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Optimization of Spirulina-Enriched Vegan Cake Formulation Using Response Surface Methodology
No full textVegan lifestyle is gaining momentum across the globe due to its environmental effects and health benefits. In parallel with the increasing diet trends, the demand for vegan bakery products is increasing. Since vegan bakery products generally have low protein and bioactive compound content, they have little nutritional contribution to the daily diet of vegan individuals. In light of this, a study was conducted to develop a vegan cake formulation enriched with Spirulina to improve the physical, nutritional, and sensory properties of the product. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimum formulation for the production of Spirulina-enriched vegan cakes. The effects of Spirulina content (5-15 g), sugar content (90-110 g), flour content (90-110 g), and fat content (25-40 g) on some chemical, physical, and sensory properties of vegan cakes were investigated. It was found that the amount of Spirulina, the amount of sugar, the amount of flour, and the amount of fat could significantly affect the responses (p < 0.05). The optimum values for the independent variables were 11.965 g Spirulina, 106.206 g sugar, 110 g flour, and 25 g oil. The optimum formulation confirmed the fit of the regression models. In the optimum formulation of vegan cake enriched with Spirulina, baking loss was found to be 11.22%, hardness to be 43.96 N, Lcrumb* value to be 37.54, L-crust* value to be 41.94, protein content to be 4.2%, total phenolic content to be 186.475 mg GAE/100 g DW, ABTS antioxidant activity to be 15.5679 mu mol TE/100 g DW, and overall acceptability value to be 8.2. It is thought that vegan cake enriched with Spirulina can create a new trend for vegan individuals. Additionally, the developed product stands out as a nutritious alternative to vegan cakes on the bakery market
MCF10A ve MDA-MB-231 hücre hatlarında HN1 ifadesinin Proteozom’a etkisinin incelenmesi
No full textÖnceki yapılan çalışmalarda bildirildiği üzere HN1 (Hematolojik ve Nörolojik ifade edilen dizi 1), normal hücrelere oranla tümör örneklerinde ve tümör hücre hatlarında yüksek düzeyde ifade edilmektedir. Mayalar hariç, ökaryotik tüm hücrelerde übikütöz olarak ifade edilen bu genin hücrelerdeki işlevlerine ilişkin bilgilerimiz halen sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmada, normal epitel meme dokusundan elde edilmiş olan MCF10A ve meme kanseri hücre hattı olan MDA-MB231 hücreleri kullanılarak, HN1'in konvansiyonel hücre kültür ortamında endozomal ve sentrozomal yerleşimini araştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, uygun kültür koşullarında sürekli olarak bakımı yapılan MCF10A ve MDA-MB231 hücreleri lentiviruslarla transgenik hale getirilmiştir. Hücrelerde HN1 ifadesi pCW57.1-HM-HN1 vektörü ile arttırılmış ve ayrıca shHN1vektörü kullanılarak ifadesi baskılanmıştır. Değiştirilmiş HN1 ifadesi durumunda sentrozomal proteinlerin hücre içi yerleşimleri ve ifade seviyeleri immünoflöresan mikroskopi ve immünoblotlama (western blot) yöntemleriyle incelenmiştir. Transgenik MCF10A ve MDA-MB231 hücrelerinde artan ve azalan HN1'in etkisiyle, ökaryotik hücrelerde ana mikrotübül organize edici merkezler olarak tanımlanan (MTOC) sentrozomlarda fosfo-PLK1 lokalizasyonlarında yapısal ve sentrozomların sayılarında önemli değişiklikler saptanmıştır. Ayrıca ana mikrotübül sentezinin merkezleri olan sentrozomlardan yayılan iğ ipliklerinin görünümlerinde de değişiklikler olduğu, B-tübülin ifadelerinin değiştiği gözlenmiştir. HN1 ifadesindeki değişikliklerin ökaryotik hücrelerde önemli bir bölünme bileşeni olduğu, sentrozomların yapısal kararlılığı için gerekli olduğu, yokluğu ya da azlığı koşullarında mikrotübül dinamiğinin etkilendiği, ayrıca hücre döngüsü sürelerinin değiştiği bu durumun mikrotübül ağının yapılanması ile ilgili olabileceği ileri sürülmüştür. Araştırma, ökaryotik hücrelerde HN1'in sentrozomun bir bileşeni olarak hücre bölünmesinde gerekli olduğunu ortaya koyması açısından bilimsel özgünlükte veriler sunmakta olup, ilerideki araştırmalara ışık tutacak niteliktedir.As reported in previous studies, HN1 (Hematological and Neurological Expressed Sequence 1) is expressed at higher levels in tumor samples and tumor cell lines compared to normal cells. The function of this gene, which is ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells except yeast, has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, the aim was to investigate the endosomal and centrosomal localization of HN1 in MCF10A cells, derived from normal epithelial breast tissue, and in MDA-MB231 cells, a breast cancer cell line, under conventional cell culture conditions. MCF10A and MDA-MB231 cells, maintained in suitable culture conditions, were transduced with lentiviruses to become transgenic. In these cells, HN1 expression was upregulated with the pCW57.1-HM-HN1 vector and suppressed using the shHN1 vector. Under conditions of altered HN1 expression, the localization and expression levels of centrosomal proteins were examined. The effects of HN1 in this study were tested using immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting (western blot) techniques. With the effect of increasing and decreasing HN1 in transgenic MCF10A and MDA-MB-231 cells, significant changes were detected in the structural and number of centrosomes in phospho-PLK1 localizations in centrosomes, which are defined as the main microtubule organizing centers (MTOC) in eukaryotic cells. It was also observed that there were changes in the appearance of spindle fibers emanating from centrosomes, which are the main centers of microtubule synthesis, and that B-tubulin expressions changed. It was suggested that changes in HN1 expression are essential for the structural stability of centrosomes, an important component of cell division in eukaryotic cells, and that its absence or reduction affects microtubule dynamics, possibly influencing cell cycle durations related to microtubule network organization. This research holds scientific originality by revealing the role of HN1 as a component of the centrosome necessary for cell division in eukaryotic cells, thereby providing insight for future studies
Use of CO2 fractional ablative laser in the treatment of cervical erosion
No full textAmaç: Servikal erozyon veya servikal ektropiyon, endoservikal hücrelerin, vajinal kısmın dışına yerleşmesidir. Son zamanlarda servikal erozyon tedavisinde CO2 lazer kullanılmaya başlanılmıştır Çalışmanın amacı servikal erozyonların lazer tedavi sonuçlarını araştırmak, tedavi sonuçlarını ortaya koymak, lazer tekniğinin daha modern ve diğer tedavi tekniklerinden daha sağlıklı, faydalı ola bileceğini kanıtlamaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Merkezi Gömrük Hospitalı Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum bölümünde yaptığımız araştırmada servikal erozyon teşhisi konulan 26 kadın hasta incelenmeye alındı. 26 hastanın 24’ünde servikal erozyon, 2 hastada CIN I tanısı konulmuştur. Çalışma Ekim 2023-Ağustos 2024 tarihleri arasında lazer tedavisi gören hastaları kapsamaktadır. Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen servikal erozyonu olan 26 hasta CO2 lazer ile tedavi olunmuştur. Tedavi sırasında CO2 lazer gücü 2,5-4 W aralığında uygulanmıştır. İşlem sonrasında 26 hastada bir hafta boyunca hafif vajinal akıntıları olmuş, CO2 lazer tedavisinden 4 hafta sonra kontrole çağırılmış, hastalardan 2-sinde (%8) servikal hiperemi izlenilmiştir. Diğer 24 hastanın (%92) serviksinde tam iyileşme kaydedilmiştir. Sonuç: CO2 lazer poliklinikte kolay uygulanan, seans süresi kısa, güvenilir ve kabul edilebilir bir tedavi yöntemidir. Doğru ayarlanan seans sayı ve dozda uygulanan lazer tedavisi servikste, vajina duvarlarında hızlı hücre yenilenmesini, aynı zamanda kolay iyileşmeyi sağlar. CO2 lazer minimal invaziv, ağrısız, kolay uygulanabilmesi, yüksek etkinliği ve kısa seans süresi nedeniyle modern jinekolojide yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır.Aim: Cervical erosion or cervical ectropion refers to the presence of endocervical cells on the vaginal portion of the cervix. Recently, CO2 laser has been introduced as a treatment for cervical erosion. The aim of this study is to investigate the treatment outcomes of cervical erosions with laser therapy, highlight the results, and demonstrate that the laser technique could be healthier and more beneficial compared to other treatment methods. Materials and Methods: In our study conducted at the Women's Health and Obstetrics Department of the Central Customs Hospital, 26 female patients diagnosed with cervical erosion were examined. Cervical erosion was diagnosed in 24 patients, and CIN I was diagnosed in 2 patients. The study includes patients who received laser treatment between October 2023 and August 2024. Results: A total of 26 patients with cervical erosion were treated with CO2 laser. The CO2 laser power was applied in the range of 2.5-4 W during the procedure. After the treatment, all 26 patients experienced mild vaginal discharge for one week. The patients were called for a follow-up 4 weeks after the CO2 laser treatment, and 2 patients (%8) exhibited cervical hyperemia. Complete healing was observed in the cervix of the remaining 24 patients (%92). Conclusion: CO2 laser is a reliable, acceptable, and easy-to-apply treatment method in outpatient settings with a short session duration. Laser treatment, when applied with the correct number of sessions and proper dosage, facilitates rapid cell regeneration and easy healing in the cervix and vaginal walls. Due to its minimal invasiveness, pain-free application, high efficacy, and short session duration, CO2 laser is widely used in modern gynecology
Foton duyar nanolif-metal kontrollü ilaç salım sistemlerinin hazırlanması ve aktivitelerinin incelenmesi
No full textDünya çapında kadınlarda en sık görülen meme kanserinin tedavisinde kullanılan kemoterapik ilaçlardan biri olan Dozetaksel (Doc)'in yan etkilerini azaltıp, etkinliğini arttırmak için Dozetaksel, Heparin (HP) ve Fe3O4 nanopartikülleri yüklü PLA:Gel bikomponent çekirdek:kabuk nanoliflerinin hazırlanması bu tez çalışmasında hedeflenmiştir. Elektro-eğirme yöntemiyle hazırlanma koşulları optimize edilerek akış hızı PLA için 0,4 ml/sa, Gel için 1,2 ml/sa, voltaj 10 kV ve toplayıcıya uzaklığı 10 cm olarak belirlenmiştir. Kütlece % 45:55 PLA:Gel nanoliflerine kütlece % 2, 3 ve 5 oranlarında Doc (nanolifin çekirdek kısmı) ve HP (nanolifin kabuk kısmı) etkin maddeleri tekli ve ikili yüklenerek pH 3, 5,5 ve 7,4 ortamlarında, 37 °C'de in-vitro salım çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Nanoliflerin çekirdek kısmında bulunan Dozetaksel'in yaklaşık 80 saat gibi uzun bir sürede yavaş yavaş saldığı, buna karşın kabuk kısmındaki HP etkin maddesinin yaklaşık 10 saatte maksimum salım kapasitesine ulaştığı gözlemlenmiştir. İkili ilaç yüklü (DocHP) nanoliflerinin ilaç salımının, tekli ilaç yüklenmiş nanolifler ile benzer olduğu ve nanolif yapısındaki ilaç yükleme yüzdesi arttıkça daha fazla etkin madde salabildiği tespit edilmiştir. Nanoliflerin ilaç salım profillerini radyofrekans (RF) ile kontrol edebilmek için Doc ve HP yüklü nanolif yapısına kütlece % 30 Fe3O4 nanopartikülleri nanolifin çekirdek ve kabuk kısımlarına yüklenerek hazırlanmıştır. 15 dk RF uygulanarak Doc ve HP salımları incelenmiş ve RF uygulaması sonucu nanoliflerin ısınması ile yapılarındaki ilaç etkin maddelerinin salım hızlarının arttığı belirlenmiştir. Hazırlanan ilaç yüklü % 45:55 PLA:Gel nanoliflerinin MCF-7 meme kanser hücresi üzerindeki toksisitesi belirlenmiştir ve 72 saat sonunda 2 mg % 5 DocHP yüklü nanolifin en fazla kanser hücresini inhibe ettiği sonucuna varılmıştır.Tez NoİndirmeTez KünyeDurumu 92983717.08.2025 tarihine kadar kullanımı yazar tarafından kısıtlanmıştır. Foton duyar nanolif-metal kontrollü ilaç salım sistemlerinin hazırlanması ve aktivitelerinin incelenmesi / Preparation of photon-sensitive nanofiber-metal controlled drug release systems and investigation of their activities Yazar:SALİH CAN SUNER Danışman: PROF. DR. YELİZ YILDIRIM ; PROF. DR. AYHAN ORAL Yer Bilgisi: Ege Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Kimya Ana Bilim Dalı Konu:Kimya = Chemistry ; Polimer Bilim ve Teknolojisi = Polymer Science and Technology Dizin:Onaylandı Doktora Türkçe 2025 236 s. Dünya çapında kadınlarda en sık görülen meme kanserinin tedavisinde kullanılan kemoterapik ilaçlardan biri olan Dozetaksel (Doc)'in yan etkilerini azaltıp, etkinliğini arttırmak için Dozetaksel, Heparin (HP) ve Fe3O4 nanopartikülleri yüklü PLA:Gel bikomponent çekirdek:kabuk nanoliflerinin hazırlanması bu tez çalışmasında hedeflenmiştir. Elektro-eğirme yöntemiyle hazırlanma koşulları optimize edilerek akış hızı PLA için 0,4 ml/sa, Gel için 1,2 ml/sa, voltaj 10 kV ve toplayıcıya uzaklığı 10 cm olarak belirlenmiştir. Kütlece % 45:55 PLA:Gel nanoliflerine kütlece % 2, 3 ve 5 oranlarında Doc (nanolifin çekirdek kısmı) ve HP (nanolifin kabuk kısmı) etkin maddeleri tekli ve ikili yüklenerek pH 3, 5,5 ve 7,4 ortamlarında, 37 °C'de in-vitro salım çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Nanoliflerin çekirdek kısmında bulunan Dozetaksel'in yaklaşık 80 saat gibi uzun bir sürede yavaş yavaş saldığı, buna karşın kabuk kısmındaki HP etkin maddesinin yaklaşık 10 saatte maksimum salım kapasitesine ulaştığı gözlemlenmiştir. İkili ilaç yüklü (DocHP) nanoliflerinin ilaç salımının, tekli ilaç yüklenmiş nanolifler ile benzer olduğu ve nanolif yapısındaki ilaç yükleme yüzdesi arttıkça daha fazla etkin madde salabildiği tespit edilmiştir. Nanoliflerin ilaç salım profillerini radyofrekans (RF) ile kontrol edebilmek için Doc ve HP yüklü nanolif yapısına kütlece % 30 Fe3O4 nanopartikülleri nanolifin çekirdek ve kabuk kısımlarına yüklenerek hazırlanmıştır. 15 dk RF uygulanarak Doc ve HP salımları incelenmiş ve RF uygulaması sonucu nanoliflerin ısınması ile yapılarındaki ilaç etkin maddelerinin salım hızlarının arttığı belirlenmiştir. Hazırlanan ilaç yüklü % 45:55 PLA:Gel nanoliflerinin MCF-7 meme kanser hücresi üzerindeki toksisitesi belirlenmiştir ve 72 saat sonunda 2 mg % 5 DocHP yüklü nanolifin en fazla kanser hücresini inhibe ettiği sonucuna varılmıştır. The aim of the thesis is to prepare PLA:Gel bicomponent core:shell nanofibers loaded with Dozetaxel (Doc), Heparin (HP) and Fe3O4 nanoparticles to reduce the side effects and increase the effectiveness of Doc, which is used in the treatment of breast cancer. Electrospinning conditions were determined as flow rate 0.4 ml/h for PLA, 1.2 ml/h for Gel, voltage 10 kV and distance to the collector 10 cm. In-vitro release studies were carried out at 37 °C at pH 3, 5.5 and 7.4 by single and dual loading of Doc (core part of nanofiber) and HP (shell part of nanofiber) active substances at 2 %, 3 % and 5 wt % into 45:55 wt % PLA:Gel nanofibers. It was observed that Doc in the core part of the nanofibers was released slowly over a long period of about 80 hours, whereas the HP in the shell part reached its maximum release capacity in about 10 hours. It was found that the drug release of dual drug loaded (DocHP) nanofibers was similar to that of single drug loaded nanofibers and as the percentage of drug loading in the nanofiber structure increased, more active substance could be released. In order to control the drug release profiles of nanofibers by radiofrequency (RF), 30 wt % Fe3O4 nanoparticles were loaded into the core and shell parts of the nanofibers. It was determined that the release rates of the drugs increased with the heating of the nanofibers by applied RF for 15 minutes. The toxicity of the prepared drug loaded 45:55% PLA:Gel nanofibers on MCF-7 breast cancer cells was determined and it was concluded that 2 mg of 5% DocHP loaded nanofiber inhibited the most cancer cells at the end of 72 hours
Time-Varying Betas and Effects of Data Frequency and Estimation Window Preferences: Case of Istanbul Stock Exchange
No full textIn this study, we analyzed the changes in Beta over time for the leading indexes of Borsa Istanbul (XU100, XUHIZ, XUMAL, XUSIN, XUTEK) across 5-10 year and 15-year intervals from 2008 to 2023. We utilized Rolling regression and Recursive regression methods to estimate the fluctuations in Beta over time and compared the performance of these estimation techniques. To evaluate the effect of the estimation window length on Beta, we incorporated daily and weekly estimation windows of various lengths: 252 days, 126 days, 52 weeks, and 26 weeks. Additionally, we examined how data frequency affects Beta estimation using daily and weekly datasets. Our analysis showed that the Rolling regression method consistently outperformed the recursive method. Moreover, we found that employing daily datasets, instead of monthly datasets, significantly enhanced Beta forecast performance. We also found that a 126-day window is the most effective length for the estimation window
Anatomical structures of the obturator foramen and its importance for pelvic interventıons
No full textBackgroundIn clinical scenarios such as pelvic fractures, damage to the obturator neurovascular bundle, obturator neuropraxia, and mesh placement in patients with incontinence, preserving the anatomical structures related to the obturator foramen (OF) is crucial. This study aims to investigate the anatomical variations of the OF as a guide for identifying failure criteria and improving success parameters in clinical practice.MethodsThe OFs of one hundred adult dry pelvic bones were examined. Measurements were evaluated using ImageJ software. The morphology of the OF and the presence of bony projections on the inner surface of the foramen were assessed.ResultsThe anterior-posterior length was 5.24 +/- 0.8 cm on the right and 5.17 +/- 0.87 cm on the left. The superior-inferior length was 4.69 +/- 1.83 cm on the right and 4.66 +/- 1.69 cm on the left. The anterior-posterior vertical angle was 98.21 +/- 9.95 degrees on the right and 98.48 +/- 13.9 degrees on the left; the superior-inferior horizontal angle was 90.7 +/- 10.95 degrees on the right and 97.56 +/- 9.42 degrees on the left. The OF was categorized into six distinct types: quadrilateral (23%), ellipsoid (22%), and oval (17%). The ellipsoid-type OF showed a greater anterior-posterior length compared to the other types, while the triangular-type OF exhibited a greater symphysis pubis length. Notably, bony projections on the anterior edge of the inner surface of the OF were observed in 33% of cases. Additionally, bony projections on the posterior edge of the OF were described for the first time.ConclusionIn cases where OF is narrow and variable, and where bony projections are present on its inner surface, performing an osteotomy may help protect the obturator neurovascular bundle
De-escalation of Endocrine Therapy in Patients with Ductal Carcinoma In Situ After Mastectomy
No full text[Abstract Not Acaileble
HLA B subtype analysis in patients developing tuberculosis during anti-TNF treatment
No full textIn this study, we aimed to evaluate HLA-B subtypes in cases developing TB while using anti-TNF agents and to compare with the HLA-B subtypes of three different groups including community-acquired TB cases, anti-TNF patients without TB and healthy controls. The study consisted of four groups. Group 1: 35 community-acquired TB patients, group 2; 47 anti-TNF-TB patients, group 3; 61 anti-TNF (non TB) patients and group 4; 40 healthy controls. HLA-B subgroups were studied genetically from blood samples taken from the patients. Approval was received from the ethics committee. HLA-B typing was performed by using the LIFECODES HLA-B eRES SSO Typing SSO typing kit (Immucor, Stamford, CT, USA). Among HLA-B subtypes, significant differences between the four groups were found only for HLA-B5, HLA-B8, HLA-B27 and HLA-B38. Although frequency of HLA-B8 was highest in patients developing TB during anti-TNF treatment, significance was lost after Bonferoni correction. HLA-B27 was significantly higher in both anti-TNF groups, with and without TB, due to presence of patients with ankylosing spondylitis in those groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study analyzing HLA-B subtypes in anti-TNF patients developing TB. Although in literature HLA-B8 positivity was suggested to associate with or to confer a risk for community-acquired TB, we could not confirm this association in anti-TNF patients developing TB. However, further studies with larger number of patients from different ethnic groups are clearly needed to get the final word in this topic
Simplified Registration of Clinician-Important Traumatic Dental Injury Outcomes Using a New Index
No full textBackground/AimsTraumatic dental injuries (TDIs) can result in complications that may manifest long after the initial injury. Long-term follow-up is essential. Registration systems must be easy to use. This study aimed to describe and validate a simple registration system for clinician-important TDI outcomes as an index. Materials/MethodsThe clinical and radiological outcome findings were formulated with five digits in line with the Eden Baysal Dental Trauma Index. Twenty-five experts (n = 15 in a primary expert panel and n = 10 in a feedback panel) from seventeen countries participated in the validation process using the e-Delphi method. After two rounds to reach consensus, the second version of the proposed system was presented to the feedback group. The revised post-feedback version was re-evaluated by the primary experts. All experts commented freely and answered four questions on the system's use using a three-point Likert-scale. ResultsThe approved name of the proposed system is Eden Dental Trauma Outcome Index. The first digit reports the success of the restoration, and the second digit reports the healing type of root fracture. Coding the first two digits changed from Roman to Arabic numerals after the first round. The third digit records the external root resorption type with capitalised first letters of the two words describing the type. The fourth digit reports the maturity of the apex with lowercase first letters. The fifth digit records pulp status with Arabic numerals. Codes for unclear situations and tooth loss were added to all digits in the final version. All experts in the primary panel and 83.3% in the feedback panel reported that the index is practical but needs experience. ConclusionAfter four validation rounds, the Eden Dental Trauma Outcome Index for reporting clinician-important outcomes was approved for face and content validity and external validity
Maternal and newborn health inequality among Syrian refugees in Turkey: a systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textObjectiveIn this meta-analysis we explore significant health disparities in maternal and newborn health among Syrian refugees residing in Turkey.MethodThe study protocol was registered in PROSPERO. We conducted a comprehensive literature search across six databases, including sources in English and Turkish, as well as relevant UN agencies, covering the period from 2011 (the onset of the Syrian conflict) to September 2024. This research specifically targets Syrian mothers aged 15 to 49 who were either pregnant or had recently given birth in Turkey, including studies with observational cross-sectional or retrospective designs. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist. Statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.4.1.ResultOf 382 studies in English and Turkish, 29 papers, 2 reports and 1 postgraduate thesis were selected for full-text evaluation. Syrian migrants were more at risk of anemia in the third trimester of pregnancy [RR: 2.27 (95% CI: 1.57 to 3.32)], and had less access to antenatal care [RR: 0.39 (95% CI: 0.26 to 0.58)] and iron supplementation during pregnancy [RR: 0.69 (95% CI: 0.46 to 0.96)] compared to the native population. The risks of adolescent pregnancy [RR: 3.78 (95% CI: (3.06 to 4.88)] and home birth [RR: 3.68 (95% CI: (2.53 to 5.27)] were higher among migrants [RR: 3.78 (95% CI: (3.06to 4.88)]. Conversely, migration was an important factor in gestational diabetes [RR: 0.44 (95% CI: (0.21 to 0.90)] and newborn macrosomia [RR: 0.54 (95% CI: (0.50 to 0.58)] as well as preeclampsia [RR: 0.56 (95% CI: (0.32 to 0.98)].ConclusionOur data revealed that Syrian migrant mothers face a higher risk of anemia, limited access to antenatal care and iron supplements, and higher rates of adolescent pregnancies and home births compared to their native counterparts. However, migration appears to have a protective effect on gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. The results underscore the need for targeted health interventions and policies that address access to maternal healthcare services.Projekt DEALOpen Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. There is no financial support to do this study