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The role of environmental sensitivity and anxiety sensitivity in explaining individual differences in cyberchondria
No full textAnksiozna osjetljivost opisuje strah od simptoma anksioznosti zbog uvjerenja da ti simptomi mogu imati negativne posljedice na tjelesnu, psihičku ili socijalnu dobrobit pojedinca, dok osjetljivost na okolinu podrazumijeva lakoću primjećivanja informacija iz okoline te dubinu njihove obrade. Dok anksiozna osjetljivost opisuje podložnost podražajima „iznutra“, okolinska osjetljivost opisuje podložnost vanjskim podražajima. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odrediti prediktivnost faktora okolinske osjetljivosti (lakoća pobuđivanja, nizak osjetni prag i estetska osjetljivost) i faktora anksiozne osjetljivosti (tjelesne, psihičke i socijalne brige) za kiberohondriju. Podatci su prikupljeni online upitnikom, sudionici (N = 359) su bili dobnog raspona od 18 do 76 godina, a sudjelovalo je 77.2% žena (N = 277) . Rezultati su pokazali umjerenu korelaciju anksiozne i okolinske osjetljivosti (r = .55), te niske do umjerene korelacije među njihovim faktorima. Pri obradi podataka korištena je hijerarhijska regresijska analiza te je u prvom koraku uvrštena varijabla roda koja je objasnila 3.6% varijance kiberohondrije, a žene su bile sklonije kiberohondriji od muškaraca. U drugom koraku su dodana lakoća pobuđivanja i nizak osjetni prag koji su objasnili još 6.9% varijance, odnosno 10.5% ukupno, a lakoća pobuđivanja se pokazala kao samostalni prediktor kiberohondrije. U trećem koraku analize, dodani su faktori anksiozne osjetljivosti te je s njima dodatno objašnjeno još 12.6% varijance, odnosno 23.1% ukupne varijance kiberohondrije. Kao samostalni pozitivni prediktor su se pokazale tjelesne brige. Također je uvođenjem faktora anksiozne osjetljivosti, lakoća pobuđivanja prestala imati značajan samostalni doprinos predikciji, što upućuje na to da bi mogla objašnjavati isti dio varijance koji objašnjava i anksiozna osjetljivost.Anxiety sensitivity refers to the fear of anxiety symptoms due to beliefs that they may have negative physical, psychological, or social consequences, whereas environmental sensitivity reflects the tendency to notice and process external stimuli more intensely. While anxiety sensitivity represents responsiveness to internal cues, environmental sensitivity concerns external cues. The aim of this study was to examine the predictive value of dimensions of anxiety sensitivity (physical, cognitive, and social concerns) and environmental sensitivity (ease of excitation, low sensory threshold, and aesthetic sensitivity) in explaining cyberchondria. Data were collected via an online survey with 359 participants (aged 18–76 years), of whom 77.2% were women (N = 277) and 22.3% men (N = 80). Results indicated a moderate correlation between anxiety and environmental sensitivity (r = .55) and low-to-moderate correlations among their dimensions. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that gender explained 3.6% of the variance in cyberchondria, with women reporting higher levels. Environmental sensitivity accounted for an additional 6.9%, with ease of excitation emerging as a significant predictor. Adding anxiety sensitivity explained a further 12.6% (23.1% in total), with physical concerns as a significant positive predictor, while ease of excitation lost significance. These findings suggest that anxiety sensitivity, particularly physical concerns, plays a more prominent role than environmental sensitivity in predicting cyberchondria
Decolonization of museums : the case of Portugal
No full textDekolonizacija muzeologije i muzeja u suvremenom kontekstu podrazumijeva preispitivanje kolonijalnih narativa koji i dalje prevladavaju u muzejskim institucijama. Ona ne uključuje samo uklanjanje ili restituciju artefakata, već i dubinsku transformaciju načina na koji se baština interpretira – kroz promjene u upravljanju zbirkama, predstavljanju predmeta te aktivnom uključivanju zajednica porijekla. Cilj je stvoriti muzeje koji nisu samo prostori čuvanja, već i mjesta razumijevanja, priznavanja i prikazivanja stvarne i često potisnute povijesti, uz uvažavanje glasova autohtonih i marginaliziranih zajednica.
Portugalska kolonijalna baština povezana je s razdobljem kada je Portugal posjedovao kolonije u Africi, Južnoj Americi i Aziji. Tijekom tog vremena zemlja je stekla bogatstvo i kulturna dobra, koja su često u muzejima bila prikazivana kroz eurocentričnu, kolonijalnu perspektivu, zanemarujući vrijednosti i kontekste zajednica iz kojih potječu. U Portugalu, kao i u drugim zemljama s kolonijalnom prošlošću, dekolonizacija muzeologije otvara važno pitanje kako danas interpretirati predmete povezane s traumatičnom prošlošću, uključujući pljačku kulturne baštine i trgovinu robljem. Također se raspravlja o tome treba li ukloniti spomenike koji podsjećaju na kolonijalnu povijest i nepravdu.
U današnje vrijeme raste globalni pritisak na muzeje da priznaju i kritički preispitaju kolonijalnu prošlost te da aktivno provode procese dekolonizacije. Od muzeja se sve više očekuje da budu inkluzivni, da prepoznaju povijesnu štetu kolonijalnih politika i da osiguraju prostor za različite kulturne perspektive.The decolonization of museology and museums in the contemporary context involves a critical reassessment of colonial narratives that still prevail in museum institutions. It is not limited to the removal or restitution of artefacts, but entails a profound transformation in how heritage is interpreted – through changes in collection management, object presentation, and the active involvement of source communities. The aim is to create museums that are not merely spaces of preservation, but also places of understanding, recognition, and representation of real – and often silenced – histories, while amplifying the voices of Indigenous and marginalized communities.
Portugal’s colonial heritage is tied to a period in which the country held colonies in Africa, South America, and Asia. During that time, Portugal accumulated wealth and cultural objects, which were often displayed in museums from a Eurocentric, colonial perspective, neglecting the values and contexts of the communities of origin. In Portugal, as in other countries with a colonial past, the decolonization of museology raises important questions about how to interpret objects linked to traumatic histories, including the looting of cultural heritage and the transatlantic slave trade. It also opens discussions on whether monuments that evoke colonial injustice should be removed.
Today, there is growing global pressure on museums to acknowledge and critically re-evaluate their colonial pasts and to actively implement decolonial practices. Museums are increasingly expected to be inclusive, to recognize the harm caused by colonial policies, and to create space for diverse cultural perspectives
Prijevod s komentarima s naglaskom na leksičke i sintaktičke pomake
No full textThis paper presents five translations, three of them from English to Croatian and two from Croatian into English. The texts that were translated were excerpts from five different books, with varying content and all of them from different authors. Additionally, all five books from which the translated content was taken were originally written in the past ten years.
The varying content of the translated books aims to present a challenge for the translator who presents their decisions about specific translation cases in the accompanying text at the endnotes. It shows that to create a correct translation of a specific book, it is necessary to understand its complete content and, in some cases, the context in which it was written. Being familiar with the original author helps as well, as then the translator feels more confident about the decisions made since knowing the broader spectrum from which the author pulls his or her motivation to write helps in creating a new text.
The work done in this paper on these five translations shows that it is necessary and sometimes even integral for the translator to have a wide knowledge on various real-life topics to create a translation that can be considered good or “correct”. The broad spectrum of activities and occupations in which they delve into yields a better understanding of original thoughts and processes that create translated texts.U ovom radu je predstavljeno pet prijevoda, tri sa engleskog na hrvatski i dva sa hrvatskoga na engleski jezik. Tekstovi koji su prevedeni su ulomci iz pet različitih knjiga s različitim sadržajem i od različitih autora. Također, svih pet knjiga iz kojih je prevedeni sadržaj uzet u izvorniku su napisane u zadnjih deset godina.
Različit sadržaj prevedenih knjiga za cilj ima biti izazov za prevoditelja koji potom svoje odluke o pojedinačnim slučajevima prijevoda prikazuje u endnotama pojedine stranice. Takvo što pokazuje da, kako bi se napravio točan prijevod neke knjige, potrebno je poznavati čitav njezin sadržaj, a u nekim slučajevima, i kontekst u kojem su napisane. Također pomaže poznavanje izvornog autora teksta, s čime se prevoditelj osjeća sigurnijim u svoje odluke s obzirom na poznavanje šireg područja iz kojega autor teksta povlači svoju motivaciju za pisanje.
Rad napravljen u ovom diplomskom radu pokazuje da je potrebno, a ponekad čak i neophodno, da prevoditelj ima široko znanje o raznim svakodnevnim temama kako bi kreirao prijevod koji može biti smatran dobrim ili „točnim“. Široko područje aktivnosti i zanimanja kojim se bavi omogućuje mu bolje razumijevanje izvornih misli i procesa iz kojih je nastao prevedeni tekst
Personality profiles of early career teachers and their work engagement and burnout
No full textCilj ove doktorske disertacije bio je identificirati profile ličnosti učitelja u ranoj fazi karijere te ispitati razlike u njihovoj radnoj angažiranosti i sagorijevanju. Istraživanje je provedeno u okviru istraživačkog projekta „Uloga ličnosti, motivacije i socio-emocionalnih kompetencija u profesionalnoj dobrobiti učitelja u ranoj fazi karijere“ koji je financirala Hrvatska zaklada za znanost. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 599 predmetnih učitelja s do 5 godina radnog iskustva u nastavi koji su ispunili mrežni upitnik distribuiran putem e-pošte. Pomoću analize latentnih profila identificirani su profili dimenzija i faceta ličnosti učitelja u okviru modela velikih pet (Soto i John, 2017a), a razlike u radnoj angažiranosti i sagorijevanju ispitane su primjenom BCH metode. Identificirana su četiri distinktivna profila dimenzija ličnosti: otporni (59.90 %), izrazito otporni (25.65 %), prosječni (9.52 %) i kontrolirajući (4.93 %). Isti profili identificirani su na temelju faceta ličnosti, ali je njihov redoslijed zastupljenosti bio izmijenjen. Izrazito otporni učitelji iskazali su najvišu radnu angažiranost i najniže sagorijevanje, dok su učitelji prosječnog profila imali najnižu radnu angažiranost i najviše sagorijevanja. Na razini pojedinih aspekata radne angažiranosti i simptoma sagorijevanja dobiveni su diferencirani rezultati koji su omogućili dubinski uvid u dinamiku dimenzija i faceta ličnosti pojedinog profila u odnosu s profesionalnom dobrobiti. Rezultati naglašavaju važnost razvoja diferenciranih strategija podrške učiteljima u ranoj fazi karijere kako bi se povećala njihova dobrobit i zadržavanje u profesiji.Introduction
The global teacher shortage is an increasingly urgent issue, posing a serious threat to the quality of education. This crisis is driven by both the declining attractiveness of the teaching profession and high attrition rates. Croatia is no exception, with subject teachers in STEM fields being particularly affected (Domović & Drvodelić, 2024). The beginning years of teaching are especially critical, as this is when most teachers decide whether to remain in the profession or leave (Fantilli & McDougall, 2009; Van Den Borre et al., 2021). Teachers' occupational well being has been identified as a key factor in their retention in the profession (Madigan & Kim, 2021a). At the same time, the teaching profession is recognized as one of the most stressful occupations, with teachers being at high risk of compromised well-being (Skaalvik & Skaalvik, 2009). Moreover, teachers' professional well-being is essential not only for their own health but also for the quality of their instruction and their students' academic success (Hakanen et al., 2006; Madigan & Kim, 2021b). While teachers' well-being is influenced by both individual and contextual factors, research has predominantly focused on the latter (Angelini, 2023), leaving personal determinants an area still in need of further exploration.
Although research interest in the role of personality in explaining aspects of teachers' occupational well-being is increasing, recent meta-analyses on the relationship between personality and teacher burnout remain inconclusive (Kim et al., 2019; Roloff et al., 2022; Liu et al., 2022). Furthermore, studies on the relationship between personality and teacher work engagement are still scarce (Perera et al., 2018). Given that current findings cannot yet be generalized, there is a need for further research on personal determinants of teachers' occupational well-being (Kim et al., 2019). Additionally, existing research mostly relies on an outdated conceptualization of burnout (Maslach & Jackson, 1981), making it important to explore the relationship between personality and a more recent burnout model that includes four distinct symptoms (Schaufeli et al., 2020). Similarly, the adaption of work engagement for the teaching profession was developed only a decade ago (Klassen et al., 2013), and further research is needed to clarify its relationship with teachers' personality.
Research on teacher personality often lacks a strong theoretical foundation in personality theories and does not incorporate recent methodological advancements in personality assessment (Gönz, 2017). This study addresses this gap by adopting the Big Five model (Soto & John, 2017a), the Five-Factor Theory of Personality (McCrae & Costa, 1996, 2008), and the Job Demands-Resources Theory (Bakker et al., 2023) as its theoretical foundation. Furthermore, it represents a methodological advancement in studying teachers' personality and occupational well-being by employing a person-centered approach. To date, only one study has explored teacher personality profiles (Perera et al., 2018), and no research has specifically examined personality profiles of early-career teachers. Given the high attrition rates during the early years of teaching, a person-centered approach could offer valuable insights into the role of personality in teachers' occupational well-being. Beyond domain-level personality profiles, facet-level profiles provide a more nuanced understanding of personality structure and differentiation, yet remain scarce in the literature (Kokkinos et al., 2024). Facet-level analysis enables a more precise identification of personality profiles and enhances the accuracy of their interpretation, which are key objectives of the person-centered approach (McCrae & Costa, 2021). Despite its potential, only a few studies have identified personality profiles at the facet level, highlighting the need for replication of such profiles in teacher samples (Ratchford et al., 2022; Kokkinos et al., 2023; Kokkinos et al., 2024).
Study Aim
The aim of this doctoral dissertation was to identify personality profiles of early-career teachers based on Big Five personality domains and facets and to examine whether teachers’ work engagement and burnout differ depending on their personality profiles. The study outlines three research problems. First problem was to identify personality profiles of early-career teachers based on personality domains. Second problem was to identify personality profiles of early career teacher based on personality facets. And finally, the third problem was to examine the differences in work engagement and burnout among teachers across different personality profiles based on personality domains and facets.
Methodology
Procedure
The study was conducted as part of the broader research project "The role of personality, motivation and socio-emotional competences in early-career teachers’ occupational well being" funded by the Croatian Science Foundation. In the study participated early-career subject teachers employed in primary schools in Croatia, by completing an online questionnaire distributed via e-mail. To ensure a representative sample of early-career teachers in Croatia, all public primary schools offering a regular curriculum (a total of 872 schools) were contacted and school principals assisted in the recruitment process of early-career teachers in their schools. Participation was voluntary, data anonymity was ensured, and informed consent was obtained before participation. The study was approved by the Ministry of Science, Education, and Youth, as well as the Ethics Committee of the Institute for Social Research in Zagreb and the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb.
Sample
The study included 599 early-career teachers with up to five years of teaching experience, employed as subject teachers in 281 primary schools across Croatia, representing 32% of all primary schools in the country. On average, participants had 2 years and 7 months of work experience (M = 31.78 months, SD = 17.73). The sample predominantly consisted of female teachers (81%), with an average age of 31 years (M = 30.58, SD = 5.76). The sample was diverse in terms of subjects taught, covering 18 different school subjects.
Instruments
Teacher personality was assessed using the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2; Soto & John, 2017). BFI-2 measures five personality domains and 15 personality facets, and consists of 60 items, with 12 items per personality domain and 4 items per personality facet. Participants rated their agreement with items describing their personality on a Likert scale. Work engagement was measured using the Engaged Teacher Scale (ETS; Klassen et al., 2013), which assesses overall work engagement and its four aspects: emotional engagement, cognitive engagement, social engagement with students, and social engagement with colleagues. The questionnaire consists of 16 items, with four items for each aspect. Participants rated how frequently they experienced or behaved in ways described in the statements on a frequency scale ranging from "never" to "always." Burnout was assessed using the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT-23; Schaufeli et al., 2020), which measures overall burnout and its four primary symptoms: exhaustion, psychological detachment, impaired cognitive functioning, and impaired emotional functioning. The extended version of the questionnaire, consisting of 23 items, was used. Exhaustion was measured with eight items, while each of the other three symptoms was assessed with five items. Participants rated how often they experienced the described feelings at on a frequency scale ranging from "never" to "always."
Statistical analysis
The statistical analyses in this study were conducted in six steps using SPSS and Mplus. In the first step, the structure and mechanism of missing data were examined, and intraclass correlations (ICC1) were calculated. The second step involved analyzing descriptive statistics, assessing measure reliability, testing distribution normality, and calculating Pearson correlations. In the third step, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test factorial validity of personality, work engagement and burnout measures. The fourth step involved identifying latent personality profiles through latent profile analysis (LPA) at the domain and facet level of personality. Both confirmatory and exploratory approaches were employed, testing models with different variance and covariance constraints. In the fifth step, the structure of the identified profiles was described, and differences in personality domains and facets between profiles were tested using Wald’s test with Bonferroni correction. Additionally, the relationship between personality profiles and teacher gender was examined using multinomial logistic regression. In the final step, differences between profiles in work engagement and burnout were tested implementing the BCH approach. The differences were tested both at overall results and specific aspects of work engagement and burnout. In the model including work engagement, gender was added as a covariate.
Results and discussion
At the personality domain level, four distinct personality profiles were identified: resilients (59.90 %), highly resilients (25.65 %), ordinaries (9.52 %), and overcontrollers (4.93 %). The resilient profile is characterized by high levels of extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness, alongside below-average negative emotionality. The highly resilient profile shares the same shape but exhibits significantly higher extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness, as well as significantly lower negative emotionality. The ordinary profile is characterized by average levels across all traits, while the overcontroller profile features average extraversion but above-average agreeableness, conscientiousness, negative emotionality, and openness. These personality profiles were replicated at the facet level, although their prevalence slightly changed: resilients (45.45 %), highly resilients (33.80 %), overcontrollers (11.18 %), and ordinaries (9.57 %). The facet-level analysis provided deeper insights into personality differences: among extraversion facets, energy was the highest in all profiles, particularly in resilients. Within agreeableness, trust emerged as the lowest-scoring facet, especially among overcontrollers. Additionally, anxiety stood out as an especially pronounced facet of negative emotionality in overcontrollers. Negative emotionality was the most differentiating trait at the domain level, whereas conscientiousness and extraversion were the least differentiating. At the facet level, negative emotionality facets and productivity distinguished profiles the most, while openness facets showed the least differentiation between the four profiles.
Examining differences in work engagement and burnout revealed distinct patterns of occupational well-being across personality profiles. Highly resilient teachers demonstrated the highest overall work engagement, followed by resilients and overcontrollers, while ordinaries reported the lowest engagement. In cognitive engagement, all profiles differed significantly: highly resilients ranked highest, followed by overcontrollers, resilients, and ordinaries. Similarly, highly resilients showed the strongest emotional and social engagement with colleagues and students, followed by resilients and overcontrollers, who did not significantly differ, and with ordinaries reporting the lowest levels.
Highly resilients reported the lowest overall burnout, followed by resilients, while overcontrollers and ordinaries experienced the highest burnout. The same pattern was observed for exhaustion, the primary symptom of burnout. However, overcontrollers and resilients did not differ in cognitive impairment, both experiencing it more frequently than highly resilients but less frequently than ordinaries. Highly resilients exhibited the lowest emotional impairment, whereas the other three profiles did not significantly differ. Psychological distancing varied significantly across all profiles, with highly resilients reporting the lowest levels, followed by resilients, overcontrollers, and ordinaries, who exhibited the highest levels.
Conclusion
This study is the first to identify personality profiles of early-career teachers, including an analysis at the facet level. These findings offer deeper insights into the interplay of personality traits and facets in early-career teachers and their role in teachers' work engagement and burnout. By complementing previous variable-centered research, the results underscore the need for tailored support strategies to promote teachers' occupational well-being and retention
Hispanskoamerički naturalizam: En la sangre Eugenia Cambaceresa
No full textEl objetivo de este trabajo de fin de grado es presentar el naturalismo hispanoamericano y explicar sus características más representativas a través del análisis de la novela En la sangre del escritor argentino Eugenio Cambaceres. En la primera parte se abordarán los aspectos más importantes relacionados con la obra de Eugenio Cambaceres, incluyendo su papel como
representante destacado del naturalismo en Argentina, el contexto histórico, así como las características principales del naturalismo, tales como el determinismo, el enfoque en las clases sociales y la influencia de la herencia y el medio ambiente. A continuación, se ofrecerán y se explicarán ejemplos de la obra En la sangre en los que son visibles las características del
naturalismo, las cuales se analizarán en detalle y se respaldarán con la teoría.Cilj ovog završnog rada je predstaviti hispanoamerički naturalizam i objasniti njegova najvažnija obilježja kroz analizu romana En la sangre argentinskog pisca Eugenija Cambaceresa. U prvom dijelu ovog rada razmotrit će se najvažniji aspekti vezani uz djelo Eugenija Cambaceresa, uključujući njegovu ulogu kao istaknutog predstavnika naturalizma u Argentini, povijesni kontekst, kao i glavne značajke naturalizma, poput determinizma, usmjerenosti na društvene klase te utjecaja naslijeđa i okoline. Zatim će biti prikazani i objašnjeni primjeri iz romana En la sangre u kojima su vidljiva obilježja naturalizma, koja će
biti detaljno analizirana i potkrijepljena teorijom
Analysis of the accuracy of training machine learning models for handwritten text recognition using archival documents
No full textCilj diplomskog rada bio je analizirati alate za prepoznavanje rukopisa i ispitati uspješnost
treniranja modela za hrvatski jezik kroz prepoznavanje arhivskih rukopisa. U istraživanju je
korišten alat Transkribus. S obzirom da ne postoji latinični model za hrvatski jezik, željelo se
provjeriti koliko je moguće uspješno istrenirati model koji će prepoznavati hrvatske tekstove,
kakve pogreške radi i zbog čega.
Rad u svom teorijskom dijelu opisuje značaj sustava za prepoznavanje arhivskih rukopisa.
Nakon opisa važnosti takvih alata, rad definira OCR i HTR alate te ukratko opisuje najpoznatije
i najkorištenije. Kroz komparativnu analizu vezanu uz ključne kriterije koji se traže od sustava,
kao najbolji alat je odabran Transkribus u kojem je potom istreniran model za prepoznavanje
arhivskih rukopisa na hrvatskom jeziku. Podatkovni skup sastojao se od zapisnika sjednica
Fkultetskog vijeća Filozofskog fakulteta iz 1883. koji su pisani rukom.
Istraživački dio rada najprije opisuje podatkovni skup, zatim se osvrće na postupak pripreme
podataka za treniranje modela te na koncu na samo treniranje modela. Model se trenirao četiri
puta dok se nije došlo do zadovoljavajućeg rezultata. Nakon treniranja, prikazani su rezultati
te je njegova uspješnost testirana na dokumentima s kojima se model tijekom treniranja i
validacije nije susretao. Napravljen je pregled pogrešaka te je predložen način na koji se model
može poboljšati i na što treba obratiti pažnju prilikom eventualnih daljnjih istraživanja.The aim of the thesis was to analyze tools for handwriting recognition and examine the success
of training a model for Croatian language through the recognition of handwritten archival
records. The research utilized the Transkribus tool. Since no Latin model exists for the Croatian
language, the aim was to assess how successfully a model can be trained to recognize Croatian
texts, what kinds of errors it makes, and the reasons behind them.
The theoretical part of this thesis outlines the significance of systems for recognition of
handwritten archival records. Following a discussion on the importance of such tools, the thesis
defines OCR and HTR tools and briefly describes the most well-known and the most widely
used ones. Through a comparative analysis based on key criteria expected from such systems,
the Transkribus tool is selected as the best option for training a model to recognize handwritten
archival texts in Croatian language. The dataset consisted of handwritten documents from the
Faculty council meetings of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences from 1883.
The research part of the thesis first describes the dataset, then addresses the process of data
preparation for model training and finally discusses the training process itself. The model was
trained four times until a satisfactory result was achieved. After training, the results are
presented, and the model’s performance is tested on documents the trained model has never
seen before during training or validation. An error analysis is provided, along with suggestions
on how the model can be improved and what aspects to focus on in potential future research
Landscape and architecture in Sanssouci palace
No full textPruski kralj Friedrich II. Veliki zapamćen je u povijesti zbog sudjelovanja u Šleskim ratovima, no važan je i njegov presudni utjecaj na umjetnost i arhitekturu u Njemačkoj 18. stoljeća. Tijekom svog dugotrajnog i velikog mecenatstva stvorio je posebnu vrstu pojednostavljenog rokokoa koja je danas naslovljena friederizianisches rokoko, a nastaje miješanjem baroka, klasicizma i rokokoa. Parovi stupova i kartuše okrunjene orlom koji u ustima drži zmiju spadaju među čestim motivima friederizianisches rokokoa. Među najvažnijim ostvarenjima rokokoa Friedricha II. Velikoga ubraja se dvorac Sanssouci i njegov ladanjski vrt u kojemu se nalaze mnogobrojna skulpturalna ostvarenja, ali i čitave građevine poput Nove palače, Antičkog hrama, Hrama prijateljstva i Kineske kuće. Riječ je o posebnom dvorcu na terasastom vinogradu s ladanjskim i engleskim vrtom koji nisu
nastali kao umjetnikova interpretacija narudžbe, već su isključivo ostvarenje želja i zamisli naručitelja. Kralj je često izrađivao vlastite skice prije nego bi arhitekti započeli izradu tlocrta i drugih nacrta za projekte. Njegovo pretjerano djelovanje u polju umjetnosti – sudjelovanjem u graditeljstvu (izgradivši ukupno 600 stambenih kuća, dvorce i mnoge druge građevine),
sakupljanjem umjetnina, pisanjem poezije i eseja, sviranjem instrumenata te skladanjem opera – proizlazi iz lošeg odnosa s ocem Friedrichom Wilhelmom I. koji se oštro protivio njegovim interesima te time indirektno utjecao na nastanak dvorca Sanssoucija i drugih građevina. Tijekom vladavine Friedricha II. Velikog često su se radi nesuglasica izmjenjivali arhitekti, a oni koji se tijekom tih četrdeset godina svojim arhitektonskim i građevinskim radom najviše ističu su: Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff, Johann Gottfried Büring i Carl Philipp Christian von Gontard. Među dekoraterima i kiparima to su: Johann August Nahl, Friedrich Christian Glume, Johann Melchior Kambly, Johann Michael Hoppenhaupt i Johann Christian Hoppenhaupt te Georg Franz Ebenhech. Nisu zanemarivi i utjecaji mode u tadašnjem društvu na kraljev ukus kao primjerice utjecaj chinoiserie stila u kojemu su izgrađeni: Kineska kuća, Kineska kuhinja, Zmajeva kuća i dio zapadnog krila dvorca Sanssouci. Utjecaj chinoiserie stila svoje korijene ima u putopisima i bakrorezima iz 17. stoljeća u kojima se prikazivala porculanska pagoda u Nanjingu i mnoge druge građevine u Kini, a među njima se posebno ističu putopisi (1665.) crtača Jana Nieuhofa i China
monumentis [...]illustrata (1667.) jezuita Athanasiusa Kirchera. U najvažnija djela 18. stoljeća ubrajaju se Entwurf einer historischen Architektur (1721.) Johanna Bernharda Fischera von Erlacha i djela engleskog arhitekta Williama Chambersa koji je svojim korištenjem kineskih motiva popularizirao chinoiserie u arhitekturi te ukorijenio ideju tzv. anglo-chinois vrtova. Prvo
ostvarenje u europskoj inačici kineskog stila bio je dvorac Trianon de Porcelaine (izgrađen 1660.– 1662., razrušen 15 godina kasnije) francuskog kralja Luja XIV., a među drugim znamenitim primjerima spadaju: paviljon Le Trèfle u Lunévilleu, Pagodenburg dvorca Nymphenburga u Münchenu, dvorac Pillnitz i Chambersova kineska pagoda u Kewskim vrtovima. Kineska kuća u engleskom vrtu Rehgartenu je nastala po uzoru na spomenuti Le Trèfle u Lunévilleu, a Zmajeva kuća po uzoru na Kewsku pagodu Williama Chambersa. Kroz nabrojane primjere vidljivo je kako se chinoiserie postepeno mijenja: počevši od Trianon de Porcelainea, minhenskog Pagodenburga u Nymphenburgu i Pillnitza u Dresdenu, čiji su eksterijeri i unutarnje raspodjele i dalje
klasicistično oblikovani te time europski, zatim primjera poput paviljona Le Trèflea u Lunévilleu i Kineske kuće u Potsdamu koji svojom vanjštinom i tlocrtom odstupaju od europskih normi i utjelovljuju prikaz fantazije o kineskoj umjetnosti, pa sve do Zmajeve kuće i Kewske pagode koji su najbolji pokušaj približavanja kineskoj umjetnosti i arhitekturi. Paviljon Kineska kuća i pagoda
Zmajeva kuća predstavljaju važan primjer europskog pokušaja približavanja izvornim kineskim uzorima, a obilježava ga stapanje kineske kulturne baštine i paladijanskih motiva koji su ukorijenjeni u kanonu antičkog nasljeđa Rimskog Carstva.Prussian King Frederick II. The Great is remembered in history for his participation in the Silesian Wars, but his decisive influence on art and architecture in 18th-century Germany is also important. During his long and extensive patronage, he created a special type of simplified rococo, which is today called friederizianisches rococo, and is a mixture of baroque, classicism and rococo. Pairs of columns and a cartouche crowned with an eagle holding a snake in its mouth are among the frequent motifs of friederizianisches rococo. Among the most important achievements of rococo by Frederick II. The Great is Sanssouci Palace and its country garden, which contains numerous sculptural works, as well as entire buildings such as the New Palace, the Ancient Temple, the Temple of Friendship and the Chinese House. It is a special castle on a terraced vineyard with a country and English garden that were not created as an artist's interpretation of the commission, but are exclusively the realization of the wishes and ideas of the client. The king often made his own sketches before the architects began creating plans and other blueprints for the projects. His excessive activity in the field of art – by participating in construction (building a total of 600 residential houses, castles and many other buildings), collecting art, writing poetry and essays, playing instruments and composing operas – stems from a bad relationship with his father Friedrich Wilhelm I, who strongly opposed his interests and thus indirectly influenced the creation of Sanssouci Palace and other buildings. During the reign of Friedrich II. The Great, architects were often changed due to disagreements, and those who stood out most for their architectural and construction work during those forty years were: Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff, Johann Gottfried Büring and Carl Philipp Christian von Gontard. Among the decorators and sculptors, these were: Johann August Nahl, Friedrich Christian Glume, Johann Melchior Kambly, Johann Michael Hoppenhaupt and Johann Christian Hoppenhaupt and Georg Franz Ebenhech. The influence of fashion on the king's taste is also not negligible, such as the influence of the chinoiserie style in which the following were built: the China House, the Chinese Kitchen, the Dragon House and part of the west wing of Sanssouci Palace. The influence of the chinoiserie style has its roots in travelogues and copper engravings from the 17th century, which depicted the porcelain pagoda in Nanjing and many other buildings in China, and among them the travelogues (1665) by the draftsman Jan Nieuhof and China monumentis [...] illustrata (1667) by the Jesuit Athanasius Kircher stand out. The most important works of the 18th century include the Entwurf einer historischen Architektur (1721) by Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and the works of the English architect William Chambers, who, through his use of Chinese motifs, popularized chinoiserie in architecture and established the idea of the so-called Anglo-chinois gardens. The first European version of the Chinese style was the Trianon de Porcelaine (built 1660–1662, demolished 15 years later) of the French king Louis XIV, and other notable examples include: the Le Trèfle pavilion in Lunéville, the Pagodenburg of Nymphenburg Palace in Munich, Pillnitz Castle, and Chambers' Chinese Pagoda in Kew Gardens. The Chinese House in the English Garden Rehgarten was modeled after the aforementioned Le Trèfle in Lunéville, and the Dragon House was modeled after William Chambers' Kew Pagoda.Through the listed examples, it is visible how chinoiserie gradually changes: starting with the Trianon de Porcelaine, the Munich Pagodenburg in Nymphenburg and the Pillnitz in Dresden, whose exteriors and internal distributions are still classicistically designed and therefore European, then examples such as the Le Trèfle pavilion in Lunéville and the China House in Potsdam, which with their exterior and floor plan deviate from European norms and embody a fantasy representation of Chinese art, all the way to the Dragon House and the Kew Pagoda, which are the best attempt to approach Chinese art and architecture. The China House pavilion and the Dragon House pagoda represent an important example of a European attempt to approach original Chinese models, and are marked by the fusion of Chinese cultural heritage and Palladian motifs that are rooted in the canon of the ancient heritage of the Roman Empire
The Ivo Kozarčanin Public Library and Reading Room in Hrvatska Dubica - organization and functioning
No full textNarodna knjižnica i čitaonica Ivo Kozarčanin u Hrvatskoj Dubici jedno je od značajnijih kulturnih ustanova na tom području, te kao takva, igra ključnu ulogu u promicanju čitanja, obrazovanja i društvenog života lokalne zajednice. U ovom radu analizirat će se ustroj i djelovanje knjižnice, osvrćući se na njezinu povijest, organizaciju, funkcije te utjecaj na društveni i kulturni život Hrvatske Dubice. Prikazan je razvoj knjižnice od osnutka do danas, te su opisane osnovne funkcije knjižnice, uključujući posudbu knjižnične građe, informacijske usluge te organizaciju i provedbu kulturnih i edukativnih programa, s posebnim naglaskom na događanja kao što su književne večeri, promocije knjiga te kreativne radionice. Razmatraju se izazovi s kojima se knjižnica suočava, poput financijskih ograničenja, digitalizacije građe i prilagodbe suvremenim potrebama korisnika. Cilj rada je prikazati značaj Narodne knjižnice i čitaonice Ivo Kozarčanin kao središta kulturnog i obrazovnog života lokalne zajednice, te istaknuti njezin doprinos u očuvanju i promicanju pisane riječi. Kroz detaljniju analizu ustroja i djelovanja ove ustanove, pružit će se uvid u širi kontekst uloge spomenute knjižnice, ali i ostalih narodnih knjižnica u Republici Hrvatskoj.The Ivo Kozarčanin Public Library and Reading Room in Hrvatska Dubica is one of the most significant cultural institutions in the area and, as such, plays a key role in promoting reading, education, and the social life of the local community. This paper analyzes the organization and activities of the library, with reference to its history, structure, functions, and its impact on the social and cultural life of Hrvatska Dubica. The development of the library from its founding to the present day is presented, along with a description of its core functions, including the lending of library materials, information services, and the organization and implementation of cultural and educational programs, with special emphasis on events such as literary evenings, book promotions, and creative workshops. The challenges faced by the library are also considered, such as financial constraints, digitization of materials, and adaptation to the contemporary needs of users. The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of the Ivo Kozarčanin Public Library and Reading Room as a center of cultural and educational life in the local community, and to underline its contribution to the preservation and promotion of the written word. Through a more detailed analysis of the organization and activities of this institution, insight will be provided into the broader context of the role of this library, as well as other public libraries in the Republic of Croatia
Digital Shadows of Mental States: Exploring the Behaviour of Large Language Models with Representation Engineering
No full textLarge Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools at the intersection of artificial intelligence and cognitive science, demonstrating remarkable capabilities in language understanding, generation, and human-like cognitive behaviours. Recent advances in LLM technology have opened new possibilities for modeling complex psychological phenomena, including mental health conditions such as depression. This study investigates the capacity of LLMs to simulate depressive cognitive states and their responses to psychological interventions. Specifically, we examine how representation engineering techniques can be used to model and modify psychological states in LLMs, focusing on the differential effects of intrinsic versus extrinsic goal interventions based on self-determination theory. We employed a three-stage methodology: (1) fine-tuning a Mistral-7B-Instruct model on a curated dataset derived from the Psych 8K corpus to create a “depressed” baseline state; (2) applying representation engineering techniques to generate and implement psychological intervention vectors based on intrinsic and extrinsic goal frameworks; and (3) evaluating the model’s responses using quantitative mood assessments and behavioral analysis. The study suggested observable differences between intrinsic and extrinsic goal interventions on the LLM’s simulated psychological state. Intrinsic goal interventions (self-acceptance, personal growth, community feeling) appeared to show greater positive trends on the model’s reported mood and cognitive patterns compared to extrinsic goal interventions (financial success, social recognition, appealing appearance). Community and engagement emerged among the highest-performing interventions in the tested approaches. These findings contribute to the growing body of work suggesting LLMs may serve as computational models for psychological research, showing patterns that align with established psychological principles such as the differential impact of intrinsic versus extrinsic motivations on well-being. The results support the use of LLMs as cost-effective tools for piloting psychological experiments and exploring therapeutic mechanisms before resource-intensive human trials
Analitički Idealizam i problem svijesti
No full textThe thesis explores competing metaphysical frameworks with a focus on how they attempt to explain the relationship between consciousness and the physical world. It begins by examining physicalism and several of its variations, highlighting their appeal as naturalistic accounts while also pointing out the difficulties, particularly addressing the so called <hard problem of consciousness=. As an alternative, the thesis then considers panpsychism, which proposes that consciousness is a fundamental feature of the natural world rather than an emergent property of complex systems. While panpsychism offers a potential solution to physicalism9s explanatory gaps, it raises its own challenges, including combination and decombination problem. Once panpsychism is covered, this thesis will introduce idealism and some of its variations as an opposite side of metaphysical spectrum, consequently, this metaphysical approach also faces problems in a form of testability, abstraction, solipsisim, etc. In response to these issues, the thesis turns to analytic idealism, a position proposed by Bernardo Kastrup. Analytic idealism inverts the physicalist paradigm by positing consciousness as a fundamental aspect of reality, interpreting matter as the extrinsic appearance of mental processes and conceptualizing individual minds as dissociated alters of a universal consciousness. Finally, this thesis develops a critical evaluation of analytic idealism, drawing on empirical concerns such as the underdetermination of evidence and neuroscientific counterexamples, as well as philosophical critiques including Sellars9 rejection of the <Myth of the Given= and Husserl9s account of intentionality