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The mediating role of basic psychological needs in the relationship between job crafting and work engagement among teachers in Croatia
No full textRadna angažiranost jedan je od ključnih konstrukata u organizacijskoj psihologiji, a u posljednje vrijeme sve se češće istražuje i u kontekstu odgojno-obrazovnog sustava, osobito zbog povećanih profesionalnih i emocionalnih zahtjeva s kojima se u radu susreću učitelji i nastavnici. Teorijski modeli i dosad provedena istraživanja upućuju na to da samooblikovanje posla, koje se odnosi na proaktivne aktivnosti zaposlenika usmjerene na promjenu elemenata posla, može biti povezano s višom razinom radne angažiranosti, osobito kada se putem njega zadovoljavaju osnovne psihološke potrebe. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio ispitati povezanost samooblikovanja posla, zadovoljenja osnovnih psiholoških potreba i radne angažiranosti nastavnika, kao i medijacijsku ulogu zadovoljenja potreba u odnosu između samooblikovanja posla i radne angažiranosti. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 225 učitelja i nastavnika zaposlenih u osnovnim i srednjim školama na području Republike Hrvatske, a sudionici su putem online upitnika samoprocjenjivali razinu angažiranosti, samooblikovanja posla i zadovoljenja osnovnih psiholoških potreba. Rezultati su pokazali da su svi konstrukti međusobno pozitivno povezani, a pronađen je i djelomičan medijacijski učinak zadovoljenja temeljnih psiholoških potreba u odnosu između samooblikovanja posla i radne angažiranosti. Drugim riječima, nastavnici koji više oblikuju svoj posao češće doživljavaju zadovoljenje osnovnih psiholoških potreba, što zatim doprinosi višoj radnoj angažiranosti. Ovi rezultati mogu poslužiti kao temelj za razvoj ciljanih intervencija koje bi nastavnicima osigurale veću profesionalnu podršku te pridonijele njihovom profesionalnom razvoju i dobrobiti.Work engagement is one of the key constructs in organizational psychology and in recent years it has been increasingly examined in the educational context, particularly due to the growing professional and emotional demands faced by teachers. Theoretical models and previous research suggest that job crafting, defined as employees' proactive efforts to change certain aspects of their job, may be linked to higher levels of work engagement, especially when it leads to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between job crafting, basic psychological need satisfaction and work engagement among teachers, as well as the mediating role of need satisfaction in the relationship between job crafting and work engagement. The study involved 225 primary and secondary school teachers from various regions in Croatia. Participants completed an online questionnaire assessing their levels of job crafting, psychological need satisfaction, and work engagement through self-report measures.The results revealed significant positive associations between all three constructs. Additionally, a partial mediating effect of basic psychological need satisfaction was found in the relationship between job crafting and work engagement. In other words, teachers who engage more in job crafting tend to experience greater satisfaction of their basic psychological needs, which in turn contributes to higher work engagement. These findings provide a foundation for developing targeted interventions aimed at enhancing professional support, fostering teacher development, and improving teacher well-being in the educational system
Pierre Reverdy's prose poetry: translation, commentary and analysis of the concept of space
No full textDiplomski je rad posvećen prijevodu zbirke pjesama "Poèmes en prose" ("Pjesme u prozi") francuskoga pjesnika Pierrea Reverdyja, objavljene 1915. Prijevod se komentira iz perspektive problematike žanra pjesme u prozi te Reverdyjeve koncepcije pjesničke slike (image poétique) koja funkcionira kao teorijska osnova zbirke; kod Reverdyja se poetski jezik zamjenjuje slikovnim jezikom (Beaujour 1983 : 42), što potencijalno utječe na prijevodnu strategiju. Također, osvrćemo se na pitanja sintakse i stila u prijevodu, pri čemu osobitu pažnju pridajemo odsutnosti osobitih stilskih obilježja koja bi upućivala na pjesnički jezik i (ne)mogućnosti reprodukcije takvoga stilskoga obilježja u prijevodu na hrvatski. S obzirom na to da se pri prijevodu nismo susreli s tipičnim traduktološkim dvojbama, cilj je komentara prikazati iskustvo prevođenja u širem smislu (što uključuje i promišljanje samoga teksta). Osvrćemo se i na Reverdyjevu koncepciju prostora, koja također proizlazi iz koncepcije pjesničke slike. Prostor Pjesama u prozi karakterizira neprestana graničnost, rubnost (koja se očituje prvenstveno u motivima prozora i vrata), kao i neodvojivost prostora od lirskoga subjekta, što prostor pretvara u neku vrstu zatvora. Zarobljenost lirskoga subjekta posebice dolazi do izražaja u prostoru grada, koji je kod Reverdyja pun opasnosti i koji se pretvara u svojevrsni labirint čija geometričnost uhodi lirski subjekt, osuđen na neprestani bijeg. Prostor grada analizira se u opreci s prostorom prirode. Također, usporedno se analizira i specifičnost unutarnjih i vanjskih prostora.Ce travail de master est consacré à la traduction d'un recueil de poèmes intitulé "Poèmes en prose", écrit par le poète français Pierre Reverdy et publié en 1915. Le commentaire traductologique s’appuie sur la problématique du genre du poème en prose, ainsi que sur la conception reverdyenne de l'image poétique, qui constitue le fondement théorique du recueil ; chez Reverdy, la langue poétique est remplacée par la langue imagée (Beaujour 1983: 42), ce qui peut influencer la stratégie de traduction. Nous nous intéressons également aux questions de syntaxe et de style dans la traduction, en mettant l’accent sur l'absence de marqueurs stylistiques distincts renvoyant au langage poétique et sur l'impossibilité – ou la possibilité – de reproduire ce trait stylistique dans la traduction en croate. Etant donné que la traduction n’a pas soulevé de problèmes traductologiques typiques, ce commentaire vise à montrer notre expérience de traduction dans un sens plus large (ce qui inclut une réflexion sur le texte lui-même). Nous analysons aussi la conception reverdyenne de l'espace, découlant elle aussi de sa conception de l'image poétique. L'espace des Poèmes en prose est marqué par une liminalité incessante (qui se manifeste notamment par les motifs de la porte et de la fenêtre), ainsi que par l’unité entre l'espace et le sujet lyrique, ce qui transforme l'espace en une sorte de prison. La condition carcérale du sujet lyrique se manifeste surtout dans l'espace urbain, lequel, chez Reverdy, est plein de dangers et se transforme en une sorte de labyrinthe, dont le caractère géométrique hante le sujet lyrique, qui y est condamné à une fuite perpétuelle. L'espace urbain est analysé en opposition à celui de la nature. Enfin, la spécificité des espaces intérieurs et extérieurs est aussi examinée, de manière parallèle
Tongue Arching in Typical Croatian Speakers
No full textIzbočenje je vertikalni ili dijagonalni pomak u jednoj regiji jezika koji bi mogao biti jedno od temeljenih načela organizacije pomaka jezika, a njegova je pojavnost uvjetovana glasovnim kontekstom. Cilj rada bio je istražiti izbočenje u govoru tipičnih govornika hrvatskog jezika kako bi se utvrdilo postoje li uopće primjeri izbočenja u njihovom govoru te definirao kontekst njihove realizacije. Pretpostavilo se da je izbočenje jezika prisutno kod tipičnih govornika hrvatskog jezika, da će pojavnost predmetnog kinematskog obrasca ovisiti o vokalskom kontekstu te da se indeksom izdignutosti leđa jezika (DEI) ne može adekvatno opisati izbočenje. Izbočenje se testiralo na ultrazvučnim snimkama kvazispontanog govora u bezvučnim frikativima [s] i [ʃ] te afrikatama [t͡s], [t͡ʃ] i [t͡ɕ] u simetričnoj vokalskoj okolini vokala [i] i [u], a analizirani materijal nastao je u okviru projekta KROKO. Pokazalo se da se veća izdignutost jedne regije jezika naspram drugih primjećuje i kod tipičnih govornika hrvatskog jezika, a na strategiju izdignutosti jezika veći utjecaj imaju konsonanti nego vokali. Također, pokazalo se kako mjera DEI ne doprinosi razlikovanju izbočenja od pivotiranja, no otvara prostor za daljnja istraživanja kvantifikacije izbočenja ovom mjerom.The arch is a vertical or diagonal motion in a single region of the tongue that could be one of the basic principles of tongue movement organization, and its occurrence is conditioned by the vocal context. The aim of the study was to investigate arching in typical Croatian speakers to determine whether there are any examples in their speech and to define the context of its realization. It was hypothesized that the arch occurs in typical Croatian speakers, that the occurrence of the kinematic pattern in question will depend on the vocal context, and that the tongue excursion index (DEI) cannot adequately describe arching of the tongue. The material used in the research was ultrasound recordings of quasi-spontaneous speech in voiceless fricatives [s] and [ʃ] and affricates [t͡s], [t͡ʃ] and [t͡ɕ] in a symmetrical vocal environment of vowels [i] and [u]. The analysed material was created within the framework of the CROCO project. It has been shown that greater elevation of one region of the tongue compared to others is also observed in typical speakers of the Croatian language, and that consonants have a greater influence on the tongue elevation strategy than vowels. Also, it was shown that the DEI measure does not contribute to distinguishing the arch from pivot, but it provides a basis for future research into the quantification of the arch through this metric
The development of microforms as a method of compressing material and the digitization of microforms
No full textOvim završnim radom se obradio razvoj mikrofilma kao metode za komprimiranje, sažimanje i pohranu arhivskog gradiva, a naglasak je bio stavljen na postupak mikrofilmiranja i njegovu primjenu u arhivskoj praksi. Analizirali su se primjeri korištenja mikrofilma u arhivskim institucijama u Hrvatskoj i svijetu te relevantni standardi i norme za proces mikrofilmiranja. Posebna pažnja bila je posvećena procesu digitalizacije mikrofilmiranih podataka te usporedbi prednosti i nedostataka mikrofilma kao starije tehnologije niskog rizika u odnosu na suvremene metode digitalizacije gradiva. Također, razmotrili su se hibridni oblici arhiviranja, poput PIQL filma i kombinacije digitalnih tehnologija s mikrofilmom, kao suvremena rješenja za dugoročnu pohranu arhivskog gradiva.The paper will address the development of microfilm as a method for compressing, condensing, and storing archival material, with an emphasis on the microfilming process and its application in archival practice. Examples of the use of microfilm in archival institutions in Croatia and worldwide will be analyzed, along with relevant standards and norms for the microfilming process. Special attention will be given to the digitization process of microfilmed data and a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of microfilm as an older, low-risk technology with modern digitization methods. Additionally, hybrid forms of archiving, such as PIQL film and the combination of digital technologies with microfilm, will be considered as contemporary solutions for the long-term preservation of archival material
Development of a system for automatic categorization of atypical pronunciation based on a multichannel speech corpus
No full textRad se bavi klasifikacijom glasova hrvatskog jezika kod tipičnih govornika kombiniranjem elektropalatografskih i akustičkih podataka koristeći modele strojnog učenja u svrhu raspoznavanja atipičnosti u govoru. Rezultati su pokazali da kombinacija dvaju izvora podataka značajno poboljšava točnost klasifikacije u odnosu na njihovu zasebnu primjenu. Među analiziranim modelima, slučajna šuma pokazala se najuspješnijom, dok je model k-najbliži susjedi imao najveće poteškoće u klasifikaciji glasova. Iako su akustičke značajke glasova bile stabilne među govornicima, elektropalatografski podaci pokazali su određene varijacije, osobito kod glasova s manje jezično-nepčanog kontakta. Daljnja istraživanja trebala bi uključiti složenije modele poput neuronskih mreža te ispitivanje mogućnosti drugih oblika algoritama strojnog učenja. Rezultati istraživanja primjenu mogu naći u različitim područjima, od unapređenja postupka dijagnostike i terapije govora osoba s govornim poteškoćama, do implementacije u sučelje virtualnog asistenta namijenjenog osobama s poteškoćama u govoru.The paper deals with the classification of Croatian language sounds in typical speakers by combining electropalatographic and acoustic data, using machine learning models for the purpose of recognizing atypical speech. The results showed that the combination of the two data sources significantly improves the classification accuracy compared to their separate application. Among the analyzed models, Random Forest proved to be the most successful, while the k-Nearest Neighbors model had the most difficulties in classifying sounds. Although the acoustic characteristics of sounds were stable among speakers, electropalatographic data showed certain variations, especially in sounds with less lingual-palatal contact. Further research should include more complex models such as Neural Networks and testing the possibilities of other forms of machine learning algorithms. The research results can be applied in various fields, from improving the diagnostic and speech therapy procedures for people with speech difficulties, to implementing them in the interface of a virtual assistant intended for people with speech difficulties
Underwater archaeological sites of the Lastovo archipelago
No full textOvaj diplomski rad analizira podvodna antička arheološka nalazišta Lastovskog otočja, ubicirana između 1987. i 2019. godine. Iako je identificirano oko dvadeset lokacija s arheološkim materijalom, samo je nekolicina detaljno istražena, što je rezultiralo nedostatkom podataka o većini nalazišta. U radu je prezentiran pregled lokaliteta koji svjedoče o pomorskim aktivnostima od 3. stoljeća pr. Kr. do 7. stoljeća po. Kr., temeljem brodoloma čiji su tereti sačuvani na morskom dnu. Prezentirano predstavlja sintezu dostupne dokumentacije istraživanja Lastovskog podmorja te donosi pregled pokretnog materijala, posebno amfora, s ciljem boljeg razumijevanja trgovine i pomorskih puteva južnog Jadrana u antičkom razdoblju.This master thesis analyses underwater archaeological sites of the Lastovo Archipelago, surveyed between 1987 and 2019. Although approximately twenty locations with archaeological material were identified, only a few have been thoroughly investigated, resulting in a lack of data on most sites. The study presents an overview of locations that testify to maritime activities in the southern Adriatic from the 3rd century BC to the 7th century AD, based on shipwrecks whose cargoes have been preserved on the seabed. This work synthesizes available archaeological documentation and provides an overview of archaeological material, especially amphorae, with the aim of better understanding maritime trade and navigation routes in the southern Adriatic during the period of antiquity
Odnos između međujezičnog utjecaja i morfosintaktičkog razvoja trećeg jezika
No full textThe paper examines the phenomenon of cross-linguistic influence (CLI) in third language (L3) acquisition focusing on the interplay between Croatian (L1), English (L2), and Russian (L3) in students of Russian at varying levels of proficiency. The study involved 62 participants, native speakers of Croatian with substantial exposure to English, Russian majors (from 1st to 5th year of study). Each participant was asked to translate nine sentences containing specific grammatical constructions designed to induce potential cross-linguistic interference.), enabling an analysis of how knowledge of L1 and L2 may be used to explain some errors in the production of Russian (L3) at the morphosyntactic level. In other words, the focus of the study was to test whether students would rely on their L1 or L2 when faced with grammatical challenges in Russian. The findings revealed a notable reliance on avoidance strategies among lower-year students, whereas higher-year students mostly attempted to translate the sentences, often resorting to either Croatian or English. Croatian, being typologically closer to Russian, played a prominent role in influencing grammatical errors, especially in prepositions and case markings. English interference was also noticeable, particularly in instances of fixed expressions and syntactical structures (such as, most prominently, using the cases appropriately or inserting the correct prepositions) that students had internalized through extended exposure to English. Overall, the results suggested that both L1 and L2 have noticeable impacts on L3 production, more or less equally so. The study contributes to the understanding of CLI in multilingual learners and highlights the intricacies of multilingual language processing, providing insight into how students deal with complex grammatical challenges (or ones they simply have not encountered previously) in Russian while being influenced by the other languages in their repertoire. It also touches on what seemingly motivates them to try and find a solution in some sentences, while resorting to avoidance in others.Rad ispituje fenomen međujezičnog utjecaja (CLI) u učenju trećeg jezika (L3), fokusirajući se na međudjelovanje hrvatskog (L1), engleskog (L2) i ruskog (L3) kod studenata ruskog jezika različitih razina jezične kompetencije. Istraživanje je uključivalo 62 sudionika, izvorne govornike hrvatskog jezika sa značajnom izloženošću engleskom jeziku, koji su svi studenti ruskog jezika (od 1. do 5. godine studija). Svaki je sudionik trebao prevesti devet rečenica koje su sadržavale specifične gramatičke konstrukcije osmišljene s ciljem poticanja potencijalne međujezične interferencije. Na taj način omogućena je analiza načina na koji se znanje L1 i L2 može koristiti za objašnjenje određenih pogrešaka u produkciji ruskog jezika (L3) na morfosintaktičkoj razini. Drugim riječima, fokus istraživanja bio je na pitanju hoće li se studenti osloniti na svoj L1 ili L2 kada se suoče s gramatičkim izazovima u ruskom jeziku. Rezultati su pokazali značajnu sklonost strategijama izbjegavanja kod studenata nižih godina studija, dok su studenti viših godina uglavnom pokušavali prevesti rečenice, često se oslanjajući na hrvatski ili engleski. Hrvatski jezik, kao jezik tipološki bliži ruskom, imao je značajnu ulogu u utjecaju na gramatičke pogreške, osobito u korištenju prijedloga i padeža. Interferencija engleskog jezika također je bila primjetna, posebno u slučajevima ustaljenih izraza i sintaktičkih struktura (kao što su, ponajviše, pravilno korištenje padeža ili umetanje odgovarajućih prijedloga) koje su studenti internalizirali kroz dugotrajnu izloženost engleskom jeziku. Sve u svemu, rezultati sugeriraju da i L1 i L2 imaju primjetan utjecaj na produkciju L3, više-manje podjednako. Istraživanje doprinosi razumijevanju međujezičnog utjecaja kod višejezičnih učenika i naglašava složenost procesuiranja jezika u višejezičnom kontekstu, pružajući uvid u način na koji studenti rješavaju složene gramatičke izazove (ili one s kojima se dosad nisu susreli) u ruskom jeziku, dok su pod utjecajem ostalih jezika u svom repertoaru. Također se dotiče onoga što ih, čini se, motivira da pokušaju pronaći rješenje u nekim rečenicama, dok u drugima pribjegavaju strategijama izbjegavanja
Archival arrangement of the Parish of Our Lady of the Rosary in Drniš
No full textU diplomskom radu prikazan je proces arhivističke obrade arhiva rimokatoličke Župe Gospe od Ružarija u Drnišu. Cilj izrade rada je sređivanje drniškog župnog arhiva i izrada obavijesnog pomagala fonda, kao poticaj za otvaranje arhiva javnosti i poboljšanje dostupnosti gradiva svim zainteresiranim korisnicima. U prvom dijelu rada obrađuje se stručne, administrativne i pravne postavke koje je potrebno poznavati za sređivanje arhiva vjerskih zajednica: pojam privatnog arhiva, zastupljenosti institucija vjerskih zajednica i brojnosti njihovog članstva u sastavu stanovništva Republike Hrvatske. Analizira se djelovanje i administrativna podjela zajednica Katoličke crkve te predstavlja zakonodavni okvir djelovanja arhiva vjerskih zajednica. U drugom dijelu rada opisuje se proces sređivanja arhiva, od početnog pregleda gradiva, do opisa i izrade sumarnog inventara fonda Župno – dekanatski ured Drniš. Predstavljen je pregled povijesti župe te se na kraju rada donose smjernice za drugu fazu procesa sređivanja predmetnog arhiva. Uz teorijski dio, diplomski rad se sastoji i od praktičnog dijela u prikazu sumarnog inventara fonda koji je izrađen kao rezultat procesa sređivanja arhiva.The thesis presents the process of archival processing of the archive of the Roman Catholic Parish of Our Lady of the Rosary in Drniš. The aim of the thesis is to arrangement Drniš parish archive and to create a finding aid for the archive, as an incentive for opening the archive to the public and improving the accessibility of materials for all interested users.
The first part of the thesis describes the professional, administrative and legal frameworks necessary for organizing the archives of religious communities: the concept of private archive as well as of the representation of religious institutions and the proportion of their members within the population of the Republic of Croatia. It analyzes the functioning and administrative division of Catholic Church communities and presents the legal framework governing the operation of the archives of religious communities.
The second part of the thesis describes the process of organizing the archive, from the initial assessment of materials to the description and creation of a summary inventory of the Parish–Deanery Office Drniš collection. Overview of the parish history is provided. Guidelines for the second phase of the archival organization process are outlined at the end of the thesis. In addition to the theoretical section, the thesis also includes a practical part, presenting the summary inventory of the collection, which was created as a result of the archival processing
Hierarchical lexical-semantic relations in the Croatian language
No full textTema su ovoga rada hijerarhijski leksičko-semantički odnosi, odnosno hiponimija i meronimija. Hiponimija je odnos između leksičke jedinice koja označuje vrstu (životinja) i leksičke jedinice koja označuje predstavnika vrste (pas), a meronimija odnos između leksičke jedinice koja označuje cjelinu (pas) i leksičke jedinice koja označuje dio te cjeline (njuška). Ti se odnosi nazivaju hijerarhijskim jer ustrojavaju hijerarhije u kojima nadređenica ima podređenice – vrsta ima predstavnike ili cjelina dijelove. U hiponimijskome odnosu nadređenica je hiperonim i podređenica hiponim, a u meronimijskome nadređenica je holonim i podređenica meronim. U teorijskome dijelu rada na temelju dostupne literature donose se glavne spoznaje o hiponimiji i meronimiji: njihova definicija, primjeri, podjele. Rad se oslanja na distribucijsku hipotezu kao teorijski okvir i na temelju poluautomatske korpusne analize najprije dolazi do leksičko-sintaktičkih obrazaca kojima se hiponimija i meronimija izražavaju. U istraživanju analizirani su rječnički korpus (Hrvatski mrežni rječnik – Mrežnik), opći (hrWaC) i specijalizirani korpus hrvatskoga jezika (Hrvatski jezikoslovni korpus). Obrascima dobivenim iz višemilijunskih korpusa u višerazinskoj analizi dolazi se do brojnih hiperonimno-hiponimnih i holonimno-meronimnih parova. Na temelju primjera iz analizirane građe i u usporedbi sa spoznajama iz dostupne literature donosi se definicija odnosa, dodiri i razlike između njih te specifičnosti obaju odnosa (npr. kvazihiponimija, autohiponimija, automeronimija). Rad predlaže taksonomiju obaju odnosa, donosi popis leksičko-sintaktičkih obrazaca, primjere leksičkih jedinica u obama odnosima, ilustracije specifičnosti s primjerima na hrvatskome jeziku. Sam rad doprinos je u proučavanju leksičko-semantičkih odnosa općenito, u kojemu hiponimija i meronimija u usporedbi sa sinonimijom i antonimijom zaokupljaju znatno manje istraživačke pozornosti.Numerous entities of extra-linguistic reality are in some way categorized in the speaker’s mind, and speakers of one language share the categorization inscribed in the language. The lexicon of a language is organized into certain groups, so for example, dog, cat, etc. belong to the animal group, and tulip, rose, etc. belong to the plant group. A dog, which on the one hand belongs to the animal group, on the other hand also possesses a muzzle, a tail and a leg. This thesis focuses on hierarchical lexical-semantic relations, i.e. hyponymy and meronymy, in the Croatian language. Hyponymy is a relation between a lexical unit that denotes a species (životinja, ‘animal’) and a lexical unit that denotes a representative of that species (pas, ‘dog’). Meronymy is a relation between a lexical unit that denotes a whole (pas, ‘dog’) and a lexical unit that denotes a part of that whole (njuška, ‘muzzle’). These relations are referred to as hierarchical because they form hierarchies in which the superordinate has its subordinates: the species has representatives or the whole has parts. In a hyponymic relation, the superordinate is a hyperonym and the subordinate is a hyponym, and in a meronymic relation, the superordinate is a holonym and the subordinate is a meronym. Lexical units that have a common immediate hyperonym are called co-hyponyms, and lexical units that have a common immediate holonym are called co-meronyms. The theoretical part of the thesis rests on available existing literature, exploring comprehensive insights into hyponymy and meronymy, their definitions, examples, divisions. Hierarchical lexical-semantic relations were the subject of interest of some Greek philosophers (Plato, Aristotle), as well as medieval thinkers (Peter Abelard, Thomas Aquinas, William Ockham) and later philosophers such as Edmund Husserl, Lothar Ridder and especially the Polish philosopher Stanisław Leśniewski. He was the first to use the term mereology for the philosophical study of part-whole relations. Hierarchical relations are also a subject matter of interest for anthropologists, they are important in computer science and, of course, in linguistics, especially since linguists became more focused on them in the second half of the 20th century. Linguistic pioneers in studying hyponymy and meronymy are the English structuralists John Lyons (Lyons 1977) and his student David A. Cruse (Cruse 1986), and after that, numerous researchers followed. The thesis adopts the classification of hyponymic relations according to Chaffin and Herrmann (1984), Wierzbicka (1984), Murphy (2003) and the classification of meronymic relations according to Winston, Chaffin and Herrmann (1987), Iris, IV Litowitz and Evens (1988), Chaffin, Herrmann and Winston (1988), Gerstl and Pribbenow (1995), Odell (1998), etc. Even still, when it comes to lexical-semantic relations, both in foreign and in Croatian linguistics more attention has been paid to synonymy and antonymy. Furthermore, hyponymy and meronymy are relations whose main structural principles are the relation of dominance (on a tree diagram, the vertical relation between units) and the relation of difference (horizontal relation) (Cruse 1986: 113). For example, cvijet (‘flower’) is in a relation of dominance with ruža (‘rose’) and tulipan (‘tulip’), and ruža (‘rose’) and tulipan (‘tulip’) do not necessarily match, so their meanings are close, but sufficiently incompatible or different (otherwise they would be synonymous). In contrast to synonymy and antonymy, hyponymy and meronymy are asymmetric relations. For example, two antonyms are antonymous to each other (crn – bijel, ‘black – white’), and a hyperonym and a hyponym are in different relations, being either a hyponym or a hyperonym to each other (cvijet > ruža, ruža rose, rose hodati > šetati se ‘move > walk > stroll’). Adjectives were also observed to play an important role in structuring hyponymic hierarchies, occurring more often in hyponyms (which is why hyponyms are morphologically more complex, e.g. ulje > jestivo ulje > maslinovo ulje > djevičansko maslinovo ulje ‘oil > edible oil VI > olive oil > virgin olive oil’) (as stated by Cruse 1986: 146). This conclusion is confirmed with examples from the linguistic corpus, in which the role of adjectives in hierarchies is also outlined in examples such as slavenski jezici > južnoslavenski jezici > zapadnojužnoslavenski jezici (‘Slavic language > South Slavic language > West South Slavic language’), where compounding with adjectives is also evident on the formative level. Based on research and research results, the following taxonomy of hyponymic relations is proposed: 1. people > persons according to gender, occupations, etc. (osoba > aktivist, ženska osoba > gimnastičarka ‘person > activist, female person > female gymnast’) 2. members of communities in the natural world a. animal species > animal (pas > terijer ‘dog > terrier’) b. plant species > plant (cvijet > ruža ‘flower > rose’) 3. space a. geography term > example of such a term (država > Hrvatska ‘country > Croatia’) b. building > example of such a building (građevina > svjetionik ‘building > lighthouse’) 4. organised communities > examples of such communities (nogometni klub > Dinamo ‘football club > Dinamo Zagreb’) 5. beliefs or activities someone engages in > example of such beliefs or activities (ples > balet ‘dance > ballet’) 6. artefacts (devices, implements, appliances, etc.) > example of an artefact (stroj > dizalica ‘machine > crane’) 7. closed groups of agreed hyperonyms > group members (mjesec > siječanj ‘month > January’) 8. conditions > example of a condition (osjećaj > tuga ‘feeling > sadness’) 9. doing > ways of doing (glasati se > cijukati ‘produce sounds > squeak’) 10. metalinguistic groups > metalinguistic subgroups or group members (e.g. glagol > cijukati ‘verb > squeak’, quasi-hyponymy). Regarding the relation between a part and a whole, it was first noticed that syntagmatic expression plays an important role in the Croatian language, specifically in the expression of a part or a whole using the genitive case, instrumental or locative, or using prepositional-case expressions (e.g. od (‘of’) + genitive). In addition, it is important for meronymy that it is not VII realized without semantic links, and the most common in the Croatian language is dio (‘part’). This lexical unit has many hyponyms which also form special hierarchies, and since these hyponyms appear as meronyms of many holonyms, it can be stated that they are super meronyms (Cruse 1986: 164). In addition to the lexical unit dio (‘part’), the lexical units element (‘element’), sastavnica/komponenta (‘component’), odjel (‘section’) and verbs such as sastojati se (‘consist’), sadržavati (‘contain’), dijeliti se (‘divide (itself)’), obuhvaćati (‘encompass’), uključivati (‘include’), brojiti (‘count’), imati (‘have’) play an important role for the relation between a part and a whole. Finally, the following meronymic relations can be emphasized: 1. object > functional component (računalo > tipkovnica ‘computer > keyboard’) 2. set > individual a. set as a collection of equal or similar elements (šuma > stablo ‘forest > tree’) b. group as a united community (čopor > vuk ‘pack > wolf’, razred > učenik ‘class > student’) c. group as an organisation (EU > Hrvatska ‘EU > Croatia’, Sveučilište u Zagrebu > Filozofski fakultet ‘University of Zagreb > Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences’) 3. duration or process > phase or activity (osnovna škola > mala matura ‘primary school > primary school graduation’) 4. area > part of an area (učionica > kut ‘classroom > corner’, Hrvatska > Slavonija ‘Croatia > Slavonia’) 5. mixture > ingredient (gemišt > bijelo vino ‘spritzer > white wine’) 6. mass > part as a measurable unit (meso > šnicla ‘meat > steak’, grašak > zrno (graška) ‘peas > grain (pea)’) 7. whole as a construct > part as an agreed unit (kilometar > metar ‘kilometre > metre’, sat > minuta ‘hour > minute’). The so-called quasi-relations and auto-relations were noticed in both hyponymy and meronymy: quasi-hyponymy, quasi-meronymy, auto-hyponymy, and auto-meronymy. Quasi hyponymy is in this thesis understood as a meta-linguistic relation, such as a relation in which a certain word is classified into a group according to the type of word (e.g. veznik > ali ‘conjunction > but’), and the linguistic corpus proved to be particularly useful for finding such examples. The relations between lexical units that do not have the same structure (e.g. the relation between a one-word lexical unit and a multi-word lexical unit) is not considered an VIII example of quasi-hyponymy in this thesis. When it comes to auto-hyponymy and auto meronymy, it should be noted that they are recognized in dictionary definitions containing the lexical unit istoimen (‘eponymous’). Numerous examples of auto-hyponymy were found (e.g. Beech is a family of woody plants (...) and Beech is a member of the family of the same name (...)), mostly among members of the plant and animal world. For example, bor (‘pine’), deva (‘camel’), fazan (‘pheasant’), gljiva (‘mushroom’), hrast (‘oak’), jelen (‘deer’), kokoš (‘chicken’), kornjača (‘turtle’), kuna (‘marten’), leptir (‘butterfly’), ljiljan (‘lily’), mačka (‘cat’), majmun (‘monkey’), medvjed (‘bear’) can be considered auto-hyponyms, i.e. lexical units whose meanings are in a hyponymic relation. Auto-meronymy has been observed in plants and their fruit, e.g. pineapple as pineapple fruit (relation ananas > ananas ‘pineapple tree > pineapple’), apple as apple fruit (relation jabuka > jabuka ‘apple tree > apple’), tomato as tomato fruit (relation rajčica > rajčica ‘tomato plant > tomato’), but there are cases in which the lexical unit denoting the plant and the lexical unit denoting the fruit differ (e.g. the hrast > žir ‘oak > acorn as oak fruit’), so there is no auto-meronymy, see Table 16. During the analysis, certain examples were observed in which it was not easy to determine whether hyponymy or meronymy occurred. These examples prompted the questioning of the contact or boundaries of these two relations. Certain lexical-syntactic patterns were noted to introduce both relations, e.g. jedan/jedna/jedno od (‘one of’), grana (‘branch’), dijeliti se (‘divide (itself)’), uključivati (‘include’), and it was particularly difficult to set the boundary when it came to collectives (Wierzbicka 1984) or sets such as clothing, furniture, accessories, etc. A comparative analysis of dictionary definitions (Table 15) is presented, showing that even within one dictionary, the definitions fluctuate – whether, for example, a T-shirt (majica) is a piece or part of clothing (komad/dio odjeće) (meronymy) or an article of clothing (odjevni predmet) (hyponymy). It was concluded that the fluctuation between meronymy and hyponymy occurs most often with nouns from the singularia tantum group which have subordinate terms that are lexical units of a complete paradigm. Finally, the thesis was based on the following hypotheses: 1. The lexical-syntactic patterns through which hyponymy and meronymy are recognized and which are extracted from the dictionary are also applicable to other types of texts (general language and specialised texts). This hypothesis was confirmed for nouns, but it was only partially confirmed for verbs and other types of words. Linguistic corpus as a corpus of texts dealing with language gave IX special insight into specific and meta-linguistic relations such as quasi-hyponymy and was, therefore, particularly useful for research. The hypothesis should therefore be questioned in future research on other types of corpora. 2. Using formalized lexical-syntactic patterns and examples containing hyperonyms or holonyms, it is possible to extract hyponyms or meronyms from the text. This assumption has been fully confirmed, i.e. with the help of adopted lexical-syntactic patterns, it is possible to extract thousands of sentences from the corpora in which hyperonymous-hyponymous and holonymous-meronymous pairs appear. 3. The traditional taxonomy of hyponymic and meronymic relations is not sufficient to describe all subtypes of these relations. Since languages have their own structure and the taxonomy of hyponymic and meronymic relations for the Croatian language has not been adopted, it can be stated that the hypothesis is confirmed or partially confirmed. The Croatian language with its specificities, for example in the grammatical number of individual lexical units, outlines the peculiarities of certain types of relations. For example, no division mentions the role played by, for instance, the case or a prepositional-case phrase, and for Croatian as an inflectional language, especially when it comes to the relation between part and whole, this role is very important and refers to numerous examples. In establishing a taxonomy for the Croatian language, the existing divisions in the literature were certainly useful, but in certain places, they were approached critically, whether regarding the stated relation in general or a specific aspect of Croatian. Although the adopted taxonomies of hyponymic and meronymic relations are a questionable model, they are nevertheless an incentive for further exemplification or restructuring of the division. Questioning this assumption also pointed to the importance of emphasizing the specificity of a particular language, which is very important in teaching foreign languages (e.g. how one would say in English, German, Hungarian, French, Chinese or any other language that someone likes cucumbers, strawberries, carrots or anything else). Starting from individual examples, the thesis came to the general conclusion that certain groups of linguistic phenomena in this context can be fertile ground for comparative research. In addition to comparative research, the findings from this work can also be used for conducting or stimulating other scientific research. For example, cooperation with experts from different scientific fields or the application of obtained lexical-syntactic patterns to specialized texts can result in automatic or semi-automatic recognition of wholes and parts as well as the X species/sorts and representatives of species and sorts. The linguistic corpus has broached research questions which are valuable precisely for linguistic research, but corpora from fields such as medicine, biology, construction, shipbuilding, architecture, etc., for certain relations (examples of units in certain relations) could be even more informative. Since in specialised professional texts of certain fields, for example wholes and parts are often highlighted, the research would probably lead to new lexical-syntactic patterns. In linguistics itself, research can stimulate new morphological, syntactic, glottodidactic, lexicological and, of course, semantic analyses. The points of contact between hyponymy and meronymy could be examined with native speakers (both adults and children), for example by surveys or by observing speakers while they need to define the vacillating lexical unit in a game like Alias. Application of patterns could also be found in computational linguistics and natural language processing (NLP), especially in the momentum of development of language models that serve to answer questions, provide information, etc. Thus, they can be used for information extraction, text summarisation, machine translation, improved search, data mining, text generation, discourse analysis (e.g. application for analysis of literary works), creation of ontologies and semantic networks, gamification, lexicographic work, and so on
Varijabilnost litičkih skupova nalaza s neolitičkih lokaliteta u Đakovštini
No full textTema ovog diplomskog rada jest analiza podataka o lomljenim kamenim izrađevinama s pet sopotskih lokaliteta s područja Đakovštine. Naime, riječ je o materijalu s lokaliteta Gorjani-Kremenjača, Lipovac-Hrastinski, Preslatinci-Ugljara, Tomašanci-Dubrava te Koritna-Pavitine I. Provedena je tehnološka i tipološka analiza kamenih izrađevina. Rezultati analize su prikazani u obliku grafova i tablica