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Klasik Fıkıh Doktrininde Taharrî
No full textFıkıh terimi olarak sözlük anlamı doğrultusunda “Bir şeyin hakikatine vakıf olmanın mümkün olmadığı durumlarda galip rey ile o şeyin araştırılması” şeklinde tarif edilen taharrî, kıble yönünün bilinmemesi meselesinde olduğu gibi mükellefin, karışıklığın bulunduğu bir olayla karşılaşması durumunda hükmü uygularken başka bir delil bulamaması halinde ne yapacağı konusunda bir kanaat oluşturmasıdır. Fıkıh usulünde müstakil bir delil olarak kabul edilmemekle birlikte bazı konularda taharrîye başvurulacağı belirtilmiştir. Taharrî konusu teorik boyutu ve fıkıhtaki uygulaması itibariyle diğerleriyle kıyaslandığında Hanefî fıkıh doktrininde daha fazla üzerinde durulan bir kavramdır. İmam Muhammed, taharrînin söz konusu olduğu konuları “Kitâbu’t-Taharrî” başlığı altında müstakil bir bölümde toplayan ilk fakihtir. Bu tutum, sonraki bazı Hanefî fakihler tarafından devam ettirilse de ilerleyen dönemlerde taharrî ile ilgili konular, fıkhın ilgili olduğu konulara dağıtılarak müstakil bir konu olmaktan çıkarılmıştır. Fıkıhta özellikle ibadet alanında uygulama alanına sahip olan taharrî, tevahhî kelimesiyle eşanlamlı olarak kullanılmıştır. Hanefîlerde taharrînin özellikle ibadetlerle ilgili, tevahhînin ise muamelâtla ilgili konularda kullanıldığı yönünde bir ayrım yapılmışsa da bu, genel geçer bir ayrım olarak kabul görmemiştir. Zann-ı galip derecesinde bir kanaat ifade etmesi sebebiyle literatürde zaman zaman içtihat, ilham ve ihtiyatla birlikte veya birbirleri yerine kullanılsa da taharrî içtihat ve ihtiyattan, yine benzer yönleri bulunsa da kalbe doğan ilhamdan da farklı bir kavramdır. Şâz sayılabilecek bazı görüşler bir tarafa bırakılacak olursa diğer delillerin bulunmaması halinde meşru bir yol olduğu Kitab, Sünnet, icmâ ve akıl deliliyle temellendirilen taharrîye hangi konularda ve hangi durumlarda başvurulacağı konusunda mezhebî bazı farklılıklar söz konusudur. Literatürde ilgili olduğu konular itibariyle taharrîye başvurulup başvurulmayacağı konusunda da bazı küllî kaideler oluşturulmuştur.As a technical term in Islamic jurisprudence, taharrî is defined in accordance with its lexical meaning as “the investigation of an issue through predominant opinion when access to its truth is not possible.” It applies in situations where the individual responsible for adhering to religious rulings (mukallaf) encounters ambiguity in a matter -such as not knowing the direction of the qibla- and cannot rely on other evidence, prompting them to form a judgment based on investigation. While not recognized as an independent source of evidence in Islamic jurisprudence (usul al-fiqh), its application has been acknowledged in specific contexts. Among the Islamic legal schools, taharrî has been given comparatively greater attention within the Hanafi doctrine. Imam Muhammad was the first jurist to compile matters related to taharrî under the title Kitab al- Taharrî. Although this approach was continued by some later Hanafi jurists, over time, discussions about taharrî were dispersed into topics relevant to different areas of Islamic law, and it ceased to be treated as an independent subject. Primarily applied within the domain of worship (ʿibādāt), taharrî is sometimes used interchangeably with the term tawahhī. However, in Hanafi jurisprudence, a distinction has been drawn between these terms, with taharrî predominantly associated with acts of worship and tawahhī linked to transactional matters (muʿāmalāt). Nonetheless, this distinction has not been universally accepted. Due to its reliance on forming a predominant opinion (zann al-ghālib), taharrî is occasionally equated with ijtihad, ilham (inspiration), and ihtiyat (precaution) or used in their stead, yet it differs from these concepts despite some overlapping characteristics. Setting aside marginal opinions, the legitimacy of taharrî in the absence of other evidence is substantiated through the Quran, Sunnah, scholarly consensus (ijmaʿ), and rational arguments. However, there are juristic differences regarding the contexts and conditions under which taharrî can be applied. Furthermore, general principles (kullī qawāʿid) have been established in the literature to determine whether and to what extent taharrî should be utilized in specific cases
First electrochemical sensor for binimetinib based on graphene oxide–calcium molybdenum LDH: Fabrication, analytical performance, and Greenness assessment
No full textA new electrochemical sensing platform was fabricated in this work, utilizing a novel electrode modification strategy to enhance analytical performance. An innovative electrochemical sensor was constructed by modifying the electrode surface with a graphene oxide–calcium molybdenum layered double hydroxide (GO@CaMo-LDH) nanocomposite. This sensor demonstrated high sensitivity and selectivity for quantifying Binimetinib (BINI) in both pharmaceutical formulations and biological matrices. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) measurements revealed a linear response over a wide concentration range of 0.15 to 5.6 μM (R² = 0.997), with a detection limit (LOD) of 8.6 nM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 28.9 nM. The developed electrode demonstrated robust anti-interference capability, as the presence of common interfering species did not significantly affect the oxidation signal of BINI. Furthermore, the sensor displayed excellent repeatability (RSD = 1.05 %) and reproducibility (RSD = 1.34 %) across independently fabricated electrodes. The practical utility of the proposed sensor was confirmed by successful recovery results (96–102 %) in pharmaceutical formulations, as well as in human urine and human serum samples, emphasizing its applicability for real-sample analysis. The method's greenness and sustainability were systematically evaluated using the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE), and Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), all indicating a high level of environmental and practical suitability. The GO@CaMo-LDH/GCE demonstrated outstanding performance in electrochemical analysis, highlighting its potential as a reliable platform for routine monitoring of BINI in clinical diagnostics and pharmaceutical quality control applications
Lineage specification into GABAergic, glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and astrocytic phenotypes using MUSE stem cells: a novel approach for modeling neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders
No full textThe study of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders is often hampered by the limited accessibility of relevant neural tissues and the limitations of existing in vitro models. MUSE cells (Multilineage differentiating stress enduring), which are non-tumorigenic and stress-resistant stem cells, offer a robust alternative to traditional models such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which suffer from genetic variability and residual epigenetic memory. Possessing key pluripotency markers such as NANOG, OCT3/4, and SOX2, and capable of differentiating into all three germ layers, MUSE cells are ideally suited for both research and therapeutic applications. In this study, we have developed protocols for differentiating MUSE cells into neural progenitors, providing a critical foundation for modeling early neural development and dysfunction. These neural progenitors were then directed to specify into GABAergic, glutamatergic, dopaminergic neurons, and astrocytes, enabling detailed studies of specific lineage dysfunctions associated with neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer’s disease. This approach not only enhances the physiological relevance of our models but also allows us to investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying these complex diseases more effectively. By improving our understanding of neural lineage specification and early developmental alterations, MUSE cells facilitate the development of targeted therapies and reduce reliance on animal models, thus advancing the path from research to clinical applications
Exome sequencing reveals low-frequency and rare variant contributions to multiple sclerosis susceptibility in Turkish families
No full textMultiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized as an immune-mediated central nervous system disease marked by chronic inflammation, demyelination, and progressive neurodegeneration. In this study, we evaluated the contribution of low-frequency and rare genetic variants to MS susceptibility within one of the largest family-based MS cohorts to date, comprising 215 individuals from 59 Turkish multiplex MS families. Whole exome sequencing was conducted on all samples including affected and unaffected members, followed by investigation of the effect of well-established human leukocyte antigen loci for MS on the elevated MS risk observed in our families. Subsequently, a gene-based burden analysis was performed on candidate genes identified through both our segregation analysis and existing literature. To prioritize the genes and pathways that are potentially associated with MS, a segregation-based analysis of the variants was conducted and complemented by gene-based pathway enrichment analysis. Our results highlighted the significance of the extracellular matrix in MS pathogenesis, as we identified laminin-related genes including LAMA5 and LAMB1 from both the segregation analysis and gene-based burden test. Hemidesmosome assembly emerged as a key pathway in our analysis, primarily driven by the identification of DST and PLEC as significant genes in the gene-based segregation analysis. Finally, we identified two rare coding variants passing our allele frequency and deleteriousness score-based filters, rs41266745 (C> T) in the CD109 gene with CADD phred score 24 and rs143093165 (T> G) in the ITPR1 gene with CADD phred score 22 and LOEUF 0.325, segregating within more than one family. Overall, this is one of the first and largest family-based MS studies from Turkey that features a unique cohort from an admixed population that enabled the detection of novel low-frequency and rare variants associated with MS. The findings from this study offer valuable insights that could guide future research aimed at further exploring and understanding the factors contributing to MS risk
Improvement of Sound Insulation Properties of Nonwoven Surfaces Made From Chicken Feather Fibers with Polylactic Acid Nanofiber Surfaces
No full textTraditional houses in Ürgüp/Ayvalı rural heritage area: Vernacular architecture, spirit of place and local identity
No full textZina Sebebiyle Boşanma Davası Açma Hakkını Ortadan Kaldıran Haller
No full textTürk hukukunda zina mutlak boşanma sebeplerinden biri olarak düzenlenmiştir. Nitekim 4721 Sayılı Türk Medeni Kanunu md.161/I hükmünde eşlerden birinin zinada bulunan diğer eşe karşı zina sebebiyle boşanma davası açma hakkına sahip olduğu ifade edilmiştir.Zina sebebiyle dava açacak olan eşin bu hakkı, Türk Medeni Kanunu md.161/II hükmü kapsamında, diğer eşin zina fiilini öğrenmesinden başlayarak altı ay ve her halde işbu fiilin üzerinden beş yılın geçmesiyle ortadan kalkmaktadır. İlgili süreler mahiyeti itibariyle hak düşürücü sürelerdir1. Bunun sebebi, bu sürelerin; kamu düzeninin tesisinin açık gereği ve tezahürü olmasındandır. Dolayısıyla, sürelerin dolduğu ileri sürülmese dahi bu husus hâkim tarafından re’sen gözetilmelidir2. Bu noktada, zina fiilinin öğrenildiği anın tespiti, zinanın sürekli yahut kesintisiz oluşu ile iradeyi sakatlayan hallerin zina eylemini öğrenmeye ve belirtilen hak düşürücü sürelere etkisi, derdestlik prensibi ve özellikle uygulamada ortaya çıkabilecek çeşitli vakıa hallerinin ele alınması ve incelenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Türk kanun koyucusu Türk Medeni Kanunu md.161/III hükmünde “Affeden tarafın dava hakkı yoktur.” düzenlemesine yer vermiştir. Bu kapsamda, affeden eşin artık zina sebebiyle boşanma davası açma hakkının sona erdiğini söylemek gerekir3. Bu sebeple de affın kavramsal ve hukukî açıdan ne anlama geldiğinin ortaya konulması oldukça önemlidir. Keza, hukuken af anlamına gelecek olan hallerin gündeme gelebileceği durumlar ve Türk hukuku öğretisi ile yargı içtihatlarında yer alan bu konudaki görüş ve yaklaşımların çeşitliliği göz önüne alındığında bu önem daha da artmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Zina, Boşanma Davası, Hak Düşürücü Süre, Af <br style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-size-adjust: auto;"
The Effect of Retinoic Acid and Bevacizumab on Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
No full textObjective: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is an undesired outcome of controlled ovarian stimulation, commonly used in infertility treatment during in vitro fertilization and intrauterine insemination cycles. This study aimed to investigate whether retinoic acid and bevacizumab have an effect on the prevention of OHSS. Materials and Methods: A hyperstimulation model was created using 40 Wistar albino rats, each 22 days old. The rats were divided into four groups. Group 1 was the negative control group, Group 2 was the positive control group, Group 3 was the bevacizumab-administered group after ovarian hyperstimulation, and Group 4 was the retinoic acid-administered group after ovarian hyperstimulation. Serum estradiol and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were evaluated. Peritoneal fluid was collected using a syringe, and the presence of peritoneal fluid was recorded observationally. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson's trichrome staining were performed on the ovaries. Immunohistochemical staining for VEGF and estrogen receptors was conducted. Results: Retinoic acid treatment significantly reduced peritoneal fluid and inhibited fluid leakage, whereas bevacizumab treatment resulted in a slight reduction of peritoneal fluid. The number of tertiary and secondary follicles remained unaffected by both bevacizumab and retinoic acid treatment. However, the number of primaryfollicles significantlydecreased in the bevacizumab and retinoic acid treatment groups. Retinoic acid treatment significantly reduced estrogen receptor (ER) in the stromal compartment. Conclusion: Both retinoic acid and bevacizumab appear to be effective in treating OHSS. Additionally, retinoic acid and bevacizumab influence the initial stages of follicular development. Future studies are essential to determine the optimal dosage and timing for these therapeutic agents
