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The Relatıonshıp Between Economıc Globalızatıon And Ecologıcal Footprınt: Empırıcal Evıdence For Developed And Developıng Countrıes
No full textPurpose. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between economic globalization and the ecological footprint in countries with different levels of development using a Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) analysis. Methodology / approach. The study covers the years 1970 to 2017 for 65 developed and developing countries. The ecological footprint is the dependent variable in the study’s model, and the GDP and KOF Globalization Index (KOF) index are the independent variables. The CADF panel unit root test, which takes into account cross-sectional dependence, was used to choose the appropriate test method for the analysis. Feasible Generalised Least Square and Westerlund ECM panel cointegration analyses were performed for model estimation. Results. Economic globalization and ecological footprint have a considerable relationship, according to the results of FGLS and Westerlund cointegration analysis. Economic globalization has a long-run negative impact on the ecological footprint. Environmental problems are being addressed as a result of more economic globalization, faster technology development, and consequently decreased usage of natural resources. Furthermore, as globalization and communication technologies develop, societies will have more information on the importance of the environment. As a result, they can show more eco-friendly behavior. Originality / scientific novelty. Several studies in the literature include the cointegration relationship between economic globalization and ecological footprint. Although there are few studies on this topic in the literature, one aspect that distinguishes this study is the use of an estimation method that takes into account the cross-sectional dependent, second-generation unit root tests, Feasible Generalised Least Square (FGLS) cointegration analysis, and Westerlund ECM analysis. Practical value / implications. The importance of the findings is that increased economic globalization has a negative effect on the ecological footprint. As economic globalization increases, so does communication technology, as well as international trade. Individuals become more environmentally conscious as a result of communication, which generally reduces ecological footprint. © 2022, Institute of Eastern European Research and Consulting. All rights reserved
The Protective Effect of Resveratrol on Cisplatin Induced Damage in Rat Liver
Get PDFAim: One of the underlying causes of cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity is oxidative stress. We assessed the effect of an antioxidant, resveratrol, on cisplatin-induced damage in the rat liver. Methods: The project-starting date was designed as 01.10.2020 and the project-ending date was planned as 01.04.2021. Three groups were created with 30 female Wistar-Albino rats: In group 1 (control group), 1 mL of 0.9% NaCl (saline) was administered intraperitoneally for 3 days. In group 2 (cisplatin group), 7.5 mg/kg intraperitoneal cisplatin was given for 3 days. In group 3 (cisplatin + resveratrol group), 7.5 mg/kg cisplatin and 10 mg/kg resveratrol were given via the intraperitoneal route. The livers were surgically extirpated in all the groups. In both blood and tissues, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. Also, toxicity markers such as hepatocyte damage (cellular changes), inflammation, hemorrhage, congestion, fibrosis, disorganization of the hepatic cords, and necrosis were assessed by examining the preparations prepared from hepatic tissue with light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Results: Histopathological tissue damage was significantly higher in group 2 than in other groups (p 0.03). MDA levels were significantly higher and the activities of SOD and CAT were lower in group 2 than in the other groups (p=0.04 and p=0.01, respectively). Conclusion: According to our short-term findings, resveratrol might be an effective molecule for preventing the harmful effects of cisplatin in the rat liver. © 2022, Galenos Publishing House. All rights reserved
Is ethanol production responsible for the increase in corn prices?
Get PDFThis paper aims to investigate the effects of the production of ethanol, a renewable biofuel, oil prices, population, and exchange rate on corn prices in the US (1985:m1-2020:m7) using a nonlinear smooth transition model. According to the findings, (i) ethanol production (β1 = 0.072, p < 0.01) has an increasing effect on corn prices. (ii) Oil prices (β2 = 0.064, p < 0.05) and population (β3 = 0.851, p < 0.01) put a pressure on corn prices. (iii) The increase in the real exchange rate (β4 = −2.142, p < 0.01) has a decreasing effect on corn prices. The estimation results provide several critical policy implications for ethanol-food competition within the framework of sustainable development policies. First, ethanol production puts pressure on corn prices. Second, policy-oriented research on the biofuel-food competition can provide guidance to ensure sustainability. Finally, in the transformation process of the ethanol industry, technological innovations (use of second or third-generation biofuels) can moderate the food-fuel nexus. © 2022 Elsevier Lt
Endosymbiotic bacteria in ticks in Kırşehir, Central Anatolia
No full textTicks are parasites and vectors, whose diet is blood and hosts are vertebrates. Therefore, they are a risk factor for both, public health and farm animals. Ticks have a cosmopolitan distribution, and their prevalence and incidence of diseases caused by them are increasing with the effect of various environmental factors such as global warming. The use of endosymbiotic bacteria (EB) to control pests is a promising environment-friendly approach as an alternative to chemical methods. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the ticks symbionts to develop potentially alternative strategies for managing their populations. Aim of this study, was to search for EB in ticks obtained from livestock in Kirsehir, Central Anatolia. EB were identified by morphological and molecular methods. Investigation was conducted on most studied EB in Haemaphysalis spp. and Hyalomma spp. using Arsenophonus, Cardinium, Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, Spiroplasma and Wolbachia specific primers. As a result of the survey, Rickettsia was detected in all locations and samples, while Spiroplasma was detected only one sampling locality. It was that Rickettsia is not species specific and has a wide wide distribution incidence. Spiroplasma was found only in Ha. sulcata. In contrary Arsenophonus, Cardinium, Hamiltonella and Wolbachia were not found in the sampled ticks. On the other hand, although the reason could not be explained, PCR products thought to be the result of non-specific binding with Arsenophonus primers and sequence data similar to Coxiella-like endosymbiont were obtained. This study does not explain the tick-symbiosis relationship, but the findings are considered important for future studies of tick biology and/or tick-borne diseases
In vivo, in vitro and Molecular Modelling Analysis of Isoquercetin, Roseo-side, Coreximine, Anonaine, and Arianacin Molecules
No full textIntroduction: Annona muricata is a member of the Annonaceae family. This plant has a high concentration of acetogenin, which gives it excellent therapeutic property. Researchers have tested this miraculous herb in breast cancer cells treatment and observed that it could be a source of anti-cancer agents. The proposed study focused on screening the anticancer biological activity of Annona muricata plant by using the in vitro, in vivo, and in silico methods. Methods: In in vitro analysis, the IC50 was determined on two-dimensional and three-dimensional breast cancer cells. 2D cells were cultured on flat dishes typically made of plastic, while 3D cells were cultured using the hanging drop method. In in vivo analysis, Drosophila melanogaster was preferred, and the LC50 was determined. In in silico analysis, molecular docking studies have been carried out on the different classes of Annona muricata acetogenins against the target proteins. Nearly, five acetogenins were selected from the literature, and docking was performed against human Bcl-2, Bad and Akt-1 proteins. Results: In vitro and in vivo results revealed the IC50 value of 2D MDA-MB-231 cells as 330 μg.mℓ-1, of 2D MCF-7 cells as290 μg.mℓ-1, and of 3D MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells about 0.005 g.mℓ-1; the LC50 value of Drosophila melanogaster was determined as 0.1 g.mℓ-1. In silico results revealed that the docked complex formed by Isoquercetin showed better binding affinity towards target proteins. Conclusion: As a result of the analysis, the Annona muricata plant has been observed to be effective against cancer and likely to be a potential drug. © 2022 Bentham Science Publishers
Renal Artery Resistive Index and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
No full textObjective: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may affect many organs and systems, especially the kidney as well as the liver. While NAFLD’s renal impacts can be evaluated via the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), its effects on renal hemodynamic changes can be monitored with the renal resistive index (RRI). Our aim in this study is to evaluate RRI and eGFR in NAFLD patients. Materials and Methods: In this study, a total of 69 patients with NAFLD and 50 age-and gendermatched healthy controls were included. The basic clinical and laboratory parameters of patient and control groups were assessed and recorded. Results: In the patient group, the RRI was observed as 0.64±0.06 and eGFR value as 86±52 (mL/min/1.73m2), while in the control group, the RRI was 0.61±0.05 and eGFR was 95.40±20.21 (mL/min/1.73m2). Compared to the control group, the RRI and eGFR values were significantly different in the patient group (PRRI=0.003 and PeGFR=0.025). There was a negative correlation observed between the RRI and eGFR (r=-0.347, P=0.003). Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis suggested that the optimum RRI cut-off value for patients with NAFLD is 0.62, with 65% sensitivity and 60% specificity (p=0.002). There was an independent relationship found between the RRI and eGFR according to the linear regression analysis (β=-0.301, P=0.015). Conclusion: This study shows that RRI may be an indicator of renal functions, such as eGFR in patients with NAFLD. © 2022 Bentham Science Publishers
Comparıson Between Two Deffırent Treatments On Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Get PDFCarpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is defined as an entrapment of the median nerve in the carpal
tunnel in the wrist, generally associated with an increase in carpal tunnel pressure. It is the most
common peripheral neuropathy in the upper quadrant. CTS is characterized by pain and
paresthesia in the distributions of the median nerve, including the palmar side of the first finger,
the second and third finger and the radial half of the fourth finger; it also involves a loss of
sensitivity, manual dexterity and functionality. High amplitude acoustic waves which focus on
a region of the body are mentioned as extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT). The shock
waves are characterized by high positive pressure up to 100 Megapascals (MPa), fast peak
duration (10 to 30 nano-sec), and short pulse duration (5 microsec). This study was conducted
at Al-Najaf teaching hospital. 40 patients (male=9 and female=31) range of their ages (21-60)
years with CTS voluntarily participated in the study. Participants were selected from orthopedic
and rheumatology clinics in Al-Najaf teaching hospital and randomly divided into two groups,
in each group 20 person. Visual analogue scale (VAS), disability of arm, shoulder and hand
score (DASH), figure-of-eight shape for hand oedema, Boston carpal tunnel questionnaire
(BCTQ), wrist joint range of motion in 4 directions (ROM) and hand grip strength (JAMAR)
are used as outcome measurements. A group were treated with ESWT for five sessions (single
session per week) and B group were had oral medical treatment (pregabalin, nerubion NISIDs),
the follow up has been made after two weeks of interventions. In statistical analysis, there was
a highly significant improvement in A group of: DASHS, FSS of BCTQ, SSS of BCTQ, VAS
and JAMAR P= 0.001. There were no significant differences in ROM and figure-of-eight shape
for hand oedema. In this study we aimed to assess the pain, functional status, symptoms and
hand grip strength, we found that there is an imp
Competition-cooperation analysis of Afghanistan-China relations (2001-2021)
No full textAfganistan'ın stratejik konumu ve mevcut tabii kaynakları, onu sömürgeci devletler nazarında bir cazibe merkezine dönüştürmüştür. Ülke, yakın geçmişi süresince büyük devletlerin egemenliği altında olduğundan sürekli var olma çabası göstermiştir. İç savaş ve işgaller sebebiyle ülkenin gelişimi her açıdan geri kalmış olsa da iş birlikleri ve denge politikalarıyla bu süreç aşılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bu hususta kurulan ekonomik ortaklıklar ve bölgesel yakınlaşma Afganistan'ın yeniden yapılanma sürecindeki en önemli etkenler arasında yer alır. Bu tez, Çin'in bölgedeki ekonomik ve siyasî stratejilerinde Afganistan'ın yerini ve önemini ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir. Bu hususta taraflar arasındaki iş birliklerinin, maddî kazanımların ve ortak ekonomik çıkarların bölge siyasetini ne yönde etkilediği ve ikili ilişkilere nasıl tesir ettiği çalışmanın temel problem sorusu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca İpek Yolu'nu yeniden hayata geçirme fikriyle meydana getirilen "bir yol, bir kuşak" projesi doğrultusunda, Çin'in Afganistan'a yönelik hedeflerine ulaşıp ulaşmadığı gibi konulara da vurgu yapılmıştır. Bölgedeki tehditler her ne kadar iş birliği ve yakınlaşmanın gerçekleşmesini zorlaştırsa da mevcut maddî çıkarlar ve ortak kazanımlar bu durumu bertaraf etmektedir. Zira bu tarz yakınlaşmaların ana motivasyonunu çıkar temini oluşturmaktadır. Çin'in ekonomik gelişimiyle birlikte enerji talebi artışı ortaya çıkmış ve söz konusu enerji ihtiyacının Afganistan'dan karşılanması gündeme gelmiştir. Bu düşünce akıllara bölge güvenliğinin buna ne denli uygun olduğu sorusunu getirmektedir. Ayrıca diğer büyük devletlerin bu fikre bakışı da önem teşkil eder. Çünkü coğrafi konumu sebebiyle Afganistan, Hindistan ve Çin'i birbirine bağlamakta ve mevcut kaynakları sayesinde Rusya ile Amerika'nın ilgisini bölge üzerine çekmektedir. Bunu engellemek isteyen Çin yeni planlar ortaya koymuştur. Bu tez kapsamında, Afganistan-Çin ilişkileri rekabet-iş birliği çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. Afganistan'ın bölge üzerindeki ekonomik ve diplomatik ilişkilere etkisi ele alınmıştır. İş birliği politikalarının bölge güvenliği üzerindeki yansımaları tartışılmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmada alan taraması usulüyle çeşitli elektronik ve yazılı kaynaklar incelenerek iki ülke arasındaki ortaklık-iş birliği faaliyetlerinin tespitine ve etkili olduğu alanları ortaya koymaya çaba gösterilmiştir. Bununla beraber güvenlik beklentileri ile Çin-Afganistan yakınlaşma siyaseti arasındaki korelasyon irdelenmiştir. Bu minvalde çalışmada elde edilmiş sonuçların diğer araştırmacılara yol gösterici olması beklenmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Afganistan, Bölgesel Stratejiler, Çin, İş Birliği, Ortaklık.Afghanistan's strategic location and available natural resources have turned it into a center of attraction in the eyes of colonial states. Since the country was under the sovereignty of big states during its recent past, it has always strived to exist. Although the development of the country has lagged in every aspect due to the civil war and occupations, this process is being tried to be overcome with cooperation and balance policies. Economic partnerships and regional rapprochement established in this regard are among the most important factors in Afghanistan's restructuring process. This thesis aims to reveal the place and importance of Afghanistan in China's economic and political strategies in the region. In this regard, the main problem of the study is how the cooperation between the parties, material gains and common economic interests affect the regional politics and how they affect bilateral relations. In addition, in line with the "one road, one generation" project, which was created with the idea of reviving the Silk Road, issues such as whether China has achieved its goals for Afghanistan were also emphasized. Although the threats in the region make it difficult for cooperation and rapprochement to take place, current financial interests and common gains eliminate this situation. Because the main motivation of such rapprochement is the provision of interests. With the economic development of China, an increase in energy demand has emerged and meeting the said energy need from Afghanistan has come to the fore. This thought brings to mind the question of how appropriate regional security is. It is also important that other great states view this idea. Because, due to its geographical location, Afghanistan connects India and China, and thanks to its existing resources, it attracts the attention of Russia and America to the region. China, which wants to prevent this, has put forward new plans. Within the scope of this thesis, Afghanistan-China relations were evaluated within the framework of competition-cooperation. The effect of Afghanistan on the economic and diplomatic relations in the region is discussed. The reflections of cooperation policies on regional security were discussed. In addition, by examining various electronic and written sources with the method of field scanning, an effort has been made to identify the partnership-cooperation activities between the two countries and to reveal the areas where they are effective. In addition, the correlation between security expectations and China-Afghan rapprochement policy has been examined. It is expected that the results obtained in this study will guide other researchers. Keywords: Afghanistan, China, Cooperation, Partnership, Regional Strategies
Experimental and whole genome-based research of antimicrobial effects of some actinobacteria speci?es on infection agent isolates of Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp and Proteus spp.
No full textBu tez çalışmasında T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Bursa Ali Osman Sönmez Onkoloji Hastanesi'nde Ocak 2021-Haziran 2021 tarihleri arasında en önemli hastane enfeksiyonlarına yol açan, çeşitli servislerde yatan hastalardan elde edilmiş klinik izolatlar olan Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp. ve Staphylococcus spp. kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada 57 adet Pseudomonas aeruoginosa, 50 Adet Staphylococcus aureus ve 5 adet Proteus mirabilis kullanıldı. Elde edilmiş klinik izolatların %75'i idrar kültüründen, %16.6'sı trakeal aspirat kültürü, %8,4'ü kan kültüründen izole edilmiştir. Pseudomonas spp. izolatları Vitek-2 cihazında, Staphylococcus spp. ve Proteus spp. izolatları ise APİ kullanılarak tanımlanmıştır. Tanımlanan izolatların Gentamisin, Tigesiklin, Ampisilin, Ertapenem, Sefepim, Meronem, Cefazolin, Linezolid, Seftazidim, Teikoplanin, Tetrasiklin, Vankomisin, Amoksisilin klavulanik asit antibiyotiklerine karşı antibiyotik direnç profilleri belirlenmiştir. Actinobacteria cinsleri antibiyotik üretimi başta olmak üzere, enzimler, immünosüpresif ajanlar ve antitümör ajanlar gibi çeşitli metabolitler üretme potansiyeline sahip bakterilerdir. Günümüzde patojenlerin antibiyotik dirençleri ve tedavide oluşan yetersizlikler sebebiyle yeni antibiyotiklerin keşfi kaçınılmaz olmuştur. Belirtilen tarihler arasında izole edilen suşlar 6 farklı Actinobacteria suşu seçilerek antimikrobiyal aktive testine tabi tutulmuştur. Pseudomonas aeruoginosa suşlarında Actinomadura sp. 14C53 %56,6 oranında, Staphylococcus aureus suşlarında Nonomuraea zeae DSM 100528T %50 oranında zon çapı ölçülmüştür. Proteus mirabilis suşlarında zon çapı ölçülmemiştir. Sonuç olarak, Actinobacteria üyesi türlerin antimikrobiyal aktive test sonuçlarında bazı patojenler üzerinde olumlu sonuç verdiği gözlenmiştir.In this thesis, T.C. ın the Ministry of Health Bursa Ali Osman Sönmez Oncology Hospital Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. Used. 57 Pseudomonas aeruoginosa, 50 Staphylococcus aureus and 5 Proteus mirabilis were used in the study. Of the clinical isolates obtained, 75% were isolated from urine culture, 16.6% from tracheal aspirate culture and 8.4% from blood culture. Pseudomonas spp. Staphylococcus spp isolates. and Proteus spp. The isolates were identified using the API. Antibiotic resistance profiles of the detected isolates against Gentamicin, Tigecycline, Ampicillin, Ertapenem, Cefepim, Meronem, Cefazolin, Linezolid, Ceftazidime, Teicoplanin, Tetracycline, Vancomycin, Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid antibiotics were determined. Actinobacteria are bacteria that have the potential to produce various metabolites such as antibiotics, enzymes, immunosuppressive agents and antitumor agents. Today, the discovery of new antibiotics has become inevitable due to antibiotic resistance of pathogens and inadequacies in treatment. The strains isolated between the specified dates were selected from 6 different Actinobacteria strains and subjected to antimicrobial activity testing. In Pseudomonas aeruoginosa strains, of Actinomadura sp. 14C53 Zone diameter was measured at 56.6% in Staphylococcus aureus strains and 50% of Nonomuraea zeae DSM 100528T. Zone diameter was not measured in Proteus mirabilis strains. As a result, it was observed that the member species of Actinobacteria gave positive results on some pathogens in the antimicrobial activation test results
Distance education experiences of pre-school teachers: A mixed method study
No full textBu çalışmanın amacı, okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin uzaktan eğitim deneyimlerinin incelenmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, araştırma karma yöntem türlerinden nicel ve nitel veri toplama tekniklerinin sıralı olarak kullanıldığı açımlayıcı sıralı desen olarak tasarlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, araştırmada, okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin uzaktan eğitime yönelik algılarını belirlemek amacıyla nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan tarama deseni; okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin uzaktan eğitim ile ilgili görüşlerini belirlemek amacıyla ise nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan durum çalışması kullanılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında incelenen durum ise okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin uzaktan eğitim deneyimleridir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Türkiye'nin farklı illerinde ve farklı kurum türlerinde (bağımsız anaokulu, özel anaokulu, resmi ana sınıfı, özel ana sınıfı) çalışmakta olan ve araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılan okul öncesi öğretmenleri oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen "Okul Öncesi Öğretmenlerinin Uzaktan Eğitim Algıları Ölçeği" ve yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Ölçeğin geçerlik çalışmaları için AFA kapsamında 300 öğretmene ulaşılırken; DFA kapsamında ise 417 öğretmene ulaşılmıştır. Görüşmeler ise, Türkiye'nin 7 farklı coğrafi bölgesinden 15 okul öncesi öğretmenle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ölçek öğretmenler tarafından Google Formlar uygulaması üzerinden doldurulmuştur; görüşmeler ise öğretmenler ile Zoom uygulaması üzerinden yapılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında nicel verilerin analizinde, betimsel istatistik değerlerden, ANOVA'dan ve bağımsız gruplar t testinden; nitel verilerin analizinde ise içerik analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen nicel verilerin analizi sonucunda, okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin uzaktan eğitim algılarının orta düzeyin altında olduğu ve okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin uzaktan eğitim algılarının yüksek lisans yapma durumu, çalıştıkları okul türü, çalıştıkları kurum türü, mesleki deneyimleri ve uzaktan eğitim verilen süre değişkenlerine göre anlamlı farklılık göstermediği belirlenmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen nitel verilerin analizi sonucunda ise öğretmenlerin uzaktan eğitime kıyasla yüz yüze eğitim türünü tercih ettikleri, salgın sürecinde uzaktan eğitimde çocuklarda teknoloji kullanım süresinde artış gibi sorunlar görüldüğü, hem öğretmenler hem de çocukların uzaktan eğitimde teknolojik cihaz eksikliği, bağlantı sorunları, materyal eksikliği vb. çeşitli sorunlar yaşadıkları ve öğretmenlerin uzaktan eğitimde Google Meet, Microsoft Team, Zoom, WhatsApp vb. çeşitli uygulamaları ve EBA'yı kullandıkları tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca öğretmenler, uzaktan eğitimin okul öncesi döneme uygun olmadığını ancak doğal afet, salgın vb. olağanüstü dönemlerde eğitim faaliyetlerinin sürdürülmesi ve çocuk-çocuk, çocuk-öğretmen iletişiminin sürdürülmesi gibi yararlar sağladığını, uzaktan eğitimde en çok çocukların sosyal duygusal gelişim alanlarını ve öz bakım becerilerini desteklemeye yönelik etkinlikler planladıklarını ve MEB 2013 Okul Öncesi Eğitim Programı'nın esneklik özelliği sayesinde uzaktan eğitim etkinliklerini planlarken ihtiyaç duydukları kazanım ve göstergeler ile kavramlara yer verdiklerini belirtmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda, okul öncesi dönemde uzaktan eğitim sürecinin etkililiğini artırmaya yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.The purpose of this study is to examine the distance education experiences of preschool teachers. In accordance with this purpose, the research was designed using the exploratory sequential design in which quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques, which are mixed method types, are used sequentially. In this regard, the survey design, which is one of the quantitative research methods, in order to determine the perceptions of preschool teachers towards distance education; case study, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was used to determine the views of preschool teachers about distance education. The situation examined within the scope of the research is the distance education experiences of preschool teachers. The study group of the research consist of preschool teachers working in different provinces of Turkey and different types of institutions (independent preschool, private preschool, public preschool, private kindergarten), participating in the study voluntarily. In the research, "Distance Education Perceptions Scale of Preschool Teachers" developed by the researcher and semi-structured interview form were used as data collection tools. For the validity studies of the scale developed in the study, 300 teachers within the scope of EFA and 417 teachers, within the scope of CFA, were reached. The interviews were conducted with 15 preschool teachers from 7 different geographical regions of Turkey. The scale was filled out by teachers through the Google Forms application and the interviews were done with teachers and researchers via the Zoom application. In the analysis of quantitative data within the scope of the research, descriptive statistical values, ANOVA and independent groups t test; content analysis was used in the analysis of qualitative data. As a result of the analysis of the quantitative data obtained from the research, it was found that the preschool teachers' perceptions of distance education were under the medium level and the distance education perceptions of preschool teachers did not differ significantly according to the variables of graduate status, type of school they work, type of institution they work, professional experience and duration of distance education. determined. As a result of the analysis of the qualitative data obtained from the research, it was found that teachers preferred face-to-face education type compared to distance education, there were problems such as an increase in the use of technology in distance education in children during the epidemic process, and both teachers and children had various problems such as lack of technological devices, connection problems, lack of materials in distance education. It has been determined that they have problems and that teachers use various applications such as Google Meet, Microsoft Team, Zoom, WhatsApp and EBA in distance education. In addition, teachers stated that distance education is not suitable for pre-school period, but it provides benefits such as continuation of educational activities and maintaining child-child, child-teacher communication in extraordinary periods such as natural disasters and epidemics, and that distance education is mostly aimed at supporting children's social emotional development areas and self-care skills. He stated that they are planning activities and, thanks to the flexibility feature of the MoNE 2013 re-school Curriculum, they include the acquisitions, indicators and concepts they need while planning distance education activities. In line with the results obtained from the research, suggestions were made to increase the effectiveness of the distance education process in the preschool period