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The transition from the Bronze to the Iron Age at Kapiteljska njiva in Novo Mesto
No full textPrapovijesno groblje iz 1. tisućljeća pr. Krista, Kapiteljska njiva u Novom Mestu smještena je na brijegu Marof, sjeverozapadno od stare gradske jezgre, uz prapovijesnu gradinu. Na temelju analize grobnih priloga kasnobrončanodobnih paljevinskih ravnih grobova, ovaj rad bavi se moćnom kasnobrončanodobnom zajednicom u vrijeme transformacije ili tranzicije čiji je rezultat nastanak jedne od najznačajnijih željeznodobnih zajednica, ne samo u okvirima Dolenjske nego i daleko šire. Riječ je o pojavi prvih željeznih predmeta u kasnobrončanodobnoj tradiciji pokopavanja ljubljanske kulturne skupine koja se naziva i „željezni horizont“. Osim detaljne analize grobnih priloga, oblika grobnih jama i načina ukopa rad se bavi i novim znanstvenim metodama korištenim tijekom suvremenih istraživanja. Na Kapiteljskoj njivi ukupno su do 2018. godine istražena 343 paljevinska groba.
Kronološko-tipološka analiza priloga temelji se na građi 197 grobova, što iznosi 57,43 %, restauriranih grobova. Zbog devastacije prostora u vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata, a u novije vrijeme još i više zbog mehaničke obrade, statistička je analiza upitna i zapravo ne odražava realno stanje iz vremena nastanka grobova. Percepcija i razumijevanje tipologije grobova ograničeni su na neraspadljive i u vrijeme istraživanja vidljive materijale. Uz analizu tipologije paljevinskih grobova i tipološko-kronološkog pregleda priloga, u radu su predstavljeni i rezultati antropološke analize kremacija. Dosad analizirani kremirani ostaci ukazuju na prevladavanje ukopa jedne osobe, dok je ukop dviju osoba potvrđen u šest slučaja, ukop triju osoba u jednom slučaju te ukop četiriju osoba u dva slučaja. Na temelju svih predstavljenih analiza grobove opredjeljujemo u 4 horizonta kronološke sheme ljubljanske skupine. Najstariji grobovi pripadaju stupnju Ljubljana Ib, najveći dio grobova datira u Ljubljana IIa i IIb stupanj gdje ponekad nije moguće preciznije odrediti podstupanj, dok najmlađi paljevinski grobovi pripadaju Ljubljana IIIa stupnju. Na kraju možemo zaključiti da isto stanovništvo koje već stoljećima živi na Marofu prolazi kroz proces kulturne transformacije što se odražava u promjeni materijalne kulture i načina pokopavanja na Kapiteljskoj njivi. Ujedno potvrđuje i kronološki paralelizam paljevinskog i skeletnog načina pokopavanja uz pojedine elemente materijalne kulture koji se pojavljuju i u jednoj i u drugoj vrsti grobova.Kapiteljska Njiva is located on the Marof hill, northwest of the old city centre, next to a prehistoric hillfort. The cemetery was in use for the entire 1st millennium BC, from the Late Bronze Age, through the Early Iron Age, and into the Late Iron Age. Archaeological excavations have so far been confined to the southern part of the area, while graves continue to the west, north, and east, even in areas where the terrain naturally slopes.
Flat cremation graves of the Late Bronze Age
So far, 343 flat cremation graves belonging to the Late Bronze Age phase of the Urnfield culture have been excavated. Cremation burial is characteristic for all graves, most often with an urn. In three cases (graves 34 a and b, 266 a and b, 335 a and b), we can speak of a double burial in a single grave pit. In 46 instances out of a total of 343 graves (representing 13.41% of the graves), the cremated remains of the deceased and the cremation were placed directly into the grave pit, without an urn. In 42 instances (representing 21.3% of the graves), the cremated remains of the deceased and the cremation were placed in an urn without any additional offerings. It should be noted that not all grave findings have been restored. This work includes 197 restored graves out of the total 343 excavated, which amounts to 57.43% of the entire burial material. Our perception and understanding of the typology of graves are limited to non-decomposable and visible materials at the time of excavation. There is a possibility of much more complex and richer grave content with materials that have decayed (textile, leather, wood, bone). The cremation graves have been classified into three main categories based on their contents, covering all researched and documented graves. The determined categories are:
1. Graves with cremated remains
2. Graves with urns
3. Graves with urns and grave goods.
Graves with cremated remains
Out of a total of 343 graves, cremated remains and bone fragments were placed directly in the grave pit in 46 instances, which amounts to 14%. Graves with cremated remains and bones do not contain an urn but are found in combinations with stone slabs, some with grave goods and some without.
Graves with urns
Out of a total of 343 graves, 106 instances document a grave pit with an urn, which accounts for 31%. The analysis is based on field documentation and restored material. Of the 197 restored graves, 42 graves belong to this category. Graves with urns were documented in combinations with stone slabs.
Graves with urns and grave goods
Out of a total of 343 graves, 189 instances document urns with grave goods, which accounts for 55%. The proportion of graves with urns and grave goods could be even higher after the restoration of all graves, although the composition of most graves is already visible in the field, especially after documenting and floatation of cremated remains in the field and washing ceramic urn fragments also in the field. It is particularly important to note the damage to the upper parts of graves and urns. As many as 11 variations were documented in the category of grave pits with urns and grave goods.
Regardless of the category, in 68 graves (which amounts to 19.83%), a lid was documented. It should be considered that the necropolis area was under agricultural use, indicating damage to the upper parts of graves and the possible destruction of lids. The grave lids were documented in three categories: ceramic lid, stone lid, and a combination of both. All graves are flat cremation graves except for cremation graves 274, 282, 284, 292, and 343, which, due to their location within Early Iron Age inhumation graves, suggest the possibility of burial under a tumulus. The typology of flat cremation graves is very similar in Metlika – Hrib and Borštek in Bela Krajina, as well as their chronological similarity with the graves of Kapiteljska Njiva and Mestne Njive. Very good comparisons are also found in the flat cremation graves of Budinjak, types 1 and 2. The sites of Dolenjska, Gorenjska, and Bela Krajina, along with the Ljubljana area, represent the Ljubljana group of the Urnfield culture. The large flat cremation cemetery at Kapiteljska Njiva with 343 excavated graves is an extremely important site within the Ljubljana group. The graves have been heavily damaged due to the long-term use of the area and deep ploughing. Flat cremation burials were still in use during the Early Iron Age when burials in large tumuli with inhumation had already begun. We can say that one form of burial had not yet ceased, while a new one was already developing and in use. The largest proportion consists of graves with urns and grave goods, in combination with ceramic and stone lids. Undoubtedly, the percentage of preserved stone lids and even entire graves would be higher if it weren't for the repeatedly mentioned mechanical damage.
Chronological and Typological Analysis of Grave Goods
The chronological and typological analysis of grave goods is based on the material from restored graves. This overview includes 197 graves out of a total of 343 excavated, representing 57.43% of the entire burial material. Although the urn is not terminologically a grave good, it is typologically addressed here. The proportion of graves with urns without any additional grave goods is 42, and these will be analysed in the category of urn types. The typology of grave goods is based on the categories of material used for their creation. Therefore, the entire analysis of burial material is based on 175 cremation graves from Kapiteljska Njiva. The large proportion of graves without any grave goods may also be due to the previously mentioned mechanical and natural erosional damage to the graves. Such a structure of graves may also indicate a choice of burial type, which does not necessarily reflect the status of the deceased.
A ceramic vessel serving as an urn appears in the category of graves with urns (42 graves) and in the category of graves with urns and grave goods (115 graves). Out of a total of 157 graves with urns, only one grave contains a ceramic amphora serving as an urn (grave 154), while in the remaining 156 graves, various types of pots are used as urns. The typology of pots used as urns in the cremation graves of Kapiteljska Njiva is based on the typology of pots from Metlika – Hrib and Ljubljana SAZU. In only 4 out of 175 graves (graves with burial material), the grave goods were placed outside the urn. These include grave 274, while in graves 154, 282, and 284, the grave goods were placed both outside the urn and inside it. The typological analysis of grave goods includes 115 graves in the category of graves with urns and grave goods. Ceramic grave goods are represented in the form of vessels, spindle whorls, or parts of vessels, while metal and glass items are most commonly found as parts of attire, with very few being utilitarian objects. Grave goods made from stone and bone are very rare. The category of graves (13 graves) without urns is divided into 3 subcategories: graves without urns with a stone lid (168, 170), graves without urns (27, 131, 134, 173, 196, 197, 203, 219, 292, 305), and a grave without an urn with a stone structure (84). In all 13 graves, grave goods were documented, although they are quite destroyed and poorly preserved, which may indicate grave devastation during mechanical fieldwork.
Based on the analysis of ceramic vessels, and especially metal grave goods, the graves are classified into 4 horizons of the chronological scheme of the Ljubljana group. The oldest graves belong to the Ljubljana Ib phase, while most of the graves date to the Ljubljana IIa and IIb phases, where it is sometimes not possible to determine the sub-phase more precisely. The youngest cremation graves belong to the Ljubljana IIIa phase. While the Ljubljana Ib phase is still entirely from the Late Bronze Age, significant changes and a new era are introduced by the graves of the Ljubljana II phase, which marks the so-called iron horizon and the beginning of the new Iron Age. By the time of the Ljubljana IIIa phase at Kapiteljska Njiva, the first Iron Age tumuli were already present.
Analysis of Cremated Remains of the Deceased from Kapiteljska Njiva
The cremated remains analysed so far from 70 graves indicate that a single individual was most commonly buried. Two individuals were buried in six cases (graves 28, 58, 82, 282, 284, 342), three individuals in one case (grave 322), and four individuals in two cases (graves 288, 291). Most of the combinations include one or two adults with one or two children. The double burials in the case of graves 34a and b, 266a and b, and 335a and b are also interesting. Two urns were placed in one grave pit. Although the cremated remains of the deceased from Kapiteljska Njiva are poorly preserved and very fragmented, their analysis is essential for better understanding not only the burial ritual but also the broader picture of the community during the first centuries of the last millennium BC.
To conclude
In conclusion, we can say that the same population, which had lived on Marof for centuries, went through a process of cultural transformation, which is reflected in the change in material culture and burial practices at Kapiteljska Njiva. This confirms the chronological parallelism between cremation and skeletal burial practices, along with certain elements of material culture that appear in both types of graves
Model identiteta u kontekstu – socioekonomske nejednakosti u obrazovnim i karijernim ishodima
No full textThis study aimed to assess the social class gap in various educational and vocational outcomes among middle school students in Croatia by testing the newly established Identities in context model. The model posits that lower-class students are more prone to experiencing various threats to their social class identity – psychological barriers – in their educational surroundings, which should explain part of the social class gap in various educational and vocational outcomes. The model also highlights the role of the wider social context in determining the levels of perceived psychological barriers among lower-class students, thereby influencing their outcomes. A total of 1012 6th-year and 7th-year students participated in this two-wave study. Students completed an online questionnaire comprising various socioeconomic indicators and measures of psychological barriers, contextual variables, and educational and vocational outcomes. Results partially confirmed the mediating role of psychological barriers in the relationship between students’ SES and educational and vocational outcomes. Stereotype vulnerability was the most consistent mediator of this relationship, followed by the incompatibility between students’ social class identity and the stereotype of a typical university student. In contrast, the mismatch between students’ social class identity and being a successful pupil was not an important psychological barrier among lower-class students in this sample. Additionally, the results confirmed the detrimental role of competence stereotypes in heightening the perception of different psychological barriers among lower-class students. In contrast, the role of other measured contextual variables was found to be inconsistent or in opposition to the model’s hypotheses. This study highlights the importance of studying the social class education and vocation gap comprehensively to help the design and implementation of interventions aimed at reducing the perception of identity threat among the most vulnerable groups of students.S obzirom na rastuću važnost obrazovanja u današnjem svijetu, kao i njegove uloge u predviđanju različitih individualnih i društvenih ishoda, ključno je pravovremeno prepoznati učenike koji su u riziku od akademskog neuspjeha. Brojna istraživanja pokazuju da učenici iz obitelji nižeg socioekonomskog statusa (SES-a) postižu lošiji školski uspjeh, pokazuju manje adaptivnih motivacijskih obrazaca te izražavaju niže obrazovne aspiracije. Ove se razlike između učenika iz obitelji višeg i nižeg SES-a najčešće objašnjavaju različitim strukturalnim čimbenicima ili pak individualnim razlikama u sposobnostima i uloženom trudu u obrazovanje. Ipak, novija istraživanja se sve češće usmjeravaju na značaj društvenog identiteta u stvaranju i održavanju razlika u obrazovnim i karijernim ishodima zmeđu ove dvije skupine učenika. Konkretno, pretpostavlja se da su učenici svjesni postojećih obrazovnih i karijernih razlika između učenika koji dolaze iz obitelji različitog SES-a, što utječe na njihov vlastiti doživljaj sebe kao pripadnika pojedine društvene klase unutar obrazovnog konteksta. Jedan od modela iz područja socijalne psihologije koji se usmjerava na važnost značenja koje pojedinci iz obitelji različitog SES-a pridaju vlastitoj društvenoj klasi je Model identiteta u kontekstu.
Model identiteta u kontekstu pretpostavlja da će učenici nižeg SES-a, dijelom zbog načina na koji percipiraju svoj klasni identitet, češće doživljavati različite psihološke barijere unutar obrazovnog konteksta. Na primjer, ti će učenici češće percipirati okolinske prijetnje usmjerene prema njihovom klasnom identitetu te će u većoj mjeri osjećati nekompatibilnost između njihovog klasnog identiteta i uspjeha u obrazovanju. Model zatim pretpostavlja da će spomenute psihološke barijere posredovati povezanost između SES-a učenika i njihovih obrazovnih i karijernih ishoda, time objašnjavajući dio razlika između učenika iz obitelji različitog SES-a. Dodatno, model pretpostavlja i postojanje različitih kontekstualnih čimbenika koji utječu na pojavnost i izraženost psiholoških barijera kod učenika niskog SES-a. Konkretno, u modelu se ističu tri grupe kontekstualnih čimbenika koji bi, ukoliko su prisutni u pojedinom kontekstu, trebali ojačati vezu između SES-a učenika i razine doživljenih psiholoških barijera. Prva skupina okolinskih čimbenika se odnosi na negativna očekivanja okoline od učenika iz obitelji nižeg SES-a, poput stereotipa o sposobnostima tih učenika. Druga skupina se odnosi na nedostatak pozitivne reprezentacije osoba iz obitelji nižeg SES-a u obrazovanju ili u profesijama koje zahtjevaju višu razinu obrazovanja. Posljednja, treća skupina kontekstualnih čimbenika se odnosi na negativnu orijentaciju osoba nižeg SES-a prema obrazovanju. Unutar treće skupine se ističe uloga roditelja u prenošenju vrijednosti obrazovanja na svoju djecu, putem akademske socijalizacije ili obrazovnih očekivanja.
Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja je bio ispitati temeljne postavke Modela identiteta u kontekstu na populaciji učenika završih razreda osnovnih škola u Hrvatskoj. Planirano je ispitati razlike u pojedinim obrazovnim i karijernim ishodima između učenika koji se razlikuju po obiteljskom SES-u te provjeriti može li se dio tih razlika pripisati razlikama u doživljaju psiholoških barijera unutar obrazovnog konteksta. Dodatno je ispitana moderacijska uloga tri kontekstualna čimbenika u povezanosti između SES-a učenika i psiholoških barijera, kao i njihova moderacijska uloga u cijelom medijacijskom putu od SES-a učenika na njihove obrazovne i karijerne ishode posredstvom psiholoških barijera.
Ovo istraživanje je dio šireg projekta Hrvatske zaklade za znanost FreeCareerChoice. U okviru ovog istraživanja se pratilo 420 učenika šestih razreda (Mdob = 12.59, SDdob= 0.52) i 439 učenika sedmih razreda (Mdob = 13.61, SDdob = 0.55) kroz dva vala istraživanja odvojenih jednogodišnjim periodom. Učenici su u dva navrata rješavali online upitnik za vrijeme redovne nastave u kojem su dali podatke o SES-u njihove obitelji, percepciji psiholoških barijera, određenim kontekstualnim čimbenicima te odabranim obrazovnim i karijernim ishodima.
Rezultati su djelomično potvrdili pojedine dijelove Modela identiteta u kontekstu. Pokazalo se da učenici nižeg SES-a uistinu doživljavaju više psiholoških barijera od njihovih vršnjaka iz obitelji višeg SES-a, što djelomično može objasniti određene razlike u obrazovnim i karijernim ishodima učenika s obzirom na SES njihove obitelji. Konkretno, učenici nižeg SES-a češće izvještavaju kako ih drugi pojedinci unutar obrazovnog konteksta nepovoljno tretiraju zbog SES-a njihove obitelji, odnosno o osjećaju prijetnje zbog njihovog klasnog identiteta, što dovodi do niza negativnih posljedica po njihovo obrazovanje i buduću karijeru. Nadalje, učenici nižeg SES-a također percipiraju da je njihov klasni identitet u manjoj mjeri kompatibilan s identitetom osobe koja studira, kao i s prototipom uspješnog učenika, što dovodi do lošijeg školskog uspjeha, manje adaptivnih motivacijskih obrazaca te do nižih obrazovnih aspiracija. Pritom treba naglasiti da su samo neki od medijacijskih puteva bili statističko značajni, ovisno o korištenim indikatorima SES-a, psiholoških barijera te obrazovnih i karijernih ishoda, što naglašava važnost sveobuhvatnog mjerenja složenih koncepata, poput SES-a ili psiholoških barijera, prilikom istraživanja obrazovnih nejednakosti.
Nadalje, rezultati također potvrđuju moderacijski učinak svjesnosti o stereotipima na povezanost između SES-a učenika i doživljaja psiholoških barijera. Konkretno, učenici koji percipiraju da su njihove obitelji nižeg SES-a od prosječne hrvatske obitelji su doživljavali više psiholoških barijera kad su bili svjesniji postojanja stereotipa o sposobnosti siromašnih ljudi u njihovom okruženju. Pojačana percepcija psiholoških barijera je nadalje negativno predviđala različite obrazovne i karijerne ishode kod ove skupine učenika. S druge strane, moderacijski učinak ostalih mjerenih kontekstualnih čimenika nije bio konzistentan ili nije bio u skladu s očekivanjima Modela identiteta u kontekstu. Na primjer, postojanje uzora u obrazovanju je samo u malom broju slučajeva dovodilo do promjene u povezanosti SES-a učenika i doživljaja psiholoških barijera, dok su roditeljske aspiracije djelovale u drugačijem smjeru od teorijskih očekivanja. Konkretno, pokazalo se da učenici iz obitelji višeg SES-a doživljavaju veći broj psiholoških barijera kada su aspiracije njihovih roditelja niske, što pak dovodi o manje adaptivnih motivacijskih obrazaca kod ove skupine učenika.
Općenito, rezultati istraživanja upućuju na zaključak da su učenici nižeg SES-a u većem riziku od postizanja neadekvatnih obrazovnih razultata u završnim razredima osnovnih škola u Hrvatskoj dijelom zbog povišene percepcije različitih psiholoških barijera u obrazovnom kontekstu. Od kontekstualnih karakteristika koje pojačavaju doživljaj psiholoških barijera kod ovih učenika se istaknula svjesnost o stereotipima o sposobnostima siromašnih osoba, gdje učenici nižeg subjektivnog SES-a percipiraju više razine ovih barijera kada su svjesniji postojanja štetnih stereotipa u njihovoj okolini. Rezultate istraživanja valja interpretirati oprezno s obzirom na ograničenja u metodologiji istraživanja i statističkom pristupu u obradi podataka. Buduća bi istraživanja trebala obuhvatiti više točaka mjerenja, kako bi se omogućila bolja kontrola rezultata iz prijašnjih točaka mjerenja i robusniji zaključci oko uzročno-posljedičnih odnosa u modelu. Također, potrebno je adaptirati pojedine instrumente korištene u ovom istraživanju kako bi bili prilagođeniji osnovnoškolskoj populaciji i povijesnom, društvenom i političkom kontekstu u kojem se istraživanje provodi.
Usprkos ograničenjima, ovo istraživanje ima niz važnih teorijskih i praktičnih doprinosa. Za početak, ovo je prvo istraživanje koje sveobuhvatno testira Model identiteta u kontekstu, potvrđujući neke od temeljnih postavki modela. Dodatno, ovo je jedno od rijetkih istraživanja koje ispituje procese povezane s klasnim identitetom u kontekstu obrazovnih nejednakosti na osnovnoškolskom uzorku, s obzirom na to da su se dosadašnja istraživanja u većini slučajeva usmjerila na ispitivanje ovih procesa na višim razinama obrazovanja. Osim što je provedeno na manje istraženoj populaciji po starosnoj dobi, teorijski doprinos istraživanja je i činjenica da je većina ovakvih istraživanja provedena u zapadnim dijelovima svijeta, koji se u mnogočemu razlikuju od hrvatskog obrazovnog kao i društveno-povijesnog konteksta. Od praktičnih doprinosa istraživanja je važno naglasiti potencijal koji rezultati istraživanja imaju u osmišljavanju i implementaciji raznih socio-psiholoških intervencija u obrazovnom kontekstu. Konkretno, rezultati upućuju da smanjivanje stereotipa o sposobnostima siromašnih ljudi može pozitivno utjecati na smanjenje psiholoških barijera kod učenika koji percipiraju da je njihova obitelj niskog SES-a. Smanjenjem psiholoških barijera kod ove skupine učenika moguće je pozitivno djelovati na njihov školski uspjeh, motivaciju i obrazovne aspiracije, time smanjujući jaz u obrazovnim ishodima između učenika iz obitelji različitog SES-a
Citiranje literature i standardnojezična norma
No full textRad se bavi citiranjem literature kao jedinstvenim oblikom komunikacije i jezika znanosti. Cilj je bio pokušati na temelju proučene relevantne literature i analize konkretnih primjera citiranja u hrvatskim znanstvenim i stručnim časopisima na Portalu hrvatskih znanstvenih i stručnih časopisa – Hrčak odgovoriti na pitanja što je citiranje, zašto se citira i s pomoću kojih se društveno-jezičnih mehanizama citiranje ostvaruje. Autoričin se interes posebno zadržava na trećem pitanju gdje se osim glavnog problema, citiranja – opisuje i proces pisanja rada s posebnim naglaskom na pripremnu fazu pisanja od koje uvelike ovisi budući izgled i kvaliteta rada. Posebnu pažnju rad poklanja znanstvenoj komunikaciji, sudionicima znanstvene komunikacije i tekstu kao sredstvu te komunikacije. Sva se interesna polja u ovome radu usko povezuju sa standardnojezičnom normom i citiranjem literature kao odrazom te norme u uporabnoj sferi jezika, tj. znanstvenoj komunikaciji. Rad posebno zanimaju suodnos citiranja literature i standardnog jezika, tj. ona standardnojezična obilježja s kojima je citiranje literature najuže povezano. U istraživačkom se dijelu rada izdvaja i raščlanjuje tekstna vrsta – upute za citiranje koja može biti i zaseban tekst, ali se na Hrčku češće javlja u obliku dijela teksta ili potpoglavlja u uputama za autore. Korpus tekstova za potrebe istraživačkog dijela rada dvodijelno je koncipiran. Prvi se odnosi na analizu teksta uputa za citiranje iz komunikacijsko-pragmatičke perspektive, a drugi je pokazao koji je citatni sustav (metoda), odnosno citatni stil najpopularniji među hrvatskim znanstvenim i stručnim časopisima na portalu Hrčak. Osim podatka o najpopularnijem citatnom stilu prikupljeni su i najčešći jezični savjeti pronađeni u uputama za citiranje, otkriveno je koliko se i na koje se jezične normativne priručnike časopisi pozivaju te su popisane i ispravljene češće jezične i stilske pogreške uočene pri analizi teksta. Temeljni je zaključak da i autore tekstova uputa za citiranje i autore znanstvenih i stručnih radova u domeni znanstvene komunikacije – ujedinjuje, obvezuje i održava standardnojezična norma hrvatskog jezika. Rad ima i priloge. U prvom se prilogu prema prilagođenoj verziji APA stila donose primjeri citiranja različitih vrsta izvora. U drugom se prilogu donose odabrane, najčešće i tipične jezične i stilske pogreške u uputama za citiranje.This work is designed in three parts: the initial, central and final part. The work also has an appendix. The work is based on the premise that the citation of literature is the basic form of scientific communication in the academic community. It, in particular, deals with text and text types, from which the applied text type of citation instructions has been separated for the purposes of the work.
The initial part of the work consists of a summary with keywords and an introduction. The work is entirely based on a theoretical-research approach to the topic of citation of literature and standard language norms.
In the central part of the work, relevant literature related to the central topic of this specialist professional work – citation of literature and the function of citation in the academic community – is elaborated and interpreted, with appropriate examples of specific texts. The basic concepts most often associated with citation of literature are elaborated. Special attention was paid to the elaboration and explanation of the concepts of citation systems and citation styles. The paper focuses in particular on the analysis of the relationship between citation and standard language norms, as well as on the social consequences produced by the action of language, i.e. citation (e.g. creation of new knowledge, exchange of knowledge and information, plagiarism, evaluation of the works of scientists and institutions based on citation, etc.).
Since they are intended for authors of scientific and professional works, the question arises whether, because of the academic community in which they are created, the instructions on citing the text belong to the same, i.e. scientific functional style. After the analysis of the specific texts of the citation instructions, the hypothesis was confirmed that the texts used in scientific communication do not necessarily belong to the scientific functional style of the Croatian standard language. It has been proven that the citation instructions are a text that, according to most features, belongs to the administrative functional style, a style that is increasingly present in scientific communication.
Citation instructions are a secondary applied text, text about the text that describes how to cite the sources used. Considering the fact that it is a text whose authors are anonymous, the question arose as to whether this anonymity could affect the careless attitude of the authors of the instructions towards the standard language norm. That is why it was motivating to analyze the language and linguistic means that appear in the citation instructions, but also to see the degree of alignment of the instructions and standard language norms. The specific position and role of citation instructions in relation to other texts in scientific communication was a sufficient incentive to choose this text type for a more detailed analysis and description. The most important constitutive and regulative textual principles in relation to the emitent, the recipient and the text, which is the main means of scientific communication, were considered. Therefore, the selected text type was described according to the constitutive and regulative text criteria of Robert-Alain de Beaugrande and Wolfgang Ulrich Dressler (2010), and the typical indicators of this text type were investigated and described from the functional-stylistic and communicative-pragmatic aspects. The main reference for this task was the book Uporabni tekstovi by Nada Ivanetić (2003). The examples of texts that were used to describe the text type of citation instructions were found on the Portal of Croatian Scientific and Professional Journals – Hrčak.
In addition to the description of the applied text, i.e. the very present text type of citation instructions in scientific communication, the research part of the paper also determined the most common language advice in these instructions in Croatian scientific and professional journals, and how often editors refer to language normative manuals in the instructions, primarily orthography. The results showed that the most common language advice are those that are directly related to citing literature, and these are primarily the use of quotation marks, semi-quotes, italics, writing abbreviations, writing dates, distinguishing between dashes and hyphens, and writing names in the bibliographic unit.
Corpus analysis also provided data on the most popular citation style, i.e. the method according to which literature is cited in Croatian scientific and professional journals on the Hrčak portal. It was found that among journals with instructions in Croatian, the most common way of citing is according to the first element and date system, and the most commonly used is the APA style – the American Psychological Association citation style. Although the instructions often contain warnings that authors must adhere to standard language norms or that the text must be proofread, journal editors rarely refer to language normative manuals. In addition, the method of quick text review (not proofreading) reveals linguistic errors in individual examples of instructions even after a brief review of the text.
Methodology: The research part of the thesis used the Portal of Croatian Scientific and Professional Journals Hrčak. The thesis conducted a corpus analysis, and the corpus was divided into two parts. Only those journals that have citation instructions in Croatian were analyzed, and inactive journals and journals that publish papers (and instructions) only in English were not considered, as well as journals that have a link to the journal, but do not have the text of the instructions on the Hrčak portal itself. In the first subcorpus, a descriptive method was applied in text analysis. For this purpose, a sample of forty texts was created using the random selection method from two databases on the Hrčak portal: Instructions for authors and Instructions for references. The second subcorpus included two hundred and fifty-five texts with citation instructions, where the required data set out in the objectives and hypotheses of the thesis was obtained through manual searching. In the concluding part, an opinion is presented on the results of the research, possible new research questions are sketched, and suggestions for a better formulation of the citation instructions are presented.
The final part of the paper consists of a conclusion summarizing the basic findings obtained through a theoretical-research approach to this topic and a summary with key words in English. The paper is accompanied by instructions on citation that the author herself tried to compile based on the literature studied and the examples of instructions from other authors reviewed, thus making her modest contribution to academic writing. The instructions in Appendix A, but also the entire thesis, are based on pragmatic goals, i.e. the possibility of practical application of the work intended for the target audience – primarily students who have yet to learn academic writing and become familiar with the basic concepts, form and purpose of citing literature. Therefore, the instructions compiled by the author are a specific and applicable contribution of the thesis because, in addition to examples of citing various sources, they also provide educational texts and links to important sources in open access that are related to the phenomenon of citing and scientific communication. The examples in the instructions for citing this paper have been carefully selected and are in most cases related to scientific communication. Since the thesis deals with text, it was motivating to design the examples from the instructions in such a way that the reader, primarily the student, can intuitively feel the difference in the text and the choice of linguistic means in, for example, the text of a scientific and popular science article or an official publication issued by a public authority. The main goal of the thesis is to present a global picture of literature citation and to draw attention to the importance of citation as part of the standard language norm and one of the most important mechanisms of scientific communication
David Hume and moral sentimentalism: passions as motivators
No full textČesto se navodi da je čovjek racionalno i emocionalno biće pri čemu se uvijek više nastoji naglasiti njegova racionalnost. Racionalnost se često stavlja u prvi plan i onda kada se procjenjuje moralnost čovjekovog djelovanja. Shvaćanju razuma kao moći koja može ispravno procijeniti moralnost nekog djelovanja suprotstavlja se moralni sentimentalizam – etička teorija koja u središte morala stavlja emocije. Anthony Ashley Cooper, treći lord Shaftesbury, začetnik je teorije moralnog sentimentalizma i prvi koji upotrebljava izraz moralni osjet. Njegova teorija postala je baza za teoriju Francisa Hutchesona koji moralnom osjetu dodaje univerzalnu benevolentnost. Moralni sentimentalizam doseže svoj vrhunac u teoriji Davida Humea koji iznosi svu kompleksnost strasti i postavlja ih iznad razuma i po snazi za motivaciju i po sposobnosti procjene moralnosti djelovanja. Na Humeovu teoriju nadovezuje se Adam Smith s teorijom nepristranog promatrača. Moralni sentimentalizam svoju aktualizaciju doživljava u sklopu etike skrbi čiji predstavnik Michael Slote stavlja naglasak na empatiju. Cilj ovog rada je rehabilitirati emocije i pokazati da imaju značajnu ulogu u čovjekovom moralnom ophođenju.It is often stated that man is a rational and emotional being, with an increasing effort to emphasize his rationality. Rationality is often put in the foreground when assessing the morality of human action. The understanding of reason as a power that can correctly assess the morality of an action is opposed by moral sentimentalism - an ethical theory that places emotions at the center of morality. Anthony Ashley Cooper, the third Earl Shaftesbury, is the originator of the theory of moral sentimentalism and the first to use the term moral sense. His theory became the basis for the theory of Francis Hutcheson, who added universal benevolence to moral sense. Moral sentimentalism reaches its peak in the theory of David Hume, who presents the full complexity of passions and places them above reason in both their power to motivate and their ability to assess the morality of action. Adam Smith builds on Hume's theory with his theory of the impartial observer. Moral sentimentalism finds its actualization within the ethics of care, whose representative Michael Slote emphasizes empathy. The goal of this paper is to rehabilitate emotions and show that they play a significant role in human moral behavior
Formant analysis and temporal organisation of filled pauses
No full textOvaj rad analizira vremenske i akustičke (formantske) karakteristike punih stanki u
spontanome govoru. Prvi dio rada iznosi teorijsku podlogu istraživanja, s posebnim naglaskom
na definiranje pojma disfluentnosti i klasifikaciju govornih disfluentnosti. Također se detaljno
razmatra pojam nefonematiziranog vokala šva te se pruža pregled dosadašnjih istraživanja na
ovu temu. Nefonematizirani vokal šva klasificira se kao oblik disfluentnosti unutar kategorije
punih stanki ili stanki oklijevanja. Njegova pojava može biti izolirana ili kombinirana s
nazalnim segmentom -m ili, rjeđe, -n, a njegova učestalost, trajanje i akustička realizacija pod
značajnim su utjecajem idiosinkratičkih govorno-prozodijskih obrazaca kod pojedinca. Drugi
dio rada usmjeren je na predstavljanje istraživanja provedenog na uzorku od 20 muških
ispitanika pomoću materijala iz zvučne baze govora „Bazvuka“ (Varošanec-Škarić i sur., 2021).
Analiza je obuhvatila vremenske i formantske značajke nefonematiziranog vokala šva, a
rezultati su interpretirani u kontekstu teorijskih postavki i ranijih istraživanja. Rezultati
istraživanja prikazani su i interpretirani u okviru rasprave, a potom slijedi zaključak koji sumira
glavne nalaze istraživanja. Na samom kraju rada uključen je metodički dio koji stavlja
provedeno istraživanje u kontekst fonetske struke, ističući njegovu relevantnost za daljnje
istraživanje govornih disfluentnosti i individualnih varijacija u govoru. Metodički dio razrađen
je u obliku školskog sata čime je prikazana njegova primjenjivost ne samo u fonetskoj praksi,
već i konkretno u nastavi.This paper analyzes the temporal and acoustic (formant) characteristics of filled pauses in
spontaneous speech. The first part of the paper provides the theoretical background of the
research, with particular emphasis on defining the concept of disfluency and the classification
of speech disfluencies. It also includes a detailed discussion of the non-phonemic vowel schwa
and offers a review of previous studies on the topic. The non-phonemic vowel schwa is
classified as a form of disfluency within the category of filled or hesitation pauses. Its
occurrence may be isolated or combined with a nasal segment, such as -m or, less commonly, -
n, and its frequency, duration, and acoustic realization are significantly influenced by the
speaker’s idiosyncratic prosodic-speech patterns. The second part of the paper focuses on
presenting the research conducted on a sample of 20 male speakers using material from the
speech database “Bazvuka” (Varošanec-Škarić et al., 2021). The analysis encompassed
temporal and formant characteristics of the non-phonemic schwa, and the results were
interpreted within the framework of theoretical assumptions and previous findings. The results
are presented and discussed in detail, followed by a conclusion summarizing the main findings
of the study. At the very end, the paper includes a methodological section that contextualizes
the research within the phonetic field, emphasizing its relevance for further exploration of
speech disfluencies and individual variation in speech. The methodological section is structured
in the form of a lesson plan, demonstrating its applicability not only in phonetic practice but
also in classroom instruction
The position of German as a foreign language at primary schools in Istria
No full textIstrien ist ein Gebiet, das überwiegend vom Tourismus lebt und dessen Touristen am meisten aus deutschsprachigen Ländern kommen. Deswegen sind die Fremdsprachenkenntnisse, besonders die Deutschkenntnisse für Menschen, die in Istrien bzw. im Tourismus eine Arbeitsstelle bekommen möchten, von großer Bedeutung. Diese Diplomarbeit setzt sich zum Ziel, die Wichtigkeit des Deutschen in Kroatien und Istrien früher und heute hervorzuheben sowie einen Vergleich der Position der deutschen Sprache als Fremdsprache an bestimmten Grundschulen in Istrien früher und heute anzustellen. Der Gegenstand dieser Diplomarbeit sind sechs Grundschulen in Istrien. Im Mittelpunkt stehen diejenigen Fremdsprachen, die an diesen Grundschulen unterrichtet wurden und die Reihenfolge, in der die Schüler dieser Grundschulen die jeweiligen Fremdsprachen lernen. Im theoretischen Teil wurden die Wichtigkeit der Fremdsprachenkenntnisse und der deutschen Sprache in Kroatien und Istrien sowie das frühe Fremdsprachenlernen und die Position der Fremdsprachen an Grundschulen in Kroatien dargelegt. Im empirischen Teil wurden die Interviews und Gespräche mit den Schulleitern und Deutschlehrerinnen aus den Grundschulen analysiert, um ihre Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zu entdecken. Aus dieser Arbeit geht hervor, dass die Ursachen der Verschlechterung der Position des Deutschen an bestimmten Grundschulen in Istrien die Popularität des Englischen und die Eltern sind
On the Skin Balkans Is Tattooed: Turbofolk and Autobalkanism in the Nineties
No full textOvaj rad bavi se analizom elemenata autobalkanizma u turbofolku tijekom devedesetih
godina dvadesetog stoljeća. Budući da je u hrvatskoj javnosti turbofolk kao glazbeni žanr često
opisivan kroz prizmu balkanizma, postavlja se pitanje postoje li onda elementi autobalkanizma
u turbofolku, u kakvom su odnosu balkanistički stereotipi i sadržaj turbofolka i na koji se način
autobalkanističke slike formiraju. Kako bi se turbofolk primjereno analizirao kao oblik
popularne kulture, ovaj se diplomski rad u teorijskom smislu oslanja na kulturalne studije, a u
metodološkom na analizu dispozitiva i historijsku imagologiju. Slijedom toga, interpretativno
analitički postupci su pokazali da je turbofolk kao, ne samo glazbeni žanr, već popularna i
masovna kultura, devedesetih godina u svoj sadržaj inkorporirao različite simbole, topose,
vrijednosti, norme i prakse koje se mogu smatrati elementima autobalkanističkog dispozitiva.
Fetišizacija kriminala, nasilja i oružja, promoviranje balkanskog patrijarhata, fatalne animalne
muževnosti i podređene ženstvenosti, eskapizam, samoegzotizacija, okcidentalizam te
transnacionalizam formirali su autopredodžbu Balkana u turbofolku. Ona je nastala na temelju
preuzimanja, preoznačavanja, rekonfiguriranja, subverzije i internalizacije balkanističkih
zapadnjačkih stereotipa kojima se, ovisno o potrebama, manipuliralo na različite načine. Na taj
se način, uz snažan utjecaj kontekstualnih faktora u vidu tranzicijskog ekonomskog i
društvenog ambijenta, ratova i društvenih poremećaja, formirala slika Balkana kao samostalnog
(id)entiteta koji se u mnogim slučajevima suprotstavlja zapadnjačkim stereotipima. Zbog toga
se može zaključiti da je turbofolku „na koži Balkan istetoviran“.This paper deals with the analysis of elements of autobalkanism in turbofolk during the
1990s. Since turbofolk as a musical genre is often described in the Croatian public through the
prism of balkanism, the question arises whether elements of autobalkanism exist in turbofolk,
what is the relationship between balkanist stereotypes and the content of turbofolk and how
autobalkanist images are formed. In order to adequately analyze turbofolk as a form of popular
culture, this graduate thesis relies on cultural studies in the theoretical sense, and in the
methodological sense on dispositif analysis and historical imagology. The analysis has
established that turbofolk, as not only a musical genre but also a popular and mass culture,
incorporated various symbols, values, norms and practices into its content during the 1990s that
can be considered as part of the autobalkanist dispositif. The fetishization of crime, violence
and weapons, the promotion of Balkan patriarchy, fatal animal masculinity and subordinate
femininity, escapism, self-exoticization, Occidentalism and transnationalism have formed the
self-image of the Balkans in turbofolk. It was created on the basis of the adoption,
reconfiguration, subversion and internalization of Balkanist Western stereotypes, which were
manipulated in various ways, depending on the needs. In this way, with the strong influence of
surrounding factors, such as transitional economic and social environment, wars and social
disruptions, the image of the Balkans was formed as an independent identity that in many cases
opposes Western stereotypes. Therefore, it can be concluded for turbofolk that „on the skin
Balkans is tattooed“
Generative artificial intelligence in creative arts
No full textPojava popularnih i široko dostupnih generativnih alata, kao što su ChatGPT, NightCafe i Dream Studio, smjestila je fenomen generativne umjetne inteligencije u središte interesa suvremenog društva. Generativna umjetna inteligencija područje je umjetne inteligencije koje je sposobno stvarati različite vrste sadržaja, uključujući tekst, slike, videozapise i zvuk. Upravo ta računalna sposobnost kreiranja novog, autentičnog sadržaja poljuljat će temelje i perspektivu ljudskog umjetničkog stvaralaštva.
Svrha rada je analizirati primjenjivost generativne umjetne inteligencije u kreativnoj umjetnosti. Cilj je napraviti usporednu analizu AI alata za generiranje slika te provesti usporednu evaluaciju prema uspostavljenim kriterijima. Proučit će se koliko su generativni alati sposobni stvarati vizualan umjetnički sadržaj, razmatrajući mogućnosti njihove primjene, kao i njihova ograničenja. Istraživanje je provedeno na odabranim AI alatima za generiranje slika na temelju pet vrsta upita različite razine složenosti. Nakon uspostavljanja kriterija, provedena je evaluacija i usporedna analiza alata. Istraživanje je usmjereno na procjenu tehničke izvedbe generiranih slika, analizu aspekta točnosti ili vjernosti u odnosu na postavljeni upit (engl. prompt), na kreativnost i estetiku.The emergence of popular and widely accessible generative tools, such as ChatGPT, NightCafe, and Dream Studio, has placed the phenomenon of generative artificial intelligence at the center of contemporary society’s attention. Generative artificial intelligence is a field of artificial intelligence capable of creating various types of content, including text, images, videos, and audio. This computational ability to create new, authentic content will shake the foundations and perspectives of human artistic creation. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the applicability of generative artificial intelligence in creative art. The aim is to conduct a comparative analysis of AI image generation tools and carry out a comparative evaluation based on established criteria. The study will examine how capable generative tools are in creating visual artistic content, considering the possibilities of their application as well as their limitations. The research was conducted on selected AI image generation tools based on five types of prompts of varying complexity. After establishing the evaluation criteria, an assessment and comparative analysis of the tools were carried out. The research focuses on evaluating the technical performance of the generated images, analyzing the aspect of accuracy or fidelity in relation to the given prompt, as well as creativity and aesthetics
Female and Creole in London: Jean Rhys' Anna Morgan and Sasha Jansen
No full textThis final paper examines the complexities of female Creole identity through an analysis of Rhys’s two protagonists: Anna Morgan in Voyage in the Dark and Sasha Jansen in Good Morning, Midnight. Due to their colonial background, both protagonists struggle with fragmented identities and experience profound alienation within the imperial metropolis. Through the lens of postcolonial, feminist and modernist frameworks, this paper explores how Rhys’s protagonists navigate social and cultural marginalization as white Creole women. In an attempt to find a sense of belonging in their metropolitan home, they are consistently met with prejudices and exclusion. Anna and Sasha are outsiders within the British social hierarchy and, paradoxically, also estranged from their Caribbean communities. Moreover, the paper analyses how clothing, language, and femininity function as performative tools under the constant metropolitan gaze. Both Anna and Sasha are aware of the importance of appearance and understand that failure to conform can result in further exclusion. Their appearance shapes their social status, and their bodies are objectified under patriarchal and racialized scrutiny. The analysis highlights Rhy’s critique of the exhibitionist culture that commodifies female and colonial identities. Rhys challenges simplistic and stereotypical representations of Creole women by exposing how the intersection of gender, race, and class reinforces their marginality. Rhys’s use of recurring imagery of bleak, monotonous urban spaces – identical hotels, endless streets, and confining rooms – reflects the psychological effect of displacement and alienation. Ultimately, the paper emphasizes the importance of recognising the intersection of gender, race and displacement in understating the complex position of white Creole women in imperial Britain. In doing so, it affirms Jean Rhys’s contribution to feminist and postcolonial literary discourse
150 years of the Vinkovci City Library and Reading Room : from an Illyrian reading room to a cultural and informational center in Vinkovci
No full textGradska knjižnica i čitaonica Vinkovci je tijekom svojih 150 godina postojanja mijenjala namjenu, imala šest različitih naziva, preživjela tri rata (dva svjetska i Domovinski) i nekoliko političkih režima, često se puta selila iz jednog prostora u drugi, više puta prekidala rad i u konačnici potpuno spaljena sa svim knjižničnim fondom 1991. Unatoč svemu, Knjižnica se svaki puta podizala natrag i postajala sve jača. Okupljala je intelektualce sklone kulturi, bila mjesto gdje su se izmjenjivale ideje te promovirala i čuvala kulturna baština. Danas je samostalna javna ustanova koja organizira i pruža javnosti informacije i usluge obrazovnog i kulturnog sadržaja koje zasniva na sustavnom odabiru, prikupljanju, stručnoj obradi, pohranjivanju, zaštiti te davanju na korištenje knjižnične građe i omogućavanju pristupa drugim izvorima. Ima funkciju matičnosti za narodne i školske knjižnice Vukovarsko-srijemske županije od 1995. godine, što znači da skrbi o razvoju knjižničarstva u Županiji i koordinira radom navedenih knjižnica. Od 21. srpnja 2023. godine službeno je smještena u modernom, funkcionalnom, opremljenom i dostatnom prostoru. Ima sve potrebne odjele i veći broj zbirki. Danas je to ustanova koja predstavlja stožer kulture Vinkovaca i okolice. Čuvarica je zavičajne kulture i kulture uopće, ali i ona koja ide u korak s vremenom.During its 150 years of existence, the city library and reading room in Vinkovci has changed its purpose, has had six different names, survived three wars (two world wars and the Homeland war) and several political regimes, was often moved from one area to another, stopped working several times and finally completely burned down with its entire book collection in 1991. Despite everything, the Library rose back up every time and became stronger. It brought together culturally inclined intellectuals, was a place where ideas were exchanged and cultural heritage was promoted and preserved. Today, it is an independent public institution that organizes and provides the public with information and services, educational and cultural content based on the systematic selection, collection, professional processing, storage, protection and making available for use and enabling access to other sources of library materials. Since 1995, it has been the registry office for public and school libraries of the Vukovar-Srijem County, which means that it takes care of the development of librarianship in the County and coordinates the work of the aforementioned libraries. Since July 21, 2023, it is officially located in a modern, functional, equipped and sufficient space. It has all the necessary departments and a large number of collections. Today it is an institution that represents the center of culture in Vinkovci and its surroundings. It is the guardian of native culture and culture in general, but also one who keeps up with the times