in law, and makes a conclusion that this term is not new for law and legal practice, while there is a long evidence of post-truth ideas having been used in almost all court hearings, and by almost all participants. The article also points out the fact that due to its long history of co-existence with post-truth, law has developed a comprehensive set of borderlines partly aimed at dealing with post-truth negative outcome. It includes legal norms, procedural norms, legal knowledge, and common sense. The article also stresses the fact that posttruth methods may not always be used in a negative context. It is not uncommon of post-truth methods to have outcome positive for society or for certain individuals.Article received 13.05.2018Статтю присвячено роздумам про актуальне на сьогодні поняття постправди у всій різноманітності його сприйняття. Автор робить спроби оцінити його з погляду релігії, журналістики та передусім права. Здійснено аналіз історії виникнення явища, його позитивних та негативних характеристик, а також подано рекомендації щодо боротьби з його можливими негативними проявами.Матеріал надійшов 13.05.201
Європейські соціальні стандарти в контексті сучасної моделі джерел права соціального забезпечення: науково-теоретичний аспект
Get PDFThe article reveals the issues related to the legal characteristic of European social standards and their impact on the development of the latest model of sources of social security law. It is noted that the European model of social security (protection) is characterized by such features as promoting the development of an inclusive society; implying the responsibility of society and the state for effective social policy; availability of an effective and accessible system of social rights; aiming at forming a high level of social standards, guarantees, as well as the quality of life of a person; sufficiency, efficiency, accessibility of organizational forms and types of social security (protection); availability of effective and flexible legal regulation in the field of social security (protection).The emphasis is on the fact that European social standards should be considered broadly and narrowly. Broadly speaking, European social standards are a set of norms, provisions, and standards of a conceptual nature, contained in international legal acts approved by authorized European institutions and aimed at developing an effective model of social security (protection). In the narrow sense, European social standards are a set of recognized and enshrined in accordance with international legal acts adopted by authorized European institutions of social human rights. The basic features of European social standards are the following: they are the result of the normative activity of authorized European institutions (the Council of Europe, the EU); enshrined in international legal acts of the Council of Europe and the EU; include a system of rules, regulations, and standards for social security; include a system of fundamental social rights; act as a legal basis for the development of social legislation of individual member states of the Council of Europe and the EU; act as a legal basis for the formation of a new system of sources of social security law.The key role of the European Social Charter (revised) and the European Code of Social Security in shaping European social standards is noted, with emphasizing the need to take into account European social standards when formulating a system of sources of social security law, and in particular, in the process of codification of legislation in this area. The basic trends of development of the latest model of sources of social security law are emphasized.It is concluded that the main tendencies of the formation of a modern system of sources of social security law through the prism of European social standards are the following: development and implementation of the National Strategy for Social Reforms and Development of the Law on Social Security; formation of the National Concept for the Implementation of European Social Standards; introduction of the European and scientific socio-legal expertise of draft legal acts on social security; enhancing the effectiveness and accessibility of implementation mechanisms, guaranteeing the legal protection of the right for social protection (social security), and other closely related rights; development and establishment of an effective system of social standards and social guarantees; development, public discussion, and public examination of the draft Social Security Code on the basis of international and European social standards and achievements of leading social law schools; harmonization of state administration on the social policy issues; strengthening of institutional interaction of authorized public authorities, civil society institutions on the issues of adoption and observance of the Code of Social Security; provision of mechanisms for the adoption of acts of domestic law solely on the basis of the codified law on social security (Code of Social Security); implementation of continuous monitoring of compliance with the legislation on social security; introduction of public accountability of authorized power institutions regarding observance of social rights.Матеріал надійшов 05.05.2018У статті розкрито питання, пов’язані з правовою характеристикою європейських соціальних стандартів та напрямів їх впливу на розвиток новітньої моделі джерел права соціального забезпечення. Наголошено на особливостях формування соціальних стандартів європейською спільнотою. Відзначено ключову роль Європейської соціальної хартії (переглянутої) та Європейського кодексу соціального забезпечення у формуванні європейських соціальних стандартів. Підкреслено необхідність урахування європейських соціальних стандартів при формуванні системи джерел права соціального забезпечення, зокрема в процесі кодифікації законодавства в цій царині. Наголошено на основоположних тенденціях розвитку новітньої моделі джерел права соціального забезпечення.Матеріал надійшов 05.05.201
Наукові горизонти адміністративного права: тенденції та перспективи
Get PDFSome features of the development of the science of administrative law have been researched in the article since the adoption of the Concept of Administrative Reform to date. The author addressed the study to analyze the defended dissertations for obtaining the degree of Doctor of Law in specialty 12.00.07 – administrative law and process; finance law; information law in Ukraine. In total, 245 such dissertations have been analyzed. The fact of the dynamics of the growth of the number of doctoral theses is indisputable. Especially this growth of dynamics is apparent after 2010. Between 1997 and 2007, only 43 doctoral dissertations were defended. From 2008 to July 2018, 202 such works were already defended. The absolute record for the number of defended doctoral theses is 2015 (32 doctoral dissertations). 80 theses (33 % of the total number) were defended in the institutions belonging to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine. The defense of doctoral theses takes place in specialized academic councils, the list of which is approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine. 15 specialized scientific councils operated in Ukraine as of December 2016, in which dissertations for the degree of Doctor of Law in specialty 12.00.07 were defended. 7 councils acted in Kyiv, 3 councils acted in Kharkiv. In the cities of Zaporizhzhya, Dnipro, Lviv, Odesa and Irpin, one specialized scientific council was active in each city. The features of the thematic focus of scientific research, the activity of specialized academic councils were also studied. The subjects of the law enforcement bodies are very popular. Such themes have been embodied in 22 doctoral dissertations (9 % of the total). The subjects of public administration and public administration are reflected in 20 dissertations (8.2 % of the total). The issue of state control has been reflected in 15 dissertations (6.1 % of the total). Proposals on perspective issues of research, new horizons of science of administrative law are given.Article received 31.08.2018У статті досліджено деякі особливості розвитку науки адміністративного права з часу прийняття Концепції адміністративної реформи до теперішнього часу. В дослідженні автор звернувся до аналізу захищених в Україні дисертацій на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.07 «Адміністративне право і процес; фінансове право; інформаційне право». Всього проаналізовано 245 таких дисертацій. З’ясовано особливості тематичної спрямованості наукових досліджень, активність спеціалізованих вчених рад. Надано пропозиції щодо перспективної тематики дослідження, нових горизонтів науки адміністративного права.Матеріал надійшов 31.08.201
Первісне суспільство і право
Get PDFThe article is devoted to the study of the process of the emergence of rights in the primitive society of the period of savagery and barbarism. The time frame expands from the beginning of the birth of life (about 4.1 – 3.7 billion years ago) to the invention of methods of cultivation of land and the primary division of labor and the invention of ancient civilization of Sumerians of writing (respectively 6,500 years - 3,100 years BC). The social and anthropological reasons for the emergence of law (needs of common habitation, normative consciousness), the world-view basis, the nature of the binding character of the original rules, their interrelation with morality, are substantiated. The original rules of conduct in the form of prohibitions (taboos), custom, rite, worship and ritual were alloy, a mixture of divine and natural, magical and psychological. These mono norms formed the core of primitive law as the form of proper, necessary behavior, the most significant factor of the force of which was the joint residence and the mutual benefit of acting concertedly.In the absence of political power in the primitive society, they also supported the authority of tribal leaders, elders, healers, healers and sorcerers. With the emergence of religion and systems of morality, these norms receive a new religious and value justification and differentiate from those norms of morality that do not require more stringent, compared with them, sanctions. Thus, the social interaction in the process of living together and the elaboration of the rules of this residence, the improvement of the methods of resolving conflicts and disputes provided the ground on which the archaic right of the primitive society has grown, which in the form reached us in the relevant earliest historical sources, according to the constant scientific tradition, is called customary law.Article received 20.11.2018Статтю присвячено дослідженню процесу виникнення права у первісному суспільстві періоду дикості і варварства у часових рамках історії людства з початку зародження життя (близько 4,1 – 3,7 млрд рр. тому) до винайдення методів обробітку землі та первинного поділу праці та винайдення давньою цивілізацією шумерів письма (відповідно 6500–3100 рр. до н. е.). Обґрунтовано соціальні й антропологічні причини виникнення права (потреби спільного проживання, нормативність свідомості), світоглядна основа, природа зобов’язувального характеру первісних правил, їхній взаємозв’язок із мораллю.Матеріал надійшов 20.11.201