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Kondicional sadašnji i kondicional prošli u španjolskom i njihovi ekvivalenti u hrvatskom, temeljeni na korpusu
No full textEn este trabajo de fin de grado se presentan los valores principales del condicional simple y condicional compuesto en español y se comparan con sus equivalentes en croata. Para llevar a cabo este análisis se ha hecho la revisión de diversas gramáticas. Entre ellas, la Nueva gramática de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española, la Gramática de la lengua española de E.A. Llorach y la Gramática didáctica del español de L. G. Torrego y se han extraído las clasificaciones fundamentales de los valores del condicional simple y compuesto.
El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido mostrar cómo se expresan los distintos valores del condicional simple y compuesto en el español contemporáneo, y cuál es su equivalencia en croata. Para este propósito se han analizado ejemplos tomados de la novela El tiempo entre costuras de María Dueñas (2009), utilizada como corpus principal, y se han comparado con sus traducciones al croata.U ovom završnom radu predstavljene su temeljne vrijednosti jednostavnog i složenog kondicionala u španjolskom jeziku te ih se usporedilo s njihovim hrvatskim ekvivalentima.
Za provedbu ove analize provedena je revizija različiti gramatika. Među njima su Nova gramatika španjolskog jezika Kraljevske španjolske akademije, Gramatiku španjolskog jezika E.A. Lloracha i Didaktička gramatika španjolskog jezika L.G. Torrega i izdvojene su temeljne klasifikacije vrijednosti jednostavnog i složenog kondicionala.
Cilj ovog rada bio je pokazati kako se različite vrijednosti jednostavnog i složenog kondicionala izražavaju u suvremenom španjolskom jeziku i kako se preklapaju s hrvatskim jezikom. U tu svrhu analizirani su primjeri iz romana Vrijeme između krojenja Maríe Dueñas (2009.), koji je korišten kao glavni korpus, i uspoređen s njegovim prijevodom na hrvatski jezik
Comparative analysis of sociocultural elements in French and Romanian textbooks for foreigners, level B1
No full textCe mémoire propose une analyse comparative approfondie de l’intégration des éléments socioculturels dans les manuels de français et de roumain pour étrangers, niveau B1. S’appuyant sur les cadres théoriques du CECRL et de Byram, il examine comment la culture, l’interculturalité, la mémoire, l’identité, la vie quotidienne et la diversité sont abordées dans l’enseignement de ces deux langues. L’étude repose sur un corpus de manuels représentatifs, analysés selon des critères de diversité thématique, de profondeur, de créativité et de réflexion critique.
Les résultats révèlent des convergences majeures : la place centrale de la culture et de la diversité, la valorisation de la tolérance et l’ouverture à l’Autre, ainsi qu’une attention portée à la comparaison interculturelle. Cependant, des différences notables émergent : les manuels de FLE se distinguent par la richesse et la variété des contenus, la créativité des tâches et la dimension critique des activités, alors que les manuels de roumain privilégient une approche plus descriptive, axée sur la vie quotidienne, l’intégration pratique et la transmission des traditions.
L’analyse montre que, si la compétence interculturelle est reconnue comme un pilier fondamental dans les deux traditions, la créativité, la réflexion critique et la diversité des supports restent nettement plus développées dans les méthodes de FLE. Le mémoire conclut à la nécessité d’enrichir les manuels de roumain par des dispositifs plus créatifs et critiques, tout en invitant les méthodes de FLE à s’inspirer de l’ancrage pratique des manuels roumains pour un développement équilibré de la compétence interculturelle. Ces constats invitent à repenser les pratiques éditoriales et pédagogiques pour une éducation linguistique plus inclusive, réflexive et adaptée aux défis contemporains.Această lucrare de diplomă propune o analiză comparativă detaliată a integrării elementelor socioculturale în manualele de franceză și de română pentru străini, nivelul B1, având ca bază cadrele teoretice ale CECRL și ale lui Byram. Lucrarea investighează modul în care cultura, interculturalitatea, memoria, identitatea, viața cotidiană și diversitatea sunt abordate în predarea celor două limbi. Studiul se bazează pe un corpus de manuale reprezentative, analizate după criterii precum diversitatea tematică, profunzimea conținutului, creativitatea exercițiilor și reflecția critică.
Rezultatele evidențiază convergențe importante: cultura și diversitatea ocupă un loc central, este promovată toleranța și deschiderea către Celălalt, iar comparația interculturală este o constantă. Totuși, apar diferențe notabile: manualele de franceză pentru străini se remarcă prin bogăția și varietatea conținuturilor, creativitatea exercițiilor și dimensiunea critică a activităților, în timp ce manualele de română adoptă o abordare mai descriptivă, axată pe viața cotidiană, integrarea practică și transmiterea tradițiilor.
Analiza arată că, deși competența interculturală este recunoscută ca pilon fundamental în ambele tradiții, creativitatea, reflecția critică și diversitatea suporturilor sunt mult mai dezvoltate în metodele de franceză ca limbă străină. Această lucrare de diplomă subliniază necesitatea îmbogățirii manualelor de română cu activități mai creative și critice și invită, totodată, metodele de franceză ca limbă străină să se inspire din ancorarea practică a manualelor de română pentru a asigura o dezvoltare echilibrată a competenței interculturale. Aceste concluzii susțin necesitatea adaptării practicilor editoriale și pedagogice pentru o educație lingvistică mai incluzivă, reflexivă și adaptată provocărilor actuale.This thesis presents a comparative analysis of sociocultural elements in French and Romanian textbooks for foreigners at the level B1. Using the CEFR and Byram’s frameworks, it explores how culture, interculturality, memory, identity, daily life, and diversity are incorporated. The study analyzes representative textbooks based on thematic diversity, depth, creativity, and critical reflection.
Key findings include shared emphasis on culture, diversity, tolerance, and intercultural comparison. However, French textbooks stand out for richer, more creative content and critical activities, while Romanian ones focus more on daily life, practical integration, and tradition transmission.
The analysis highlights that intercultural competence is fundamental in both, but creativity and critical reflection are stronger in French methods. The thesis recommends adding more creative and critical elements to Romanian textbooks and suggests French methods could benefit from the practical focus of Romanian materials, aiming for balanced intercultural competence development. This calls for reconsidering editorial and pedagogical practices for more inclusive, reflective language education
Freedom and Equality as Moral Principles in the Political Thought of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
No full textOvaj diplomski rad posvećen je analizi moralnih dimenzija temeljnih filozofsko-političkih pojmova slobode i jednakosti u filozofiji politike Jeana-Jacquesa Rousseaua. Za razliku od klasičnih teoretičara društvenog ugovora, Rousseau političku zajednicu ne svodi na tehnički aparat vlasti, već ju poima kao prostor moralne transformacije pojedinca. U tom okviru, sloboda i jednakost se ne shvaćaju isključivo kao pravno-političke kategorije, već kao moralne pretpostavke autonomnog djelovanja i zajedničkog života u skladu s općim dobrom. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je prikazati na koji način Rousseau spaja političku i etičku dimenziju, pri čemu politička sloboda nije suprotnost moralnoj obvezi, već njezin izraz. Jednakost, s druge strane, nije tek formalna, već podrazumijeva uzajamno priznanje i dostojanstvo svakog člana zajednice. Analiza se temelji na Raspravi o nejednakosti i Društvenom ugovoru, gdje se jasno očituje Rousseauova težnja da politiku ugradi u širi projekt moralne obnove društva. Kroz šest tematskih poglavlja razmatraju se ključni aspekti Rousseauove misli, s posebnim naglaskom na perfectibilité, kritiku modernosti i normativnu koncepciju političkog poretka. Zaključno se nastoji ukazati da Rousseau promišlja političku zajednicu kao prostor etičkog samopotvrđivanja slobodnih i jednakih subjekata.This master’s thesis is dedicated to the analysis of the moral dimensions of the fundamental philosophical and political concepts of freedom and equality in the political philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Unlike classical social contract theorists, Rousseau does not reduce the political community to a mere technical apparatus of power but understands it as a space for the moral transformation of the individual. Freedom and equality are thus not understood solely as legal-political categories but as moral prerequisites for autonomous action and communal life in accordance with the common good. The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate how Rousseau integrates the political and ethical dimensions; whereby political freedom is not opposed to moral obligation but is rather its expression. Equality, on the other hand, is not merely formal but implies mutual recognition and the dignity of every member of the community. The analysis is grounded in Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality and The Social Contract, where Rousseau’s aspiration to embed politics within a broader project of moral renewal of society is clearly manifested. Through five thematic chapters, the key aspects of Rousseau’s thought are examined, with special emphasis on perfectibilité, critique of modernity, and the normative conception of the political order. In conclusion, the thesis demonstrates that Rousseau conceives the political community as a space for the ethical self-affirmation of free and equal subjects
Agentic engagement of elementary school students in learning mathematics
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi dimenzionalnost konstrukta proaktivne uključenosti u učenje matematike te njegovu povezanost s drugim teorijski relevantnim konstruktima u području motivacije. Sudionici istraživanja bili su učenici petih razreda (N = 389) zagrebačkih osnovnih škola. Upitnik je uz skalu proaktivne uključenosti u učenje matematike sadržavao i skale uključenosti u učenje, subjektivne vrijednosti zadatka i samoefikasnosti u matematici. Eksploratornom faktorskom analizom utvrđena je trofaktorska struktura skale proaktivne uključenosti u učenje matematike. Dobivene faktore nazvali smo samoregulacijska proaktivna uključenost, proaktivna uključenost s ciljem obogaćenja učenja i transakcijska proaktivna uključenost. Dobivene su značajne, pozitivne i umjerene do visoke korelacije subskala proaktivne uključenosti s kognitivnom i bihevioralnom uključenosti, dok je samoregulacijska proaktivna uključenost bila značajno, nisko i negativno povezana s emocionalnom uključenosti, što upućuje na preklapanje (ali ne i istovjetnost) ovog konstrukta s tradicionalnim komponentama uključenosti. Nadalje, utvrđene su umjerene do visoke pozitivne korelacije rezultata na subskalama proaktivne uključenosti s mjerama subjektivne vrijednosti matematike i samoefikasnosti u matematici, čime je potvrđeno uklapanje ove skale u širi okvir motivacijskih varijabli. Hijerarhijska regresijska analiza pokazala je značajni doprinos subskala proaktivne uključenosti u objašnjenju varijance očekivane školske ocjene iz matematike povrh bihevioralne, emocionalne i kognitivne uključenosti, a subskala samoregulacijske proaktivne uključenosti jedina je imala značajni samostalni doprinos.The aim of this study was to determine the dimensionality of the construct of agentic engagement in learning mathematics and its relationship with other theoretically relevant constructs in the domain of motivation. The participants of the study were fifth-grade students (N = 389) from Zagreb elementary schools. In addition to the scale of agentic engagement in learning mathematics, the questionnaire also contained scales of engagement in learning, subjective task values, and self-efficacy in mathematics. Exploratory factor analysis determined the three-factor structure of the scale of agentic engagement in mathematics learning. The three obtained factors were named self-regulatory agentic engagement, enrichment agentic engagement and transactional agentic engagement. Significant, positive, and moderate to high correlations of the subscales of agentic engagement with cognitive and behavioral engagement were obtained, while self-regulatory agentic engagement was significantly, lowly, and negatively correlated with emotional engagement, which indicates an overlap (but not the sameness) of this construct with traditional components of engagement. Furthermore, moderate to high positive correlations of results on the subscales of agentic engagement with measures of subjective value of mathematics and self-efficacy in mathematics were determined, thus confirming the fit of this scale in the broader framework of motivational variables. Hierarchical regression analysis showed a significant contribution of the subscales of agentic engagement in explaining the variance of the expected school grade in mathematics in addition to behavioral, emotional and cognitive engagement, and the subscale of self-regulation agentic engagement was the only one with a significant independent contribution
MOTIVÁCIA CHORVÁTSKYCH ŠTUDENTOV K ŠTÚDIU SLOVENSKÉHO JAZYKA A LITERATÚRY : MOTIVACIJA HRVATSKIH STUDENATA ZA STUDIJ SLOVAČKOG JEZIKA I KNJIŽEVNOSTI
No full textOvaj diplomski rad bavi se istraživanjem motivacije hrvatskih studenata za studij slovačkog jezika i književnosti na Filozofskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Polazi se od teorijskih modela motivacije učenja jezika, s naglaskom na razlike između unutarnje i vanjske te integrativne i instrumentalne motivacije, kao i na pristupe koji objašnjavaju promjenjivost motivacijskih čimbenika tijekom vremena. Posebna se pozornost posvećuje konceptu motivacije za učenje jezika kao ključnom psihološkom i obrazovnom procesu, koji ne samo da potiče odluku o učenju, već i održava angažman kroz dulje razdoblje.
U radu se također razmatra uloga akademskog i društvenog okruženja u oblikovanju motivacije, naglašavajući utjecaj nastavnika, nastavnih metoda, obitelji, vršnjaka i profesionalnih perspektiva. Analizira se kako institucionalni i kulturni konteksti oblikuju predanost učenju te kako podržavajuće okruženje može potaknuti prelazak s vanjske na unutarnju motivaciju.
Cilj rada jest analizirati koje vrste motivacije utječu na odluku studenata o upisu i nastavku studija slovačkog jezika i književnosti te kako kulturni, društveni i institucionalni čimbenici oblikuju njihovu dugoročnu predanost učenju. Empirijski dio rada temelji se na anketnom istraživanju provedenom među studentima slovakistike, kojim se nastoji steći dublji uvid u obrasce motivacije u hrvatskom akademskom kontekstu. Time rad povezuje teorijski okvir i empirijski pristup, s ciljem boljeg razumijevanja dinamike motivacije u učenju manjinskih i manje zastupljenih jezika.This thesis explores the motivation of Croatian students to study Slovak language and literature at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb. It draws on theoretical models of language learning motivation, with particular emphasis on the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic, as well as integrative and instrumental motivation, and on approaches that address the variability of motivational factors over time. Special attention is given to the concept of motivation for language learning as a key psychological and educational process, which not only initiates the decision to learn but also sustains engagement over a longer period.
The thesis also examines the role of academic and social environments in shaping motivation, highlighting the influence of teachers, teaching methods, family, peers, and professional perspectives. It analyses how institutional and cultural contexts shape students’ commitment to learning and how supportive environments can foster a shift from extrinsic to intrinsic motivation.
The aim of this thesis is to analyse the types of motivation that influence students’ decisions to enrol in and continue their studies of Slovak language and literature, as well as the cultural, social, and institutional factors that shape their long-term commitment to learning. The empirical part of the thesis is based on a survey conducted among students of Slovak studies, with the aim of gaining deeper insights into motivational patterns within the Croatian academic context. By combining a theoretical framework with empirical research, the thesis seeks to provide a better understanding of the dynamics of motivation in learning minority and less widely spoken languages.Táto diplomová práca sa zaoberá motiváciou chorvátskych študentov k štúdiu slovenského jazyka a literatúry na Filozofickej fakulte Univerzity v Záhrebe. Vychádza z teoretických modelov motivácie pri učení sa jazykov, so zvláštnym dôrazom na rozdiel medzi vnútornou a vonkajšou, ako aj integračnou a inštrumentálnou motiváciou, a na prístupy, ktoré vysvetľujú premenlivosť motivačných faktorov v priebehu času. Osobitná pozornosť sa venuje konceptu motivácie na učenie jazykov ako kľúčovému psychologickému a vzdelávaciemu procesu, ktorý nielenže podnecuje rozhodnutie učiť sa, ale zároveň udržiava angažovanosť počas dlhšieho obdobia.
Práca skúma aj úlohu akademického a spoločenského prostredia pri formovaní motivácie, pričom zdôrazňuje vplyv učiteľov, vyučovacích metód, rodiny, rovesníkov a profesijných perspektív. Analyzuje sa, ako inštitucionálne a kultúrne kontexty formujú odhodlanie študentov učiť sa a ako podporné prostredie môže podporiť prechod od vonkajšej k vnútornej motivácii.
Cieľom práce je analyzovať, aké typy motivácie ovplyvňujú rozhodnutie študentov zapísať si a pokračovať v štúdiu slovenského jazyka a literatúry, ako aj to, akým spôsobom kultúrne, spoločenské a inštitucionálne faktory formujú ich dlhodobé odhodlanie k učeniu. Empirická časť práce je založená na dotazníkovom prieskume realizovanom medzi študentmi slovakistiky s cieľom získať hlbší vhľad do motivačných vzorcov v chorvátskom akademickom kontexte. Spájaním teoretického rámca a empirického výskumu sa práca usiluje lepšie pochopiť dynamiku motivácie pri učení menšinových a menej rozšírených jazykov
War and peace in an ethical and philosophical-political perspective
No full textKompozicijska os ovoga rada temelji se na konceptualnoj analizi fenomena rata i mira, s
posebnim naglaskom na njihove etičke i filozofsko-političke aspekte odnosno pitanja njihove
legitimacije ili opravdanja. Prvotno se razmatra legitimacijski paradoks rada. Rat se, naime, često nastoji
opravdati time što se tvrdi da je je posezanje za nasiljem i brutalnošću jedino učinkovito sredstvo za
postizanje mira. Analiza, nadalje, upućuje na dugovječnu dominaciju diskursa o ratu nad onima o miru,
što potvrđuje i stoljećima prisutno tek metodički negativno definiranje mira kao pukog odsustva rata.
Uz takav povijesni i normativni kontekst, tek se postupno razvija i shvaćanje mira kao ne samo
ravnopravnog, nego i moralno nadmoćnijeg fenomena povezanog s potencijalom općeljudskog razvoja
i prosperiteta. Etički ideal mira pojavljuje se u različitim kontekstima: od duševnog do kozmičkog mira,
no središnje razumijevanje mira tiče se mira političke zajednice – političkog mira kao temeljne vrednote
novovjekovne i moderne javne moralnosti. Analiza nastanka i razvoja koncepta političkog mira provodi
se kroz filozofsko-političke ideje Hobbesa i Kanta. U drugom dijelu rada, objašnjavaju se filozofsko-političke
teorije rata s ciljem sagledavanja mogućih moralnih opravdanja ratnog djelovanja. Koncepcija
političkog realizma rat promatra kao neizbježan aspekt političke stvarnosti koji nije podložan moralnim
kriterijima. Suprotno tome, pacifizam kategorički odbacuje svaki oblik nasilja i zalaže se za apsolutni
mir. Teorija opravdanog rata u radu je istaknuta kao pokušaj pomirbe između političkog realizma i
pacifizma, odnosno kao pronalazak srednjeg puta. Od svog začetka u srednjem vijeku, nastavila se
razvijati formirajući tri skupine moralnih načela: jus ad bellum, jus in bello i jus post bellum, koja
zajedno nastoje postaviti jasne etičke okvire za opravdanost razloga za započinjanje rata, moralno
vođenje rata i provedbu pravednosti nakon završetka rata. Unatoč moralnom iskoraku koji donose teorije
opravdanog rata, čovječanstvo i dalje stoji pred etičkim i filozofsko-političkim imperativom
aproksimativnog približavanja idealu pravednoga političkog mira kao najvećega praktičkoga dobra.The compositional axis of this paper is based on a conceptual analysis of the phenomena of war and peace, with a special emphasis on their ethical and philosophical-political aspects, i.e. the issues of their legitimation or justification. The legitimation paradox of work is first considered. War is often justified by claiming that resorting to violence and brutality is the only effective means of achieving peace. The analysis further points to the long-standing dominance of discourses about war over those about peace, which is also confirmed by the centuries-old, methodically negative definition of peace as the mere absence of war. With such a historical and normative context, the understanding of peace as not only an equal, but also a morally superior phenomenon connected with the potential for general human development and prosperity is only gradually developing. The ethical ideal of peace appears in various contexts: from spiritual to cosmic peace, but the central understanding of peace concerns the peace of the political community – political peace as the fundamental value of modern and modern public morality. The analysis of the origin and development of the concept of political peace is provided through the philosophical-political ideas of Hobbes and Kant. In the second part of the paper, philosophical and political theories of war are explained with the aim of examining possible moral justifications for war. The concept of political realism views war as an inevitable aspect of political reality that is not subject to moral criteria. In contrast, pacifism categorically rejects any form of violence and advocates for absolute peace. The theory of just war is highlighted in the paper as an attempt to reconcile political realism and pacifism, or as finding a middle ground. Since its inception in the Middle Ages, it has continued to develop, forming three groups of moral principles: jus ad bellum, jus in bello and jus post bellum, which together seek to establish clear ethical frameworks for the justification of the reasons for starting a war, the moral conduct of war and the implementation of justice after the end of the war. Despite the moral leap brought by theories of just war, humanity still faces the ethical and philosophical and political imperative of approximating the ideal of a just political peace as the greatest practical good
Пограничные экономики в XVIII в.: общества Военной границы и запорожские казаки – избранные примеры
No full textU ovom radu analiziraju se i uspoređuju gospodarske prilike i procesi na području Vojne krajine i Hetmanata u 18. stoljeću. Kao dva potpuno odvojena i nepovezana, ali po okolnostima nastanka i uređenju razmjerno srodna slučaja, određuju se njihove sličnosti i razlike u gospodarskome smislu. Ponajprije se opisuje misaona klima 18. stoljeća radi lakšeg razumijevanja odluka i gospodarskih politika koje su vlasti provodile i zastupale te kako su se one uklapale u općeniti svjetonazor onoga doba. Zatim se daje kratak povijesni pregled obaju entiteta, kako bismo mogli shvatiti njihove odrednice i ishodište njihovih osobitosti. Nakon toga se prelazi za samu analizu gospodarske zbilje i procesa koji se odvijaju u Vojnoj krajini i Hetmanatu te njihovu usporedbu. Najprije se u radu posvećuje socioekonomskim prilikama, odnosno gospodarskom stanju društva i odnosima u njemu. Potom, obrađuje se poljoprivreda, kao glavna gospodarska grana obaju jedinica, te, u slučaju Vojne krajine, opisuje se odnos prema šumama. Zatim se prikazuje i uspoređuje značaj koji su imali gradovi za gospodarski život promatranih slučaja, osvrćući se i na njihovu različitu urbanu tradiciju. Nakon toga, analiziraju se trgovina i obrt, pri čemu se veća pažnja posvećuje trgovini, zbog njezinog većeg značaja u odnosu na obrt. Najzad, uspoređuju se procesi i primjeri protoindustrijalizacije kao rijetkog, ali ipak prisutnog slučaja u dvama tako militariziranim i agrarnim gospodarstvima poput vojnokrajiškog i hetmanatskog.В данной статье анализируются и сравниваются экономические условия и процессы в Военной границы и Гетманщины в XVIII веке. Как два совершенно отдельных и не связанных между собой случая, но всё-таки относительно схожих с точки зрения обстоятельств их возникновения и организации, определяются их сходства и различия в экономических терминах. Во-первых, описывается идеологический климат XVIII века, чтобы облегчить понимания решений и экономической политики, которые власти реализовывали и пропагандировали, и как они вписывались в общее мировоззрение того времени. Затем дается краткий исторический обзор обоих единиц, ради лучшего понимания их детерминанты и происхождение их особенностей. После этого статья переходит к анализу экономических реальности и процессов, происходящих на Военной границе и в Гетманщине, и к их сравнению. Во-первых, статья фокусируется на социально-экономических условиях, т. е. экономическом состоянии общества и отношениях внутри него. Затем обсуждается сельское хозяйство как основная отрасль экономики обоих, а в случае Военной границы описывается ещё и отношение к лесам. Затем представляется и сравнивается значение, которое имели города для экономической жизни наблюдаемых случаев, также ссылаясь на их различные городские традиции. После этого анализируются торговля и ремесла, причем большее внимание уделяется торговле из-за ее большей важности по сравнению с ремеслами. Наконец, сравниваются процессы и примеры протоиндустриализации как редкого, но тем не менее присутствующего случая в двух таких милитаризованных и аграрных экономиках, как Военная граница и Гетманщина
The influence of the matura exam on the planning and performance of sociology classes
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu istražuje se utjecaj državne mature na planiranje i izvedbu nastave sociologije u srednjim školama. Dalje isputuju se stavovi nastavnika sociologije o tome smatraju li da im je državna matura pomogla ili odmogla u održavanju i planiranju svoje nastave, te koliko je zapravo svijest o državnoj maturi prisutna među nastavnicima i mijenja li prisutnost državne mature njihov pristup poučavanju. Ciljevi rada su proučiti i prikazati stavove nastavnika o ispitu državne mature, te proučiti utjecaj državne mature na održavanje nastave sociologije u gimnazijama i srednjim školama. U Hrvatskoj ova tema nije osobito istražena, te nema puno literature na hrvatskom jeziku. Državna matura predstavlja važan dio obrazovnog sustava u Hrvatskoj, a ispit iz sociologije pruža učenicima priliku da pokažu svoje razumijevanje socioloških koncepata i vještine primjene socioloških teorija na stvarne društvene situacije.This thesis investigates the impact of the state matura exam on the planning and delivery of sociology classes in secondary schools. It also examines the views of sociology teachers on whether they believe that the state matura exam has helped or hindered them in delivering and planning their classes, and how much awareness of the state matura exam is actually present among teachers and whether the presence of the state matura exam changes their approach to teaching. The aims of the thesis are to study and present teachers' views on the state matura exam, and to study the impact of the state matura exam on delivering sociology classes in gymnasiums and secondary schools. In Croatia, this topic has not been particularly researched, and there is not much literature in the Croatian language. The state matura exam represents an important part of the education system in Croatia, and the sociology exam provides students with the opportunity to demonstrate their understanding of sociological concepts and skills in applying sociological theories to real social situations
Position and influence of the Federation of Associations of Combatants of National Liberation War in Croatia during the 1970s and 1980s on the examples of Labin and Sisak municipalities
No full textPartizanski su ratni veterani u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji imali istaknuto mjesto u procesu izgradnje države i za današnja poimanja neuobičajeno velik utjecaj na politiku i društvo koji do sad nije bio predmetom cjelovitog historiografskog istraživanja. Dosadašnja su se istraživanja uglavnom fokusirala na ulogu partizanskih boraca u oblikovanju i promicanju kulture sjećanja vezane uz Narodnooslobodilački rat, zanemarujući ostale aspekte njihovoga djelovanja o kojima svjedoče brojni pisani izvori. Okupljeni u vlastitu društveno-političku organizaciju pod nazivom Savez udruženja boraca Narodnooslobodilačkog rata (SUBNOR), borci su imali svoje ustavom propisane društvene zadatke, politikom i Programom Saveza komunista Jugoslavije utvrđene dužnosti te obveze socijalnog zbrinjavanja svojih članova. Rad na transmisiji partijske politike, ideologizaciji društva, mobilizaciji građana, snaženju zajedništva i patriotizma nadilazio je tipične okvire veteranske nadležnosti, a njihovo je mjesto u društvu još dugo vremena nakon rata bilo zapaženo. Namjera je ovog istraživanja pružiti višedimenzionalnu analizu djelovanja SUBNOR-a u Hrvatskoj s fokusom na sedamdesete i osamdesete kao godine u kojima se samoupravni socijalizam, teritorijalno-administrativna decentralizacija, podruštvljavanje i deetatizacija manifestiraju u svome najrazvijenijem obliku. Prva istraživačka hipoteza sugerira da su navedene promjene potaknule jačanje aktivizma u SUBNOR-u, snažniju povezanost s drugim društvenim strukturama i osuvremenjivanje brojnih aktivnosti s ciljem prilagodbe aktualnim društvenim promjenama, što je organizaciji donijelo produljeni utjecaj na društvo i politiku. Pod drugom je pretpostavkom reforma federacije premjestila težište aktivnosti boračke organizacije na lokalnu razinu gdje su se potom proklamirani ideali i politike različito primjenjivali u praksi. Fokus se rada, osim na republičkoj i saveznoj razini, smješta u dvije odabrane općine – Labin i Sisak, koje kao studije slučaja ocrtavaju fenomen položaja i utjecaja boraca u vlastitim kontekstima. Uz analizu odabranih arhivskih i novinskih izvora te onodobne i suvremene relevantne literature, mikrohistorijski se pristup prožima s republičkim i saveznim makropovijesnim okvirom.Partisan war veterans in socialist Yugoslavia had a prominent place in the process of building the state and, by today's standards, had an unusually large influence on politics and society. Their position and influence, especially in the society of late socialism, have not been the subject of comprehensive historiographical research until now. Previous works mainly focused on the role of partisan veterans in shaping and promoting the culture of memory related to the National Liberation War (NLW) in Yugoslavia, neglecting other aspects of their activities, as evidenced by numerous archival sources. Gathered in their own socio-political organization called the Federation of Veterans' Associations of National Liberation War (SUBNOR), the veterans had their social tasks determined by the constitution, various duties stipulated by the politics and the Program of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and obligation to assist in the provision of social welfare to its members. The work on transmission of Party policy, ideologization of society, mobilization of citizens, strengthening of unity and patriotism went beyond the typical framework of veteran competence, and their place in society was prominent for a long time after the war.
The sole purpose of this research is to provide a multidimensional analysis of the activities of SUBNOR in Croatia with a focus on the seventies and eighties as the years in which self-managed socialism, territorial-administrative decentralization, fading and withering away of the state, manifest in their most developed form. The first research hypothesis suggests that the aforementioned changes encouraged the strengthening of activism in SUBNOR, a stronger connection with other social structures and the modernization of numerous activities with the aim of adapting to current social changes, which brought the organization a long-lasting impact on society and politics. The second hypothesis deals with the fact that the reform of the federation moved the center of gravity of the veterans' organization's activities to the local level, where the proclaimed ideals and policies were then applied differently in practice. The focus of the SUBNOR's work, apart from the republican and federal levels, is placed in two selected municipalities – Labin and Sisak, which as case studies outline the phenomenon of the position and influence of veterans in their own contexts. Along with the analysis of selected archival sources and periodicals (newspapers and magazines) and contemporary relevant literature, the micro historical approach is interwoven with the republican and federal macro historical framework.
SUBNOR was founded in September 1947 as a voluntary socio-political organization gathering partisan veterans, participants of the National Liberation Movement (NLM), war invalids, former concentration camp prisoners, internees, deportees, and political prisoners on the side of NLM, families of the fallen fighters and the victims of fascist terror, and certain categories of pre-war revolutionaries and participants of the resistance movement in the world. Along with the committees formed according to the territorial principle, from the smallest, local, municipal, and inter-municipal organizations to republican and provincial committees and the Federal Committee, which managed the work of the organization at the level of Yugoslavia, the veterans' organization was present in almost every corner of the Yugoslav federation. It gathered approximately one million members with diverse experiences of participation in NLW and pre-war revolutionary events. SUBNOR was formed with the aim of popularizing the achievements of the NLW and the revolution, as well as to support the building and shaping of a socialist society and the social wellbeing of the partisan generation. The portfolio of its activities, from various jobs within political and social activities, international veterans' cooperation, to raising the civil defense readiness and patriotic and ideological shaping of children and young people, clearly reflected degree of involvement of veterans in the public and social life of Yugoslavia. It was an integral part of the umbrella socio-political organization – the Socialist Alliance of the Working People, its own work program was based on the program and policy of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, and veterans' rights were constitutionally guaranteed.
The 1960s were a turning point in the work and activity of SUBNOR, just as they proved to be a turning point in the case of the political, economic, and cultural development of the self-managed socialist Yugoslavia. In that decade, a large part of the war generation retires from leadership positions, while on the other hand, the key processes of decentralization and strengthening of local committees are starting to happen. Soon followed the politicization of the entire membership and socialization of numerous SUBNOR activities that enabled the organization to turn towards everyday politics and social relations instead of sticking strictly to the socioeconomic issues of veterans. Changed responsibilities and work priorities will be most recognized in veterans' participation in social self-management, modernization of commemorative practices, more intensive cooperation with other organizations and institutions, greater independence in leading and developing international veteran cooperation, as well as in increased opportunities for veterans' welfare at the local level in relation to republican and federal welfare provisions. Like never before, the position and influence of the combatants will depend on political, social, and economic trends in the municipality, on the favor of local political elites and bureaucratic structures, but also on the activism of prominent individuals of the organization.
Due to all the above mentioned, veteran organizations in Labin and Sisak, created on similar foundations of strong traditions of the labor and revolutionary movement, i.e., anti-fascist resistance, make meaningful case studies in the context of activism and the culture of remembrance of NLW. In these two cities, as important symbolic centers of archetypal workers' resistance and revolutionary mass uprisings, there was a lot of room for the growth of the reputation and influence of partisan veterans in post-war society compared to some other environments. The imperative to preserve and affirm the memory of NLW for a long time encouraged the creation of specific local memoryscapes. Revolutionary enthusiasm had to be translated into examples of responsible, ideologically correct, and consistent behavior of every individual in society. Industrial production, as a key initiator of urban development, modernization, and improvement of the standards of Labin and Sisak society, formed an important context for the social care of the local veteran population thanks to the economic possibilities of the municipality. The focus of veterans could thus be more easily moved away from veterans' health and socioeconomic issues, in contrast to, for example, rural and underdeveloped areas where the solution of socioeconomic issues was not standardized enough but turned into a source of veteran dissatisfaction. With their historical differences and particularities, these two environments bear witness to numerous phenomena concerning local politics, interpersonal relations, issues of identity, interrelationships of local power structures, cooperation and connections at the international level, and issues of social security and regime stability. From open criticism and self-criticism, political pressure, coping and lobbying, to networking with young people and sensitizing citizens to their own issues and interests, Labin and Sisak veterans' organizations reveal how socialism functioned on a microlevel.
The purpose of this dissertation is to answer the question on what the analysis of the activities of the SUBNOR municipal committees in Labin and Sisak can say about the role of the partisan generation in the construction of socialism. What characterized the relationship between veterans, the communist state and socialist society? What was the role of the mostly retired partisan generation in the system of fully developed self-managed socialism? How did the veterans live thirty or forty years after the war? The thesis, from the perspective of social history and microhistory, first deals with the definition of the partisan veteran population, their war experience, and the context of the formation of SUBNOR as a specific mass organization. It then provides a chronological overview of the organizations' activities at the federal and republic level, with a review of the issue of membership, assumed roles and tasks of socio-political organizations in the society of self-managed socialism. In the following part of the dissertation, the histories of the activities of the Labin and Sisak veterans' organizations are presented, along with the analysis of key elements in the organizations' activities during the period of late socialism, that is activism within the framework of social self-management, preservation and popularization of war memories, welfare and social care of members, SUBNOR's international cooperation and its role in the People's Defense and Social Self-Defense system in Yugoslavia. The aforementioned activities are problematized with the help of various examples and sources from the local level. Archival sources collected in the Archives of Yugoslavia in Belgrade, the Croatian State Archives in Zagreb, the State Archives of Sisak and the State Archives of Rijeka, as well as records from the archives of the Anti-fascist association in Labin and the Public Museum of Labin, were used for this purpose. Specialized veteran magazines and local newspapers of the time were indispensable in this regard. Their stories and details contributed significantly to the understanding of SUBNOR's true position and impact in Croatia. As a result, there is a need for a more nuanced understanding of the interaction between veterans, the state and society in socialist Yugoslavia, as well as a broader consideration of the peculiarities and functioning of socialism at the local level over the last two decades of its existence
Changes in normative deviations in Croatian daily newspapers
No full textHrvatski je standardni jezik normiran, odnosno uređen pravilima koja se odnose na gramatiku i pravopis te popisom koji se odnosi na normativni rječnik. Standardnojezične norme omogućuju komunikaciju među govornicima diljem Republike Hrvatske. Dakako, standardnojezične norme dio su i pisane službene komunikacije pa hrvatski standardni jezik treba upotrebljavati i u novinama. Novinarska praksa uključuje mnoga normativna odstupanja koja je nužno osvijestiti i prikazati. Rad donosi i standardnojezičnu teoriju.
U ovome radu predstavljaju se obilježja jezika dnevnih novina i prošlo istraživanje o normativnim odstupanjima. Cilj je ovoga rada prikazati tijek normativnih odstupanja i analizu na primjerima iz Večernjega lista i Slobodne Dalmacije 1960., 1990. i 2010. godine, zaključiti koji je vremenski period potreban za ovladavanje standardnojezičnom normom, koja su odstupanja konstantna, koja se više ne javljaju i javljaju li se neka nova. Analiza nastoji prikazati dinamičnost standardnojezičnih normi i njezinu dosljednost u novinarskome stilu. Nadalje, pokušava osvijestiti razlike između standarda i medijskoga diskursa koji se nepravilno rabi u službenoj novinskoj komunikaciji.
Zatim se prikazuje obrada teme na nastavnome satu u području Hrvatski jezik i komunikacija.
Nadalje, provodi se i istraživanje na manjem uzorku čitatelja novina kako bi se istražilo primjećuju li odstupanja i ako primjećuju, u kojoj mjeri.
Rad nastoji doprinijeti boljemu razumijevanju odstupanja od standardnojezične norme u hrvatskim dnevnim novinama te osvijestiti nužnost pridržavanja standardnojezične norme u javnoj komunikaciji.The Croatian standard language is standardized, regulated by rules relating to grammar and spelling and a list relating to the normative dictionary. Standard language norms enable communication between speakers throughout Croatia. Of course, standard language norms are also part of written official communication, so the Croatian standard language should also be used in newspapers. It is important to be aware of and present many normative deviations in journalistic practice. The thesis also presents a standard language theory.
This thesis presents the characteristics of the language of daily newspapers and past research on normative deviations. The aim of this thesis is to present the course of normative deviations and analyze them using examples from Večernji list and Slobodna Dalmacija in 1960, 1990, and 2010, to conclude what time period is needed to master the standard language norm, which deviations are constant, which no longer occur, and whether new ones are occurring.
The analysis attempts to demonstrate the dynamics of standard language norms and their consistency in journalistic style. Furthermore, it attempts to raise awareness of the differences between standards and media discourse that is incorrectly used in official journalistic communication.
Then, the topic is presented in a lesson in the field of Croatian Language and Communication.
A smaller sample of newspaper readers is surveyed to explore the possibility of noticing deviations and the number of deviations they might notice.
The thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of deviations from the standard language norm in Croatian daily newspapers and to raise awareness of the necessity of adhering to the standard language norm in public communication