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    The Oriental Woman as Objet Petit a: Subverting Orientalist Fantasies in Lord Byron’s Don Juan

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    This article examines Lord Byron’s satirical depiction of the Oriental harem and its women in Canto Five of Don Juan (1821/1859), arguing that Byron’s departure from conventional Orientalist narratives subverts Western fantasies, revealing the intricate dynamics of power, desire, and signifying processes. Through a Lacanian lens, the study explores the Western subject’s desire to signify the Oriental other, positioning the harem and its women as the elusive objet petit a—the unattainable object-cause of desire that structures Western subjectivity. Byron’s use of satire and gender role reversals disrupts the Western gaze from within, exposing the mechanisms that sustain Orientalist discourse. By analyzing the interplay of gender, sexuality, and the semiotics of desire, this article contends that Don Juan functions as a critique of Western attempts to construct and control the female Oriental other. In doing so, Byron not only deconstructs the imagined authority of the Western observer but also reconfigures the representational politics of Orientalist literature, offering a complex and self-reflexive engagement with the discursive forces that shape cultural perceptions of the East

    Investigation of single, double and triple boron modified fullerene-C60 for the controlled drug delivery, kinetic stability and sensitivity assessments of tegafur: DFT insights

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    Controlled and time-extended drug delivery assessments have become an important subject ever since novel nanomaterials appeared in the scene of science. In the scope of this study, taking advantage of density functional theory, the possibility of extended drug release of tegafur drug molecule using single, double and triple boron modified fullerene C60 was investigated. Structural and kinetic stability evaluations and some important diagnostic vibrational bands of B-doped fullerene-C60 and its interacted forms with the tegafur molecule were investigated. It was concluded that by modifying the surface of C60 with the B-dopant atom and using the different interaction sites of tegafur, it is possible to produce different binding energies and recovery times for controlled drug delivery purposes. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved

    Transcription of the Works Written in Hamparsum Notation in Kemal Batanay Music Archive into Modern Notation

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    Çalışma, İSAM Kemal Batanay Mûsikî Arşivi’nde Hamparsum Nota sistemi ile kaydedilmiş ve günümüz nota yazı sistemiyle kaydedilmemiş eserlerin transkripsiyonuna odaklanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda arşivde olup günümüz nota yazısıyla transkribe edilmemiş olan şarkı, ilahi, saz semaisi, beste ve marş formunda toplamda on adet eserin Türk mûsikîsi repertuarına kazandırılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu eserlerin günümüz nota yazısıyla yeniden düzenlenmesi, Türk mûsikîsi eğitimi ve icrasında önemli bir kaynak niteliği taşımaktadır. XVIII. yüzyılda III. Selim’in isteği üzerine Hamparsum Limoncıyan tarafından oluşturulan Hamparsum nota sistemi yaklaşık iki yüzyıl boyunca Türk mûsikîsi bestekârları tarafından kullanılmıştır. Kökü Ermeni Kilise mûsikîsine dayanan ve Khaz adı verilen sembollerin geliştirilmiş versiyonu olan Hamparsum nota sistemi, Türk mûsikîsine hizmet ederek birçok bestenin kaybolmasının önüne geçmiştir. Çalışmada nitel yöntem kullanılmış olup İSAM Kemal Batanay Mûsikî Arşivi’nde Hamparsum nota sistemiyle kaydedilmiş olan eserler çeşitli internet veri tabanları kullanılarak taranmış ve transkripsiyonu yapılmamış olan eserler Mus2 nota yazım programı aracılığıyla transkribe edilmiştir. Ortaya koyduğumuz çalışma, Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet döneminde yaşamış olan bestekârların eserlerini günümüze taşıması yönüyle önem arz etmektedir.The study focuses on the transcription of the works recorded in the ISAM Kemal Batanay Musiki Archive with the Hamparsum Notation system and not recorded with modern notation system. In this context, it is aimed to add total of ten works in the forms of song, hymn, saz semai, beste and march which are in the archive but not transcribed into modern notation, to the Turkish music repertoire. The rearrangement of these works in modern notation will be an important resource in Turkish music education and performance. The Hamparsum notation system, created by Hamparsum Limonciyan at the request of Selim III in the 18th century, was used by Turkish music composers for two centuries. The Hamparsum notation system, which has its roots in Armenian Church music and is an improved version of the symbols called Khaz, has served Turkish music and prevented the loss of many compositions. The qualitative method was used in the study and the works recorded with the Hamparsum notation system in ISAM Kemal Batanay Musiki Archive were scanned using various internet databases and the works that were not transcribed were transcribed using the Mus2 notation software. This study is important in that it carries the works of composers who lived in the Ottoman and Republican periods to the present day

    “I would like to use it more effectively…” nursing student’s experiences with NANDA-I nursing terminology: a qualitative descriptive study

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    Background: Standardized nursing terminologies play a crucial role in describing and documenting nursing care. For students, learning the components of the NANDA-I terminology—such as defining characteristics and related factors—accurately is essential for determining nursing diagnoses. However, there is a notable lack of qualitative studies investigating Turkish nursing students’ experiences with these terminologies. This study aimed to explore nursing students’ experiences regarding NANDA-I nursing terminology. Methods: This descriptive qualitative study was conducted with 29 second-, third-, and fourth-year nursing students. Data were collected through face-to-face, in-depth, and semi-structured interviews between June 2023 and December 2023. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: Content analysis revealed four main themes: (a) knowledge and awareness, (b) the facilitating effect of NANDA-I on patient care, (c) improvement of NANDA-I terminology training, and (d) challenges in utilizing NANDA-I. Conclusions: The findings of this study offer recommendations for nursing educators to make adjustments to the educational curriculum concerning NANDA-I terminology. Developing nursing education curricula is crucial to help students gain a better understanding of NANDA-I terminology and to utilize it effectively in clinical practice. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved

    Anti-Fuzzy Subalgebras of Fuzzy Points in Sheffer Stroke Hilbert Algebras

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    This paper introduces novel concepts concerning anti-fuzzy subalgebras within the framework of Sheffer stroke Hilbert algebras. Using the notion of anti-fuzzy points and their relationships specifically, besideness to and nonquasi-coincidence with fuzzy sets, new types of anti-fuzzy subalgebras are defined and their fundamental properties are examined. We explore the conditions under which anti-fuzzy points generate subalgebras and investigate their interactions within algebraic systems governed by Sheffer operations. Furthermore, we analyze the structural relationships between these newly introduced anti-fuzzy subalgebras and classical fuzzy subalgebras

    MÜZİĞİ SANATÇIDAN AYIRMAK: ETİK DIŞI SANATÇILAR VE MÜZİKSEL ALIMLAMA

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    This paper examines how audiences’ perceptions and evaluations of music are affected after an incident that undermines the moral legitimacy of admired artists. It investigates the extent to which music can be perceived separately from the artist, and the attitudes, actions, and strategies adopted in possible attempts to dissociate the two. The physical bond between the artist and the music—referred to as “authenticity as authentication”—in which the audience and the artist share a role, is analyzed in detail. The construction of authenticity toward the artist as author is explored within the framework of the continued relevance of authorial power in the contemporary postmodern world. Methodologically, this paper employs a qualitative approach, drawing on secondary sources and examining various historical and current examples. It argues that the author, whose metaphorical death was proclaimed by Barthes and Foucault, and even stardom as a particular manifestation of authorship, can still occupy a powerful position in texts and be part of their polysemy. Additionally, it is claimed that once an imaginary threshold of fascination is crossed, negative biographical information about the artist can make the “experience impact” inevitable, and attempts to separate the music from the artist may result in a loss of meaning and pleasure.Bu çalışma, hayranlık duyulan sanatçıların ahlaki meşruiyetlerini sarsan bir hadise sonrasında izlerkitlenin müziği algılama ve değerlendirme süreçlerinin nasıl etkilendiğini sorgulamaktadır. Bu kapsamda müziğin sanatçıdan ne denli ayrı alımlanabildiği ve olası müziği sanatçıdan ayırma girişimlerinde benimsenen tutumlar, eylemler ve uygulanan stratejilerin neler olduğu incelenir. İzlerkitlenin ve sanatçının beraber rol oynadığı sanatçı-müzik arasındaki fiziksel bağ yani “otantikleştirme olarak otantisite” üzerinde etraflıca durulur. Burada bir yazar olarak sanatçıya yönelik otantisite inşası süreci, günümüz postmodern dünyasında yazar gücünün güncelliği çerçevesinde irdelenir. Çalışma, çeşitli tarihsel ve güncel örnekleri ikincil kaynaklarla yorumlayan nitel metodolojiye sahiptir. Sonuç olarak Barthes ve Foucault’nun metaforik düzeyde ölümünü ilan ettikleri yazarın ve hatta yazarlığın hususi dışavurumu olarak yıldızlığın (stardom), metinlerin yorumlanmasında güçlü konum arz ettiği ve çokanlamlılığın parçası olabildiği ileri sürülür. Ayrıca hayali bir etkilenme eşiğinin (threshold of fascination) aşımı sonrasında sanatçıya dair olumsuz biyografik malumatların “deneyim etkisini” kaçınılmaz kılabileceği, müziği sanatçıdan ayırma gayretlerinin de anlam ve haz kayıplarını beraberinde getirebileceği savunulmaktadır

    Öğretim programını sınıfa uyarlama eğitiminin fen bilimleri öğretmenlerine ve öğrencilerine etkileri üzerine bir karma yöntem araştırması

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    Öğretmenlerin öğretim programlarını okul bağlamı, öğrenci ihtiyaçları, ulusal sınavlar gibi etkenler doğrultusunda uyarladığı bilinen bir olgudur. Bununla birlikte uyarlamaların verimliliği ve öğrencilere etkileri konusunda önemli bir araştırma eksiği vardır. Dahası, önceki araştırmalarda mesleki gelişim programları yoluyla öğretmenlerin uyarlama becerilerindeki değişim ele alınsa da, öğretmen ve öğrenciler üzerindeki etkileri konusunda yeterli bir bilgi yoktur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, uzun soluklu bir mesleki gelişim programı yoluyla fen bilimleri öğretmenlerinin program uyarlama becerilerini geliştirmek, bu gelişimin öğrencilere ve öğretmenlere etkilerini belirlemek; araştırmacılara, öğretmenlere, yöneticilere, mesleki gelişim programlarına yönelik öneriler sunmaktır. Araştırmada karma yöntem desenlerinden müdahale deseni tercih edilmiş, öğretim programlarını sınıfa uyarlamaya yönelik bir mesleki gelişim programı iki farklı şekilde yürütülmüştür. Buna göre müdahale 1 grubundaki öğretmenlere (n=10) beş günlük çalıştayın ardından 15 haftalık izleme-destekleme çalışmaları, müdahale 2 grubundaki öğretmenlere (n=20) sadece beş günlük çalıştay uygulanmış, kontrol grubundaki öğretmenlere (n=30) ise müdahale edilmemiştir. Böylece çalışmaya 2022-2023 eğitim öğretim yılında Antalya'dan 60 fen bilgisi öğretmeni ve onların sınıflarında öğrenim gören 1316 öğrenci dahil edilmiştir. Müdahale 1 grubunda yer alan öğretmenlere dönem başı ve sonunda program uyarlama örüntüleri ölçeği, öğretme motivasyonu ölçeği, öğretmen özyeterlik ölçeği uygulanmış; öğrencilerinden ise fen bilimleri erişi testi ile fen öğrenme motivasyonu ölçeğini yanıtlamaları istenmiştir. Ayrıca yansıtma toplantılarının kayıtları, ders planları, sınıf gözlemleri, odak grup görüşmeleri, verimli program uyarlama rubriği ve alan notları aracılığıyla nitel veriler toplanmıştır. Müdahale 2 grubu ve kontrol grubunda yer alan öğretmenlere de aynı ölçme araçları ilk gruptaki zaman aralıkları çerçevesinde uygulanmış, öğrencilerinden de aynı ölçme araçlarıyla veri toplanmıştır. Nicel veriler için ANCOVA ve HLM analizi, nitel veriler için tematik analiz yapılmıştır. Bulgulara göre, öğretmenlerin motivasyonları ve özyeterlikleri açısından müdahale 1 grubu lehine anlamlı farklılıklar elde edilmiştir. İzleme-destekleme çalışmalarına katılan müdahale 1 grubu öğretmenlerinin program uyarlama becerilerinde artış görülmüştür. Müdahale 1, müdahale 2 ve kontrol grubunda yer alan öğretmenlerin öğrencileri karşılaştırıldığında, hem fen bilimleri erişi testi puanları hem de fen öğrenme motivasyonu açısından (ilk grup lehine) anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Üstelik müdahale 1 grubu öğretmenlerinin sınıflarında öğrenim gören öğrencilerin fen bilimleri erişilerindeki artışın %81'inin, öğretmenlerin programı verimli bir şekilde uyarlamalarından kaynaklandığı; verimli uyarlamalar arttıkça öğrencilerin fen bilimleri erişisinde de anlamlı düzeyde artışlar ortaya çıktığı belirlenmiştir. Dolayısıyla programı sınıfa uyarlamaya yönelik mesleki gelişim programı kapsamında yürütülen izleme-destekleme çalışmalarına katılan müdahale 1 grubu öğretmenlerinin programı uyarlama becerilerinin arttığı ve verimli uyarlamalar yaptığı, bu uyarlamaların da öğrenci başarısına önemli katkılar sağladığı görülmüştür. Nitel bulgular da bu grupta yer alan öğretmenlerin uzun süreli mesleki gelişim etkinlikleri sayesinde öğrendiklerini sınıfta uyguladıklarını, dayanışma sağladıklarını ve programı sınıfa verimli bir şekilde uyarlama konusunda geliştiklerini göstermektedir. Ayrıca mesleki gelişim programı kapsamında yürütülen izleme- destekleme çalışmalarının geri bildirimlerden yararlanma ve verimli uyarlama farkındalığı geliştirme konusunda önemli katkıları olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bulgular doğrultusunda, uzun soluklu mesleki gelişim programlarının öğretmenlere ve öğrencilere daha fazla katkı sağlaması adına öneriler geliştirilmiştir.It is a well-known fact that teachers adapt curricula in accordance with contextual factors such as school settings, student needs, and high-stakes exams. However, there is a significant research gap regarding the productivitiy of such adaptations and their impact on students. Moreover, while previous studies have addressed changes in teachers' curriculum adaptation skills through professional development (PD), there is insufficient evidence concerning the effects of these changes on both teachers and students. The aim of this study is to enhance science teachers' curriculum adaptation skills through a long-term PD, to investigate the effects of this development on both teachers and students, and to provide recommendations for researchers, teachers, administrators, and PD designers. A mixed methods intervention design was adopted in the study. The PD program for adapting curricula was implemented in two different formats. In the first intervention group (n = 10), teachers participated in a five-day workshop, followed by a 15-week follow-up period. In the second intervention group (n=20), teachers attended only the five-day workshop. Teachers in the control group (n=30) received no intervention. In total, 60 science teachers and 1,316 students from their classrooms in Antalya during the 2022–2023 academic year participated in the study. Teachers in the first intervention group completed the Curriculum Adaptation Patterns Scale, Teaching Motivation Scale, and Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale at the beginning and end of the semester. Their students responded to a science achievement test and a science learning motivation scale. Additionally, qualitative data were collected through reflection meeting recordings, lesson plans, classroom observations, focus group interviews, the Productive Curriculum Adaptation Rubric, and field notes. The same instruments and data collection timeline were applied to the second intervention and control groups. Quantitative data were analyzed using ANCOVA and HLM, while qualitative data were examined using thematic analysis. According to the findings, significant differences were obtained in favor of the intervention 1 group in terms of teachers' motivation and self-efficacy. The curriculum adaptation skills of the teachers in the Intervention 1 group increased. When the students of teachers in the Intervention 1, Intervention 2 and Control groups were compared, significant differences were found in terms of both science achievement test scores and science learning motivation (in favour of the Intervention 1 group). Furthermore, it was found that 81% of the improvement in students' science achievement in the first intervention group could be attributed to productive curriculum adaptation by their teachers. As productive adaptations increased, students' science achievement also showed statistically significant gains. Thus, it was concluded that the curriculum adaptation skills of the teachers who participated in the PD with follow-up improved, and they made more productive adaptations, which in turn significantly contributed to student achievement. Qualitative findings also indicated that teachers in this group implemented what they learned in the classroom, developed a sense of collaboration, and improved their ability to productively adapt the curriculum through long-term professional learning experiences. Additionally, the follow-up activities in the PD program contributed significantly to teachers' use of feedback and their awareness of productive curriculum adaptation. Based on the findings, several recommendations were developed to enhance the benefits of long-term PD for both teachers and students

    Prevalence and Prognosis of Glaucoma/Elevated Intraocular Pressure in Patients with Uveitis

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    Objectives To evaluate the prevalence and clinical course of elevated intraocular pressure (EIP) and glaucoma in different types of uveitis. Materials and Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for patients who were treated for any kind of uveitis at Ege University Ophthalmology Department between January 2003 and January 2023. Patients with transient/persistent increase in intraocular pressure (IOP), who were already under treatment with antiglaucoma medications at the initial examination, or who were diagnosed with glaucoma during follow-up were included. Demographic features, uveitis type, time between uveitis and glaucoma/EIP diagnoses, topical and systemic treatments for uveitis, and antiglaucoma medications and surgeries were recorded. Results A total of 2176 patient files (1206 anterior uveitis [AU], 247 intermediate uveitis [IU], 165 posterior uveitis [PU], 558 panuveitis [PanU]) were reviewed and 594 eyes of 440 (20.2%) patients (205 female, 235 male) were included in the study (292 eyes with AU, 80 eyes with IU, 44 eyes with PU, and 178 eyes with PanU). Glaucoma was observed in 220 eyes (37.0%) and EIP in 374 eyes (63.0%). Glaucoma was present in 120 eyes with AU, 23 eyes with IU, 13 eyes with PU, and 64 eyes with PanU. IOP was controlled with medical treatment in 458 eyes (77.1%) while glaucoma surgery/laser was needed in 113 eyes (19.0%). No treatment was required for 23 eyes (3.9%). Conclusion The prevalence rate of glaucoma/EIP was 20.2%. Glaucoma was most observed in eyes with AU (41.1%), while EIP was most common with IU (71.2%)

    İzmir ilinde bazı dış mekan süs bitkilerinde sorun olan Pythium ve Phytophthora türlerinin saptanması ve savaşımı üzerine araştırmalar

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    Bu tez çalışmasında süs bitkisi üretiminde en büyük paya sahip olan İzmir ilinde, bazı çalı formlu dış mekân süs bitkilerinde kök ve kök boğazı çürüklüğüne neden olan Pythium ve Phytophthora türleri belirlenmiş, morfolojik ve moleküler yöntemlerle tanılamaları ve karakterizasyonları yapılmış, izole edilen türlerin duyarlı bitki olduğu bilinen lavantada ve kendi konukçuları üzerinde hastalık oluşturma yetenekleri test edilmiş ve en virulent bulunan türlere karşı mücadele uygulamaları yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla, İzmir ilinde Balçova, Bayındır, Ödemiş, Tire, Torbalı ve Urla ilçelerinde süs bitkileri üretimi yapan 35 farklı fidanlıkta surveyler yapılmıştır. Surveyler sonucunda hastalık belirtisi gösteren toplam 143 bitki ve 19 toprak olmak üzere toplam 162 örnek incelenmiştir. Yapılan izolasyonlar sonucunda toplam 75 izolat elde edilmiş ve çalışmalara 32 izolat ile devam edilmiştir. Elde edilen 32 izolat morfolojik ve moleküler teknikler kullanılarak ayrıntılı bir şekilde tanılanmıştır. Ayrıca, bu izolatlar için detaylı olarak moleküler karakterizasyon ve filogenetik analizler yapılmıştır. Tanılama, karakterizasyon ve filogenetik analizler sonucunda izolatlar Phytophthora nicotianae, P. palmivora, P. cryptogea; Pythium irregulare, Py. intermedium, Py. cylindrosporum, Py. yorkense; Phytopythium vexans, Pp. mercuriale ve Pp. litorale olarak belirlenmiştir. Tüm türler ilk olarak lavanta bitkisinin kök bölgesine inokule edilerek patojenisiteleri araştırılmıştır. Patojenisitesi %66,67 üzerinde çıkan izolatlar, kendi konukçu bitkilerinde tekrar patojenisitelerine alınmıştır. Patojenisite testleri sonucunda en virulent türlerin P. nicotianae (Tr10), P. palmivora (Url6) ve Pp. vexans (Tr5) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada virulent bulunan türlere yönelik mücadele çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Azoxystrobin+oxathiapiprolin ve mefenoxam 3 patojen için de (P. nicotianae, P. palmivora ve Pp. vexans) etkililik gösteren aktif maddeler olmuştur. Ek olarak P. nicotianae ve Pp. vexans için thiophonate methyl+etridiazole; P. palmivora için fosforoz asit+ametroctadin; Pp. vexans için ise T. harzianum strain T-22 aktif maddeleri hastalığı engellemede etkili bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma, çalı formlu dış mekân süs bitkilerinde kök ve kök boğazı çürüklüğüne neden olan Pythium, Phytophthora ve Phytopythium türleri üzerine yapılan en detaylı ve kapsamlı çalışmalardan olup, ilk çalışma olma niteliğindedirIn this thesis, Pythium and Phytophthora species causing root and crown rot in some shrub-formed outdoor ornamental plants in İzmir province, which has the largest share in ornamental plant production, were determined, identified and characterised by morphological and molecular techniques, the ability of the isolated species to cause disease on lavender, which is known to be a susceptible plant, and on their own hosts were tested and control applications were made against the most virulent species. For this purpose, surveys were carried out in 35 different nurseries producing ornamental plants in Balcova, Bayındır, Odemis, Tire, Torbalı and Urla districts of İzmir province. As a result of the surveys, a total of 162 samples, including 143 plants and 19 soils, showing disease symptoms were analysed. As a result of the isolations, a total of 75 isolates were obtained and the studies were continued with 32 isolates. The 32 isolates were identified in detail using morphological and molecular techniques. In addition, detailed molecular characterisation and phylogenetic analyses were performed for these isolates. As a result of identification, characterisation and phylogenetic analyses, the isolates were identified as Phytophthora nicotianae, P. palmivora, P. cryptogea; Pythium irregulare, Py. intermedium, Py. cylindrosporum, Py. yorkense; Phytopythium vexans, Pp. mercuriale and Pp. litorale. All species were first inoculated into the root zone of lavender plant and their pathogenicity was investigated. Isolates with pathogenicity above 66.67% were re-examined for pathogenicity on their host plants. As a result of the pathogenicity tests, it was determined that the most virulent species were P. nicotianae (Tr10), P. palmivora (Url6) and Pp. vexans (Tr5). In the last step of the study, control activities were carried out for the most virulent species. Azoxystrobin+oxathiapiprolin and mefenoxam were the active substances effective for 3 pathogen species (P. nicotianae, P. palmivora and Pp. vexans). In addition, thiophonate methyl+etridiazole for P.nicotianae and Pp.vexans, phosphorose acid+ametroctadine for P.palmivora and T.harzianum strain T-22 for Pp.vexans were found to be effective in preventing the disease. This study is one of the most detailed and comprehensive studies on Pythium, Phytophthora and Phytopythium species causing root and crown rot in shrub-formed outdoor ornamental plants

    Comparative anti-methanogenic ability of green algae (C. reinhardtii) with/without nanoparticles: in vitro gas and methane production

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    Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate how in vitro gas production (GP) and ruminal fermentation characteristics were affected by increasing concentrations of green algae plant (C. reinhardtii) extracts in combination with nanoparticles MgO and MgS. Methods: A solution containing 0.1 M MgCl2 was prepared in 300 mL for the green production of MgCl nanoparticles. The mixture was refluxed for two hours at 85°C using a reflux condenser after 10 mL of pomegranate plant extract was added. The green algal plant (C. reinhardtii), which has many non-toxic antioxidants, was used as a carbon source to produce carbon quantum dots (CQD). Chemical analysis was conducted in accordance with AOAC (2005) recommendations. Rumen fluid from recently slaughtered calves is used to produce in vitro gas immediately following slaughter. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the obtained data from the in vitro study in a completely randomized design using the mixed model of SAS (version 9.4; Inc., Cary NC, USA). Results and Discussion: The variance analysis results and the average values of the chemical compositions were significantly influenced by the extracts (all p < 0.0001). In this line, the values of net gas, pH, OMD, ME, NEl, and ME were found to be the highest for Algae + 50 MgO and the lowest for Algae + 50 MgS, respectively (all p < 0.0001). These promising results imply that extracts from C. Reinhardtii may be able to mitigate the adverse consequences of rumen fermentation. To precisely ascertain the impact particular Rhodophyta on greenhouse gas emissions, additional investigation is needed. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved

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