NaUKMA Research Papers. Law
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Юрисдикційні засоби врегулювання та вирішення правових спорів в Україні
Get PDFThis article analyzes jurisdiction al means of settling and resolving legal disputes in Ukraine.The protection of rights may be in a jurisdiction al or extrajudicial form. The jurisdiction al form of protection involves resolving a dispute in accordance with the normatively defined competence in the field of the protection of the rights of an authorized official body or other authority acting on behalf of the state. Jurisdiction al form of protection is provided by judicial and extrajudicial means.The court system (the system of courts of general jurisdiction and constitutional jurisdiction) is the main means of resolving disputes: the court decision must be based on the principles of the rule of law, judicial decisions are binding, the place of each court act is clearly regulated. Only the court is able to administer justice. Justice is a form of public activity and is aimed at achieving equity and ensuring an effective renewal and protection of rights.Non-judicial jurisdictional means are the Authorized Commissioner of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for Human Rights, the President of Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, other bodies of state power, bodies of power of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea or local self-government, as well as specially authorized bodies or bodies with special status, having certain powers in the field of protection of rights: the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine, diplomatic services, the Fund for the Guaranteeing of Deposits of Natural Persons, State Registration Bodies Closed Rights to Real Estate and their Encumbrances. All these bodies are state authorities and have a normatively defined competence in the field of protection of rights.A notary is not a body of the state but is a body of jurisdictional activity on behalf of the state, a nongovernmental institution, which according to the legislation of Ukraine delegated certain powers of the state regarding the protection of rights.The number of jurisdictional means of adjustment and solving legal disputes in Ukraine will increase with the expanding powers of existing bodies and the creation of new bodies with a special status in the field of rights protection.Article received 11.06.2018Статтю присвячено аналізу юрисдикційних засобів врегулювання та вирішення правових спорів в Україні. Вирішення цих спорів може здійснюватися в юрисдикційній або позаюрисдикційній формі. Юрисдикційна форма захисту передбачає вирішення спору відповідно до нормативно визначеної компетенції в галузі захисту прав уповноваженого на те органу державної влади або іншого органу, що діє від імені держави. Юрисдикційна форма захисту представлена судовими та позасудовими засобами.Матеріал надійшов 11.06.201
Статистична та динамічна концепції правової визначеності
No full textLegal certainty is the main idea for the entire legal system. The degree and manner it is included to positive law varies from system to system, but its implementation in a certain form is important for individual autonomy. Legal certainty has the key role in creating legal methods that form, recognize, and apply the law. At the same time, legal uncertainty cannot and does not have the same leading function as does the Legal certainty. When uncertainty is covered or expected, the rules set back in order of importance; i.e., if we cannot guarantee making the decision according to the law and legal rules, then we at least can guarantee it in accordance with the legal process. Thus, if legal certainty in the legal systems of common law is not ensured by clarity and accessibility of legal statements, it is achieved by applying the similar court decisions, as well as compliance with the rules of due process of law. These rules serve as procedural aspects and principles of court consideration.The Civil law is characterized by regulations and codification. The latter is a systematic and rational streamlining of laws into official codes. Thanks to this codification, the Civil law becomes reachable. It is clear and easy to understand, so any people, owners or consumers reading the codes can find out how the rules of law can be applied towards them. The law is also easily understood, as each rule is formulated with simple and general terms. This results in legal certainty, which is the main advantage for citizens, allowing them to predict the outcome of court proceedings and estimate financial risks in case of a court appeal. Thus, legal certainty in different legal families is provided in different ways; this creates the basis for the allocation of static and dynamic concepts of legal certainty. The static concept is provided by an effective system of codified legislation, which prescribes requirements to the content of the law – it must be fairly clear, understandable and accessible to ordinary people. On the other hand, dynamic concept is based on a flexible and more creative approach to resolving legal disputes and is ensured by the predictability of the judicial system and a significant law-forming role of judges in making decisions.Article received 23.11.2018У статті продовжено порівняльний аналіз поняття правової визначеності у континентальній правовій сім’ї та сім’ї загального права, який було розпочато на сторінках цього журналу у попередніх публікаціях. Аргументи на користь невизначеності зазначених правових сімей дають можливість визначати статичний та динамічний підходи (концепції) розуміння правової визначеності.Матеріал надійшов 23.11.201
Правова визначеність: pro et contra
Get PDFThe question addressed by this article is whether it is possible to state that European adherence to legal certainty and American legal uncertainty make up the characteristics of the two distinct legal systems (common law and civil law). There is an inevitable certainty and uncertainty both in common law and civil law states. The law is based on the language which leads us to the “internal uncertainty of the language itself.” This applies to the court practice, statutory law; nevertheless, the worldwide tendency regarding the usage of the plain language can be observed. It is also worth to support the idea that the law resembles a number of “legal formants”. This means that legal analysis should take into account the legislation, court practice and legal academic works regardless of whether the legal system considers the latter as sources of law. Further research should focus on how these formants compete and interact with each other. Therefore, legal systems very rarely have only one correct key answer to a certain problem.Thus, legal reforms that nowadays appear to be fairly frequent and lead to system changes in the legal regulation, reveal the legal system instability. In addition, both the change of judicial practice and the dynamic approach (method) of legal interpretation are the display of legal uncertainty. But those are quite usual practices. In fact, the law is a phenomenon that depends on changes of public life. At the same time, legal certainty is an element of the rule of law without which, according to Professor Ronald Dworkin, a well-known American philosopher of law, it is impossible to understand the phenomenon of law as such. Therefore, legal certainty is also inherent to the law itself. It is realized in requirements to written legal texts (clarity, exactness, and availability of acts of legislation, court decisions, acts of subjects of imperious plenary powers) and in an attempt to provide the unity of judicial practice. As a result, the regarded elements of legal certainty and uncertainty are at the same degree specific both for common and civil law.Sometimes certain legal uncertainty is acceptable and even desirable. Countries have to balance between certainty and ability to adjust to the law.Article received 22.05.2018У статті проаналізовано порівняння принципу правової визначеності в англосаксонській і континентальній правових системах. Чи можна протиставляти європейську правову визначеність американській правовій невизначеності? Які причини появи в американській школі правового реалізму заперечення правової визначеності? Чи справді існує така чітка відмінність між двома системами в розумінні правової визначеності?Матеріал надійшов 22.05.201
Особливості реалізації права на освіту громадянами України, які проживають на її окупованих територіях
Get PDFThe right to education is one of the fundamental and non-dispersable human rights. Novel history views the full realization of just this right as one of the fundamental guarantees of the growing youth’s future life sustainability and stability. The article is focused on the issues in the realization and protection of education rights of Ukrainian citizens living on occupied territories (Crimea, certain regions of Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts, as well as the regions neighboring these territories) and the citizens who moved from occupied territories. The mentioned categories of citizens, due to antiterrorist operation, the operation of joint forces, Russian Federation occupation of Crimea, got discriminated in comparison to the other Ukrainian citizens in many legal aspects, including education rights (both rights for general, higher and professional education) realization.The problems in the realization of this right have touched not only the ones currently in the process of obtaining education but also the subjects providing these services (educational institutions of all accreditation levels). Novel Ukrainian education legislation provides a set of preferential treatment regimes in order to make the status of the educational institutions and citizens having moved from the occupied territories more equal. Nevertheless, not all legislation novels fully fulfill this aim, specifically due to the quality of the legislation being constantly in change, as well as social changes occurring on occupied and adjusting territories. The conclusions made by the author support better understanding of the issues in education rights realization and the ways of addressing these issues.Article received 22.05.2018Статтю присвячено проблематиці реалізації та захисту права на освіту для громадян України, які проживають на окупованих територіях: Криму, окремих районів Луганської та Донецької областей, а також тих, хто проживає в прилеглих до цих територій районах або перемістився з окупованих територій. Вказані категорії громадян унаслідок ведення антитерористичної операції, операції Об’єднаних сил, окупації РФ Криму опинилися в дискримінованому становищі порівняно з іншими громадянами України в багатьох правових аспектах, зокрема щодо реалізації права на освіту, як загальну середню, так і вищу чи професійну. Новітнє законодавство України в галузі здобуття освіти передбачає низку преференцій з метою вирівнювання правового становища як здобувачів освіти, так і навчальних закладів, які перемістилися з окупованих територій. Проте не всі новели законодавства досягають поставленої мети, цьому певною мірою сприяє не тільки якість законодавства, але й соціальні зміни, які відбуваються на окупованих та прилеглих територіях. Висновки автора сприяють кращому розумінню проблем реалізації права на освіту та шляхів їх вирішення.Матеріал надійшов 22.05.201
Особливості реалізації права на житло внутрішньо переміщених осіб в Україні
Get PDFThis article covers the topic of realization of the right to shelter for internally displaced people and building an effective system of social protection in Ukraine. The author analyzes relevant laws and their application for solving actual problems of these people, practice of Ukrainian courts about internally displaced people protection, their standard of living, communication with the authorities, and finds ways of more effective realization and social policy improvement.Ukraine’s system of social protection is still undeveloped. The war with Russia of 2014–2018 has shown all the drawbacks of this system and has caused the existence of internally displaced people – a new population category, which needs the state’s help. It becomes more and more difficult to guarantee an adequate standard of living. Ukrainian authorities and community bodies do not make enough effort. The mechanism of getting shelter as a gradual process is not prescribed by law. As a result, internally displaced people do not know how to protect their right to shelter, to get a dwelling, which refers to basic needs. This factor, as practice shows, worsens the relationships between authorities and people who need social protection. Internally displaced people survive only thanks to charity. Problems with budget and financing that existed before the conflict with Russia still exist.The author states that Ukraine should follow the example of Germany while choosing the course of social policy. But it is difficult to change the system of social protection radically, especially in the situation of conflict with the neighbor state. Effective communication and partnership between the authorities and people should be built. The reform of the social protection system, changing laws, cooperation of authorities and people, and legal consciousness could become the ways of the problem solution. Attention to internally displaced people and their problem with dwelling will help Ukraine to become a law and social state.According to the author’s conclusions, the right to shelter realization requires efforts of all subjects in these legal relationships.Article received 16.03.2018Статтю присвячено з’ясуванню особливостей реалізації права на житло внутрішньо переміщених осіб України на основі аналізу чинного законодавства та його застосування для вирішення нагальних питань біженців і внутрішніх переселенців, огляду проблем матеріального забезпечення й достатнього життєвого рівня таких осіб та пошуку способів ефективнішої реалізації права на житло, удосконалення соціальної політики та житлового законодавства України щодо цієї категорії осіб. Проаналізовано ознаки системи соціального захисту України та визначено шляхи побудови ефективного діалогу між владою та народом, поліпшення способів задоволення нагальної потреби внутрішньо переміщених осіб у житлі. Увага до цієї соціально незахищеної категорії (і не тільки) сприятиме реалізації в Україні принципів правової та соціальної держави.Матеріал надійшов 16.03.201
Народження jurisdictio voluntaria з букви та духу римського права
Get PDFThe article is devoted to the history of the emergence of an idea of indisputable/voluntary jurisdiction in ancient Rome. As a research base, Digesti Justiniana was analyzed as the main monument of Roman law. There was no holistic conception of the division of jurisdiction into contested and indisputable/voluntary in ancient Rome. The terms “contested jurisdiction” and “indisputable/ voluntary jurisdiction” were not themselves used in Digest. The Digest text itself can also be considered to be only a partly authentic Latin text: first, the original has been changed by glossators and post-glossators, and secondly, the translation of such a complex text will also make its corrections to the content of the ascending text. There is no translation into Ukrainian of this monument, and the content of many fragments can be understood only in the context of specific historical and political events. However, it is evident that in ancient Rome, special procedures and proceedings, other than judicial proceedings, have begun to emerge. They were aimed at preventing violations, protecting and protecting rights through their consolidation, confirmation, and sanction, carried out on a voluntary basis and with the help of special state tools by the efforts of authorized persons. However, these processes have not received proper theoretical consolidation and substantiation. At least this is not reflected in the Digest text. In a later period, apparently thanks to the efforts of glossators and post-glossators, such procedures and proceedings were called “indisputable/voluntary” jurisdiction, and jurisdictions were divided into indisputable/ voluntary jurisdiction and contested jurisdiction.The very term “voluntariа” (“volumtarium”) is polysemantic and can be translated as voluntary, indisputable and consensual and can be interpreted as the absence of coercion by the other party, the absence of a dispute about the right or lack of duty on the part of the official persons to satisfy the requirements of those persons who turned to them for confirmation of facts or solving a difficult situation. The idea of indisputable/voluntary jurisdiction was born not so much from the “letter” of Roman law, but from its “spirit”.Article received 05.11.2018Статтю присвячено історії виникнення ідеї безспірної/добровільної юрисдикції у Стародавньому Римі. Як базу дослідження було проаналізовано Дигести Юстиніана – головну пам’ятку римського права. Цілісної концепції поділу юрисдикції на спірну та безспірну у Стародавньому Римі не було. Терміни «безспірна юрисдикція» та «спірна юрисдикція» не використовувалися в тексті Дигест. Сам текст Дигест також можна вважати лише умовно автентичним латинському тексту: по-перше, оригінал змінювали глосатори та постглосатори, по-друге, переклад такого складного тексту також вноситиме свої корективи в зміст висхідної праці. Українською мовою цю пам’ятку не перекладали, а зміст багатьох фрагментів можна зрозуміти лише в контексті конкретних історико-політичних подій. Однак очевидним є те, що вже у Стародавньому Римі почали зароджуватися та формуватися особливі процедури та провадження, відмінні від судового розгляду. Вони були спрямовані на запобігання порушенням, охорону та захист прав шляхом їх закріплення, підтвердження та санкціонування, що здійснювалися на добровільних засадах та за допомогою особливого державного інструментарію зусиллями уповноважених осіб. Однак ці процеси не мали належного теоретичного закріплення та обґрунтування. Принаймні це не відображено в тексті Дигест. У пізніший період, вочевидь завдяки зусиллям глосаторів і постглосаторів, такі процедури та провадження отримали назву «безспірна/добровільна юрисдикція», а юрисдикцію було поділено на безспірну/добровільну та спірну. Термін «voluntariа» («volumtarium») є полісемантичним, може бути перекладений як добровільна (англ. voluntary) безспірна (англ. indisputed) або узгоджена (англ. consensual). Його тлумачать як відсутність примусу з боку іншої сторони, відсутність спору про право або відсутність обов’язку з боку посадової особи задовільнити вимоги тих осіб, які звернулися до нього за підтвердженням фактів або розв’язанням складної ситуації. Ідея безспірної/добровільної юрисдикції була народжена не стільки з «букви» римського права, скільки з його «духу».Матеріал надійшов 05.11.201
Запровадження механізму застосування «духу» права в нових процесуальних кодексах
Get PDFThis scientific article is dedicated to finding out whether the task of the justice could be considered as a component of the “spirit” of law and whether the novel of procedural codes is possible to be considered as a mechanism of appeal to the “spirit” of law, due to the idea that the court and the participants of the trial must be guided by the tasks of the justice, and this tack prevails over any other issues in the trial.After analyzing scientist researches and practices of European court of justice, the conclusions are as follows. First, the opportunity to apply such tasks of justice as fair, impartial, and timely; consideration of the case and its solution for the effective protection of rights and opportunity to use these tasks in a prevailing position over other considerations appeal to the “spirit” of law. Second, norms to use tasks of justice in a prevailing position are entirely an appeal to justice, the establishment of truth, the application of the rule of law, and the spirit of law. Third, this norm is an attempt of the legislator to introduce a mechanism of applying the “spirit” of law.After analyzing the exceptions of norms to use tasks of justice in a prevailing position in different proceed cods of Ukraine, we have the following conclusions. Exceptions of this norm in Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine and in Code of Administrative Proceedings of Ukraine are a temporarily precautionary measure in connection with the specifics of regulation of these branches of law and the probable risks of using the “spirit” of law in countries with young democracy and high level of corruption. Taking into consideration the absence of experience in Ukraine in the application of the “spirit” of law, it is logical to temporarily postpone the application of norms that place tasks beyond other considerations in order to avoid abuses that could lead to violations of human rights.As a general conclusion – appeal to the “spirit” of law in time when the level of corruption in Ukraine is high enough should be very careful so as not to turn into arbitrariness.Article received 13.07.2018У цій науковій статті буде проаналізовано, чи можна розглядати завдання судочинства як складову «духу» права, а також чи можна вважати новелу процесуальних кодексів, що суд та учасники судового процесу зобов’язані керуватися завданням судочинства, яке превалює над будь-якими іншими міркуваннями в судовому процесі, механізмом звернення до «духу» права.Матеріал надійшов 13.07.201
Принципи права: особливості в податковому праві
Get PDFThe principles of law belong to one of the fundamental concepts of law which has been studied by human thought for a long time. As fundamental principles, the principles of law find their legislative presentation in the world legal systems, and researchers investigate the principles of law in various directions. The goal of law and its principles is to serve society. The financial science and the tax law science turn to the clarification of this concept trying to find out the role of principles and their impact on the development of a fair, efficient, optimal tax system, taking into account that in today’s society the taxing is one of the most significant financial sources to meet the public needs of society. The principles of law are classifiable according to numerous general and sectoral criteria. The general principles are justice, equality, freedom, humanism, etc., which must determine the nature of sectoral principles, i.e. fiscal sufficiency, social justice (solvency), and others. Classification of tax principles is intended to contribute to compliance with the rights of taxpayers, to create a balance of taxpayers’ interests with the interests of the state, in which these taxpayers have the object of taxation and to which they pay taxes. The legislative activity of the state regarding the establishment and collection of taxes should take into account the principles of law. Solving problematic issues of ideological and methodological understanding of the principles of law, including the principles of the taxation sphere, is the task for both lawmaking and for the practical application of these principles in the practice of tax authorities, taxpayers, and courts. This article addresses all these problems.Article received 17.05.2018Проаналізовано різні підходи до визначення принципів права, критерії їх класифікації. Принципи оподаткування охарактеризовано як системне поняття, що складається з таких принципів: податку, податкової системи, податкового законодавства, податкового права. Наголошено, що принципи, пов’язані з оподаткуванням, є взаємообумовленими, взаємозалежними; система цих принципів має бути спрямована на розбудову справедливої, ефективної, оптимальної податкової системи із врахуванням такого аспекту, як захист прав та інтересів платників податків. Зосереджено увагу на законодавчому закріпленні та практично-прикладному використанні принципів.Матеріал надійшов 17.05.201
Спільні стандарти цивільного процесу в ЄС: загальна характеристика та перспективи реалізації
Get PDFThe aim of this article is to study the notion of “common minimum standards of the civil procedure” proposed by the European Parliament in Resolution of July 4, 2017 (2015/2084 (INL)) with recommendations to the Commission on common minimum standards of the civil procedure in the European Union. It allows a further development and convergence of the civil procedure in the EU and the world – in the light of the Project on European rules of the civil procedure of ELI-Unidroit, ALI-Unidroit Transnational Principles of Civil Procedure, and M. Storm’s Final Report “Approximation of Judiciary Law in the EU”.Trends in the convergence of the civil procedure and overcoming the differences existing in the national legislation of Member States are significant not only for the EU. The reform of the judiciary and civil procedure in Ukraine is aimed at increasing the level of protection of the rights and freedoms and the implementation of the European and worldwide standards of civil justice. The resolution adopted by European Parliament refers to common minimum standards for the civil procedure, and this is the first time when the term was proposed at the level of the EU law, although the approximation of the civil procedural law has been considered for quite a long time. Therefore, the article proposes approaches to the definition of these standards.The main task of the implementation of the common minimum standards of the civil procedure is to ensure the rights of the citizens by establishing minimum standards for the opening, preparation, and resolution of civil cases in the courts of the Member States, which will provide a really new stage in the harmonization of this branch of law and reflect the general desire of the community to define common approaches to the basic provisions of the civil procedure.Accordingly, the article focused on the study of the proposed common minimum standards of the civil procedure by comparing it with the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine of 2017. Among them are the standards of providing funds, procedures, and measures for effective judicial protection, requirements for hearings, the use of temporary and other security measures, the efficiency of the procedure, the motivation of decisions, general principles of the case management, the order of providing evidence, involvement of experts, legal aid, as well as requirements to prevent abuse of funding by which a person goes to court. Also the approximation of the provisions on the procedure for the services of documents, the provision of the right to have a lawyer in a civil procedure, access to information, interpretation and translation of the documents, determination of the responsibilities of parties and their representatives, requirements for a public trial, ensuring independence, and impartiality of the judges.Article received 16.04.2018У статті досліджено поняття «стандарти цивільного процесу», запропоноване в Резолюції Європейського Парламенту від 4 липня 2017 р. (2015/2084(INL)), на прикладі основних проектів зі зближення цивільного правосуддя в ЄС та світі (це Європейські правила цивільного процесу ELIUnidroit, Принципи транскордонного цивільного процесу ALI-Unidroit), а також Фінального звіту М. Сторма «Зближення судового права в ЄС». Це питання надзвичайно актуалізувалося впродовж реформи цивільного судочинства в Україні, одним із завдань якої є наближення національного законодавства до європейських стандартів правосуддя.Матеріал надійшов 16.04.201
Звільнення від відбування покарання з випробуванням за тяжкі корисливі злочини проти власності: проблеми судової практики
Get PDFThe article investigates problems of release from serving the punishment with probation for heavy sordid crimes against property. Theoretical and applied problems of accounting of the facts of the case by court are covered at the solution of a question of a possibility of the correction condemned for these crimes without serving the imposed sentence.It is noted that one of the most widespread criminal and legal measures applied for property crimes on an equal basis with punishment is release from serving the punishment with probation. On the basis of studying special literature, a conclusion is drawn that problems of application of release from serving the punishment with probation for certain types of crimes are investigated insufficiently.1,576 judgments made by courts of Ukraine during 2006–2018, in which cases concerning convicts for heavy sordid crimes against property (in particular, according to the p. 4 of Art. 185, the p. 3 of Art. 186, the p. 2 of Art. 187, the p. 3 of Art. 190, the p. 2 of Art. 289, the p. 3 of Art. 297 of Criminal Code) resolved an issue of application of Art. 75 of CC, are studied for this purpose. Establishment of circumstances by which we characterize the seriousness of crime, the identity of the guilty person, and other facts of the case considered by courts at application (application cancellation) of Art. 75 of Criminal Code in this category of affairs became a result of the carried-out analysis.Studying of the court practice showed that release from serving the punishment with probation for heavy sordid crimes against property is applied mainly to convicts who committed a crime for the first time; in a sober state; did not cause heavy consequences; voluntarily paid sustained losses (eliminated the done harm); carried out at crime execution in partnership in an inactive (minor) role, without application of excessive violence to the victim; admitted guilt and frankly regretted; actively promoted crime detection; work (training) is positively characterized at the place of residence; work (study); have family and also support minor children or disabled parents; suffer from different diseases.Examples from court practice showed law enforcement problems in this sphere.Article received 09.04.2018У статті досліджено проблеми звільнення від відбування покарання з випробуванням за тяжкі корисливі злочини проти власності. Висвітлено теоретичні та прикладні проблеми врахування судом обставин справи при вирішенні питання про можливість виправлення засудженого за ці злочини без відбування призначеного покарання.Матеріал надійшов 09.04.201