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School librarian as an equal partner in the educational process
No full textSuvremena literatura definira kompleksnost uloge školskih knjižničara. Oni danas djeluju kroz uloge učitelja, informacijskog stručnjaka, programskog administratora, instrukcijskog partnera i vođe. Ovaj rad je za cilj imao istražiti suvremene uloge školskih knjižničara, instrukcijskog partnera i vođe, analizirati kako se one ostvaruju u praksi te istražiti njihov utjecaj na nastavni proces i učenike. U radu je pobliže predstavljena kompleksnost suvremene uloge školskih knjižničara te kako se ona ostvaruje u praksi. Definirana je partnerska suradnja pomoću koje knjižničar ostvaruje svoju kompleksnu ulogu u odgojno-obrazovnom procesu. Predstavljeno je zašto je ona važna te kako utječe na odgojno-obrazovni proces i učenje te postignuća učenika. Predstavljeno je i nekoliko primjera prakse. Zaključno, rad ističe nužnost jasnijeg definiranja uloge knjižničara unutar obrazovnog sustava te važnost profesionalne podrške, kako bi se osigurala njihova ravnopravna pozicija u odgojno-obrazovnom procesu. Također, rad naglašava potrebu za daljnjim profesionalnim usavršavanjem knjižničara i jačanjem suradnje s učiteljima, što je ključno za unapređenje kvalitete obrazovanja.Contemporary literature defines the multifaceted role of school librarians. Today, they operate as teachers, information specialists, program administrators, instructional partners, and leaders. This thesis aims to explore the contemporary roles of school librarians as instructional partners and leaders, analyze how these roles are implemented in practice, and investigate their impact on the teaching process and student outcomes. The study elaborates on the complexity of the modern role of school librarians and examines how it is realized in practice. It defines collaborative partnerships as a mechanism through which librarians fulfill their multifaceted role within the educational process. The importance of these partnerships is presented, along with their influence on the educational process, learning, and student achievement. Several practical examples are also provided. In conclusion, the thesis emphasizes the necessity of more clearly defining the librarian's role within the education system and the importance of professional support to ensure their equal position in the educational process. Furthermore, it highlights the need for ongoing professional development of librarians and strengthening collaboration with teachers, which are crucial for improving the quality of education
Safety of children on the Internet and social networks
No full textSigurnost djece na internetu postala je ključna tema u digitalnom dobu. S povećanjem vremena koje djeca provode na internetu, pojavili su se brojni rizici poput cyberbullyinga, sextinga, krađe identiteta i izloženosti neprimjerenim sadržajima. Ovaj rad istražuje kako osnovnoškolci koriste internet i kako se primjenjuju oblici zaštite na internetu, uključujući roditeljski nadzor, svjesnost o rizicima i korištenje digitalnih alata za sigurnost. Istraživanje pokazuje da djeca, osobito mlađih dobnih skupina, nisu uvijek svjesna potencijalnih opasnosti koje internet nosi, a razina roditeljskog nadzora i edukacije o sigurnosti varira. Stoga je od velike važnosti nastaviti raditi na podizanju svijesti o sigurnosti na internetu među djecom, roditeljima i učiteljima, kako bi se smanjili rizici i osigurala sigurnost mladih korisnika interneta.Child safety on the internet has become a key issue in the digital age. With the increase in time children spend online, numerous risks have emerged, such as cyberbullying, sexting, identity theft, and exposure to inappropriate content. This paper explores how elementary school students use the internet and how various forms of online protection are applied, including parental supervision, awareness of risks, and the use of digital safety tools. The research shows that children, particularly in younger age groups, are not always aware of the potential dangers the internet poses, and the level of parental supervision and safety education varies. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to continue raising awareness about online safety among children, parents, and teachers to reduce risks and ensure the safety of young internet users
Teškoće u razvoju predčitalačkih vještina kod djece s prelingvalnim oštećenjem sluha
No full textCilj diplomskog rada je teorijski odrediti uzroke zbog kojih djeca s prelingvalnim oštećenjem sluha u prosjeku postižu nižu razinu čitalačke kompetencije o odnosu na urednočujuće vršnjake. Čitanje se u ovom radu određuje kao multisenzorička aktivnost čiji se razvoj povezuje s cjelokupnim sazrijevanjem djeteta od rođenja, a stupnjevi razvoja čitanja povezuju se s miljokazima govorno-jezičnog razvoja. Fonološki sustav nekog jezika temelj je dekodiranja koji ovisi o razvoju bazičnih fonoloških sposobnosti i semantičkom razumijevanju materinskog jezika. Kod djece s prelingvalnim oštećenjem sluha razvoj govora ovisi o kvaliteti razvoja slušanja. Ako dijete zbog slušne deprivacije ili slabe kvalitete slušanja kasni u govorno-jezičnom razvoju kasnit će i u razvoju vještine čitanja. Kroz pregled i usporedbu znanstvenih istraživanja u radu se prikazuju najčešći deficiti zbog kojih djeca s oštećenjem sluha u prosjeku postižu slabije rezultate u čitanju s razumijevanjem. Nakon teorijskog dijela na kraju rada je i autorski metodički materijal u kojem je prijedlog rehabilitacijskih aktivnosti koje povezuju razvoj slušanja i govora s razvojem vještine čitanja. Metodički materijal osmišljen je prema načelima Verbotonalne metode.The aim of this thesis is to theoretically determine the causes for which children with prelingual hearing impairment generally achieve a lower level of reading competence compared to their hearing peers. Reading in this paper is defined as a multisensory activity whose development is linked to the overall maturation of the child from birth. The stages of reading development are associated with milestones in speech and language development. The phonological system of a language is the foundation for decoding, which depends on the development of basic phonological skills and semantic understanding of the native language. In children with prelingual hearing impairment, speech development depends on the quality of auditory development. If a child experiences auditory deprivation or poor listening quality, delays in speech and language development will also lead to delays in the development of reading skills. Through a review and comparison of scientific research, this paper presents the most common deficits that cause children with hearing impairment to achieve lower-than- average results in reading comprehension. Following the theoretical section, the final part of the paper includes original methodological material that presents a proposal for rehabilitation activities linking the development of listening and speech with the development of reading skills. The methodological material is designed according to the principles of the Verbotonal Method
Ottoman and Christian Treatment of the Prisoners of War : Example of South Adriatic from 1500. up to 1800.
No full textOvaj rad se bavi načinima tretiranja ratnih zarobljenika u kontekstu ranog novog vijeka i njihove razlike naspram robova. Autor istražuje ključne elemente koji ukazuju na razliku u tretmanu i sve većem angažmanu državne vlasti, da svoje podanike koji su pali u neprijateljsko zarobljeništvo nakon bitke ili pljačkaških pohoda na moru i kopnu, oslobodi i otkupi. U radu se obrazlažu sličnosti i razlike tretmana prema tim zarobljenicima, promjenu konfesije, mjestima i uvjetima u kojima su držani te mijenjanje njihova statusa kroz stoljeća. U radu se analiziraju temeljne razlike u gusarenju i piratstvu na području južnog Jadrana, njihova djelatnost u privređivanju i kako su ondašnje vlasti gledale na njih. Zatim, kršćanske i osmanske razbojničke grupe na graničnim područjima Bosne i Dalmacije, koji su maltretirali i odvodili civilno stanovništvo u ropstvo, međusobno zarobljavali jedni druge i tako razvili trgovinu ljudima na Jadranu. Analiziraju se svjedočanstva pojedinaca koji su pali u ropstvo i nekom srećom se izbavili te izrada komparativne analize odnosa Osmanlija i kršćana prema robovima i ratnim zarobljenicima. Autor nastoji prikazati opći stereotip prema Osmanskom Carstvu koji je uvriježen u zapadnoj historiografiji te znakovito prebacivanje krivnje za demografsko nazadovanje, dok su se podanici kršćanskih država istovremeno bavili istim djelatnostima.This paper deals with the treatment of prisoners of war in the context of the early modern period and the differences in their treatment compared to slaves. The author explores key elements that point to the difference in treatment and the increasing involvement of state authorities in freeing and ransoming their subjects who had fallen into enemy captivity after battles or raids at sea and on land. The paper explains the similarities and differences in the treatment of these captives, changes in religious affiliation, the places and conditions in which they were held, and the evolution of their status over the centuries. It analyzes the fundamental differences between piracy and privateering in the southern Adriatic, their role in the economy, and how contemporary authorities viewed them. Furthermore, it addresses Christian and Ottoman bandit groups in the border areas of Bosnia and Dalmatia, who harassed and abducted the civilian population into slavery, captured each other, and thus developed a human trafficking trade in the Adriatic. Testimonies of individuals who fell into slavery and were, by some luck, freed are also examined, alongside a comparative analysis of the attitudes of the Ottomans and Christians towards slaves and prisoners of war. The author seeks to present the common stereotype of the Ottoman Empire prevalent in Western historiography and the notable shifting of blame for demographic decline, while the subjects of Christian states were simultaneously engaged in the same activities
Infantilni pripovjedač u proznim djelima Mire Gavrana
No full textOvaj se rad bavi proznim djelima prvog spisateljskog ciklusa Mire Gavrana, koji, ostajući vjeran tradicionalnijem narativnom modelu, odstupa od književne produkcije naraštaja iz razdoblja vlastite književne afirmacije, okupljenog oko časopisa i biblioteke Quorum, čiji se pregled donosi u prvom dijelu rada. Stoga je u drugom dijelu fokus na ulozi i značajkama infantilnog pripovjedača u njegovim ranim kratkim pričama i romanima. Obilježja naracije tumače se s aspekta disursa, teme i likova, pri čemu se analiziraju jezik, stil, motivacija i kompetencije takvog pripovjedača. Ne sustežući se od razotkrivanja društvenih tabua i dajući glas junaku koji se sudara s konvencijama zajednice ili izmiče društvenoj normi, Gavran pruža kritički pogled na socijalne, političke i psihološke prijepore obiteljskog i šireg društvenog konteksta, ostajući autoreferencijalno upisan u univerzumu svojih likova
Provenance, genres and readers of the Florentine Miscellany
No full textFirentinski zbornik je hrvatski latinički rukopisni kodeks koji se čuva u knjižnici Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana u Firenci (sign Ashb. 1582). Za znanost ga je otkrio Carlo Verdiani, koji ga je pripisao Marku Maruliću. Zbog prijeporne Verdianijeve atribucije rukopisa kanonskome autoru, rukopis je prepoznat kao potencijalno važnan izvor tekstova starije hrvatske književnosti. Iako ova disertacija odbacije Verdianijevu atribuciju, Firentinski zbornik predstavlja kao važno vrelo za poznavanje duhovnosti, devocionalnih praksi i književnoga ukusa u ženskim samostanima. Često obraćanje kazivača ženskome adresatu koji se naziva sestricom u Kristu pokazuje da su redovnice ciljana publika pisara najstarijega dijela zbornika, kompilacije žanrovski različitih hagiografskih i teoloških tekstova u kojima se često miješaju proza i stih. Slijed tema u starijemu dijelu zbornika prati liturgijsku godinu, što pokazuje da je sastavljač radio planski, za razliku od mnogih pisara koji su građu prepisivali nasumično, a određena se nesustavnost zapaža i u mlađemu dijelu Firentinskog zbornika, koji sadrži propovijedi koje se nižu bez razvidnoga organizacijskoga načela. Nasuprot pretpostavkama da je zbornik iz Splita, pokazujem da je nastao u Zadru, o čemu svjedoče izravni spomeni Zadra te zapisivanje Života sv. Šimuna, jednog od gradskih zaštitnika. Nadalje, zbornik je pripadao zbirci rukopisa zadarskoga benediktinskog samostana sv. Marije, čije su ga redovnice obogatile dodatnim propovijedima. Ipak, najstariji dio rukopisa sastavio je dominikanac, možda za dominikanke. Mnogi tekstovi iz najstarijega dijela zbornika temelje se na latinskim i talijanskim izvorima, isključivo djelima dominikanaca kao što su Alberto da Castello, Gabriel de Barletta i Johannes Herolt. Osim toga, zbornik sadrži život dominikanskoga sveca Vinka Fererskoga i mirakul koji promiče dominikansku inačicu krunice. Revidirana je datacija zbornika u kraj 15. ili početak 16. st. Budući da njegov stariji dio donosi nekoliko tekstova prevedenih iz djela Rosario della gloriosa Vergine Maria Alberta da Castella, prvi put objavljenog 1521. godine, zbornik se treba datirati nakon toga datuma.The Florentine Miscellany, kept in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florence (shelfmark Ashb. 1582), is a Croatian manuscript codex written in Latin script. Carlo Verdiani discovered it in the 1950s and attributed it to Marko Marulić. Due to Verdiani’s controversial attribution of the MS to a canonical author, it gained recognition as a potentially significant repository of Croatian premodern literary texts. While this thesis rejects Verdiani’s attribution, it presents the understudied MS as a valuable source for understanding nuns’ spiritual life, devotional practices, and literary tastes. Frequent invocations of a female addressee, called a beloved sister in Christ, indicate that nuns were the intended audience of the oldest portion of the MS, which contains a mix of hagiographical and theological genres and frequently alternates between verse and prose. The progression of the themes in that part of the MS follows the liturgical calendar, which indicates that the creator worked with a plan, unlike many other scribes who compiled the material haphazardly. The unsystematic compiling approach is visible in the sermons from the later portion of this MS. While it has been usually assumed that the MS originates from Split, I argue that it was produced in Zadar, which can be inferred from specific references to Zadar and the inclusion of The Life of St. Simeon, one of the city’s patrons. Furthermore, the MS once belonged to the Zaratine Benedictine monastery of St. Mary, whose nuns have augmented it with several sermons. The oldest portion of the MS was probably written by a Dominican friar, perhaps for Dominican nuns. Many of his texts rely on Latin and Italian sources, all authored by Dominicans such as Alberto da Castello, Gabriele de Barletta, and Johannes Herolt. Additionally, the MS contains The Life of St. Vincent Ferrer, a Dominican saint, and a miracle promoting the Dominican version of the Rosary. The dating of the MS, usually set at the end of the 15th or the beginning of the 16th century, has been revised. Considering that the older part of the MS incorporates several texts translated from Alberto da Castello’s Rosario della gloriosa Vergine Maria, first published in 1521, it is undoubtedly several decades younger than previously thought
Jezik u migraciji: Odnos između jezičnih stavova i očuvanja hrvatskog jezika u Norveškoj
No full textIstraživanje analizira čimbenike koji utječu na očuvanje i prenošenje materinjeg jezika u migraciji. Fokus istraživanja su hrvatske iseljeničke obitelji u Norveškoj, a rezultati su interpretirani kroz sociolingvistički okvir koji ističe jezične stavove, obiteljsku jezičnu politiku te određene aspekte etnolingvističke vitalnosti. Odgovori sudionika ukazali su na snažnu međusobnu povezanost ovih sociolingvističkih elemenata, pri čemu se posebno istaknula uloga obiteljske jezične politike kao važnog čimbenika koji povezuje i objašnjava ove pojave. Istraživanje naglašava važnost sociolingvističkih čimbenika u oblikovanju budućnosti materinjeg jezika te ističe potrebu za dodatnim istraživanjima kako bi se dobila dublja i potpunija slika analiziranih pojava.This article investigates the factors influencing the preservation and transmission of the mother tongue in migrant contexts. The study focuses on Croatian migrant families in Norway, with the findings analysed through a sociolinguistic framework that emphasizes language attitudes, family language policy, and both objective and subjective ethnolinguistic vitality. The participant's responses revealed the interconnectedness of these sociolinguistic phenomena, while also underscoring the pivotal role of family language policies as a unifying and interpretive force within this configuration. The research highlights the critical importance of sociolinguistic factors in shaping the future of minority languages and underscores the necessity for further studies to achieve a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the presented findings.Denna studie undersöker de faktorer som påverkar bevarandet och överföringen av modersmålet i ett emigrationskontext. Undersökningen genomfördes bland kroatiska emigrantfamiljer i Norge, och resultaten analyserades ur ett sociolingvistiskt perspektiv, med särskilt fokus på språkattityder, familjespråkpolicy samt objektiv och subjektiv etnolingvistisk vitalitet.
Analysen av deltagarnas svar visade att de sociolingvistiska variablerna är ömsesidigt beroende av varandra. Samtidigt framkom att familjespråkpolicyn har en särskilt central funktion i detta samspel, då den verkar som en sammanhållande kraft som strukturerar och ger mening åt övriga komponenter.
Studien understryker den avgörande betydelsen av sociolingvistiska faktorer för minoritetsspråkets framtid och belyser behovet av fortsatt forskning för att kunna erhålla en mer heltäckande och nyanserad förståelse av de mönster som identifierats i denna undersökning
Commercial relations of Bosnian Eyalet and Dubrovnik Republic from 1645 to 1699
No full textDoktorski rad Trgovački odnosi Bosanskog ejaleta i Dubrovačke Republike od 1645. do 1699. godine bavi se u prvom redu trgovačkim i gospodarskim vezama Bosne i Dubrovnika sredinom i tijekom druge polovine 17. stoljeća. Osim toga, obrađuju se opće prilike toga vremena u Bosanskom ejaletu i Dubrovačkoj Republici, kao i sigurnosni izazovi koji su imali ogroman utjecaj na bosansko-dubrovačke odnose, a prvenstveno na trgovinu. Vrijeme velikih i dugih ratova, Kandijskog (1645.-1669.) i Bečkog (1683.-1669.) rata, trajalo je najvećim dijelom tijekom ovog razdoblja, što je utjecalo na slobodu kretanja ljudi i roba, te opću sigurnost na putovima Bosanskog ejaleta i Dubrovačke Republike. Osim toga, utjecalo je i na odnose Bosne i Dubrovnika prema drugim državama na prostoru Balkana. U ovom se razdoblju dogodio i dubrovački potres 1667. godine, koji je imao znatnog utjecaja na Dubrovačku Republiku, ali i susjedne zemlje - Osmansko Carstvo i Mletačku Republiku.
Tijekom ovog razdoblja bosansko-dubrovačka trgovina je bila pod utjecajem odnosa između velikih sila, prvenstveno Osmanskog Carstva i Mletačke Republike. Odnos između ovih aktera izravno ili neizravno bio je okidač za probleme u odnosima Bosne i Dubrovnika. Ipak, i u takvim teškim okolnostima, Bosna i Dubrovnik su očuvali kontinuitet trgovačke i gospodarske suradnje koji je trajao od srednjeg vijeka. U razdoblju od 1645. do 1669. godine, trgovački odnosi su oscilirali od vrlo uspješnih u prvim godinama Kandijskog rata, stabilnih tijekom razdoblja mira od 1669. do 1683. godine, pa do rijetkih i gotovo prekinutih nakon 1683. i mletačke blokade u zadnjoj deceniji 17. stoljeća. U radu smo predstavili odlike sva tri razdoblja, stavljajući u prvi plan trgovačke odnose između Bosne i Dubrovnika.The doctoral thesis “Commercial relations of the Bosnian Eyalet and the Dubrovnik Republic from 1645 to 1699” deals with trade and economic relations between Bosnia and Dubrovnik in the middle and second half of the 17th century. In our research, we also dealt with the challenges and circumstances of that time in Ottoman Bosnia and Dubrovnik, as well as the security problems that had a huge impact on Bosnian-Dubrovnik relations, primarily on trade. During the great wars that lasted from 1645 to 1669 and from 1683 to 1699, the economy suffered various impacts and faced great challenges. Also in this period there was a great earthquake in Dubrovnik that happened in 1667. This disaster had a significant impact on the Dubrovnik Republic, but also on the neighboring countries, the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic. During this period, Bosnian-Dubrovnik trade was influenced by mutual relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic. But even in these difficult circumstances, Bosnia and Dubrovnik continued the trade and economic cooperation that had lasted since the Middle Ages. During the Candian or Cretan War (1645-1669) between the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic, Dubrovnik was the main Ottoman port in the Balkans. Various commercial products were imported and exported through the port of Dubrovnik. The interruption of the Ottoman trade with the Venetians and their ports in the middle of the 17th century increased the income of the Dubrovnik residents for several times. But despite the benefits that Dubrovnik had at that time, the territory of the Dubrovnik Republic was often the place of direct conflict among Ottoman and Venetian military units. This resulted in loss of human lives, as well as destruction and material damage. After the earthquake that happened in Dubrovnik in 1667, the economic relations between the Bosnian Eyalet and the Dubrovnik Republic were in decrease. Apart from the earthquake, this fallout was influenced by other factors such as the Venetian-Ottoman peace in 1669, which enabled the return of Venetian trade to Bosnia and the Ottoman Empire. In addition, the strengthening of local merchants in the Bosnian Eyalet significantly reduced the influence of Dubrovnik. The period of stability lasted less than 15 years, so in 1683 the Balkans entered a new period that had a significant impact on the economy and Bosnian-Dubrovnik relations- the Great Vienna War.
The doctoral thesis has six chapters: I. Bosnian Eyalet in the 17th century, II. Dubrovnik Republic in the 17th century, III. Ottoman Empire and Dubrovnik, IV. Economic relations of the Bosnian Eyalet and the Dubrovnik Republic from 1645 to the end of 1669, V. Bosnia and Dubrovnik between the Candian War and the Vienna War (1669-1683) and the VI. Bosnian-Dubrovnik relations during the Vienna War (1683-1699).
In the first and second chapters, we dealt with the general situation in the Bosnian Eyalet and the Dubrovnik Republic during the 17th century. The first chapter: Bosnian Eyalet in the 17th century, has two subchapters that talk about general and economic conditions in Bosnia. As one of the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, the Bosnian Eyalet was an integral part of the Ottoman economic space, where all the economic problems of this empire were more or less felt. The head of the province (eyalet) was the beglerbey, and below him were the sanjakbeys. At the time of the beginning of the Candian War in 1645, the Bosnian Eyalet had seven sanjaks: Bosnia, Herzegovina, Zvornik, Klis, Pakrac-Cernica, Krka-Lika and Bihać. In this period, the most important economic and trade centers were Sarajevo, Mostar, Banja Luka, Foča, Novi Pazar, Pljevlja and Livno. During most of the first half of the 17th century, the official residence of Bosnian governors was in Banja Luka. After 1639, and before 1655, the official seat of the Bosnian beglerbeys was transferred from Banja Luka to Sarajevo. During this period, the security situation was a great challenge for the authorities of this province. Bandits (hayduks) and their groups robbed on the roads, which mostly affected merchants and their goods. During the first half of the 17th century, local merchants in Bosnia grew stronger, while the influence of Dubrovnik merchants significantly declined. The Candian War had an adverse effect on the economy of the Bosnian Eyalet, which particularly affected Sarajevo as a major commercial center, leading to stagnation in the second half of the 17th century.
Chapter Dubrovnik Republic in the 17th century talks about the general situation in Dubrovnik during this century. In this chapter, there are two subchapters, and they talk about the socio-economic trends in the Republic at that time, as well as the consequences of the 1667 earthquake. According to some researchers, the Dubrovnik Republic had about 35,000 inhabitants from the middle of the 16th to the first years of the 19th century, while the city of Dubrovnik itself had between 5,000 and 7,000 inhabitants. In 1642, about 38,700 people lived on the territory of the Dubrovnik Republic. After the earthquake in 1667, the number of inhabitants was significantly reduced. In the 1673/74 census, around 25,000 inhabitants were recorded in the territory of the Republic, while only 1,300 inhabitants were registered within the city of Dubrovnik. In total, with the suburbs of Pile, Ploče, Gruž and Bosanka, the city had 4,218 inhabitants. The beginning of the Candian War in 1645 led to the turning of Ottoman trade from the Venetian ports to Dubrovnik. The port of Split was no longer an option for Ottoman traders. Therefore, the port of Dubrovnik experienced a great growth like in the 16th century. The value of trade goods exported from the Ottoman Empire to Dubrovnik was up to 200,000 gold coins on an annual level. This economic prosperity of the port of Dubrovnik lasted until the earthquake in 1667. Two years later, the Candian War ended. After the end of this war, the trade of Bosnian merchants through the port in Split continued again, but not with the same intensity as before 1645. During this period, Dubrovnik had to diplomatically balance between the Venetian Republic and the Ottoman Empire. The consequences of this war directly affected the territory of Dubrovnik. Venetian soldiers used the territory of the Dubrovnik Republic for offensives towards Ottoman territory, which provoked reactions from the Ottomans.
The third chapter Ottoman Empire and Dubrovnik deals with the relations between the Ottomans and the people of Dubrovnik. The three subchapters from this part of the text talk about the relations between the Dubrovnik authorities and the central authorities of the Ottoman state in Istanbul, relations at the local level with the authorities of the Bosnian Eyalet and economic relations between Bosnia and Dubrovnik. Ottoman and Dubrovnik citizens were connected by business and economic relations for centuries. During the 17th century, some inhabitants of Sarajevo kept more valuable things and money in Dubrovnik. They considered that city and its people safe and reliable. Doctors from Dubrovnik had a good reputation, which is why the Ottoman officials and other prominent people in the Bosnian Eyalet invited them for treatment. The Ottomans came to Dubrovnik, and many merchants from Dubrovnik lived in the Ottoman Balkan regions. In the period between 1520 and 1620, 1,977 Dubrovnik merchants traded and worked in the Balkans. Economic relations between Bosnia and Dubrovnik were particularly frequent in the border areas. Small local squares in these areas were meeting places for Ottoman and Dubrovnik residents. Various food products, fruits and vegetables were traded on them. In the fourth chapter, we deal with the economic relations between the Bosnian Eyalet and the Dubrovnik Republic from 1645 to the end of 1669. This chapter has five subchapters and deals with the security situation during the Candian War and trade and economic relations between Bosnia and Dubrovnik in this period. The import of salt and other goods from Dubrovnik to Bosnia is presented in more detail. We also write about the export of leather, wax and wool, as well as trade in livestock, grain and food items from 1645 to 1669. Various bandit or hayduk groups, mainly with the support of the Venetians, threatened the normal flow of people and capital. The danger also came from the local Ottoman authorities, most often from the city of Novi (Herceg Novi) who considered Dubrovnik responsible for the crossing of bandits towards to the Bosnian Eyalet and creating chaos in the border area. The reactions of people from Novi were often not without reason, because some of the people of Dubrovnik had a positive view of the Venetian struggle against the Ottomans, and some of them went to the hayduks themselves. Because of this, during the Candian War many caravans and trade goods were stolen and looted, and human lives were lost. Nevertheless, economic interest established connections between opposing parties. Dubrovnik, with its neutral position, played a key role in the departure of Ottoman merchants and their goods to the cities of the Apennine peninsula, and even to Venice. The chapter Bosnia and Dubrovnik between the Candian War and the Vienna War (1669-1683) has two subchapters. They deal with the general security and economic conditions between Bosnia and Dubrovnik during the short period of peace that lasted 14 years. The end of the Candian War in 1669 brought the Venetian port in Split back into focus, as well as the Venetian merchants as rivals in trade with the Bosnian Eyalet. This was especially felt in Dubrovnik's loss of the monopoly on the sale of salt in Gabela, which the people of Dubrovnik had kept for centuries. Regardless of the diplomatic activities in Istanbul and the European states, the people of Dubrovnik lost this diplomatic battle with the Venetians at the end of 1673. The Grand Vizier decided that Venetian salt go to Gabela by sea, and the Dubrovnik salt by land for sale in Bosnia. Because of this, after several centuries, the people of Dubrovnik lost the salt market in Gabela. During that time of short peace, regular trade continued between Bosnia and Dubrovnik. Leather, wax and wool were exported from Bosnia, and fabrics and other products from Europe were imported from Dubrovnik.
The last and sixth chapter Bosnian-Dubrovnik relations during the Vienna War (1683-1699) has three subchapters that talk about general conditions, security and economic cooperation during this war. Venice's entry into the war in 1684 reopened earlier problems from the time of the Candian War. The Ottoman Empire suffered heavy defeats in the first years of this war. At one point, the Bosnian Eyalet was almost completely surrounded and cut off from the rest of the Ottoman territory. This led to trade interruptions for import and export goods between Bosnia and Dubrovnik. Trade between Bosnia and Dubrovnik was localized to the border areas and decreased. Venetian expansion around Dubrovnik also threatened the existence of this Republic. The Venetian conquest of the strategically important place Carina at the end of 1687, and its complete blockade in 1690, were a huge blow to the Dubrovnik-Bosnian trade. An important route to the Bosnian Eyalet was cut off, and the Venetians held the city of Dubrovnik in a naval blockade. However, even then trade was not completely interrupted because the people of Dubrovnik found ways to trade through the port in Slano. However, every caravan was in danger from the Venetian military units. Despite the war, the Venetians, Ottomans and Dubrovnik tried to establish trade corridors in the last decade of the 17th century. Negotiations on the opening of the Venetian ports in Novi, Risan and Neretva did not lead to a solution, which is why the revival of Bosnian-Dubrovnik trade had to wait until the end of the Vienna War in 1699.
The period from 1645 to 1699 in the context of trade can be seen as a time of instability caused by many factors. Since the beginning of the 17th century, Dubrovnik's trade has been in a recession. In addition to the fact that the center of world trade was transferred from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, which significantly affected the Dubrovnik navy, there was also a strengthening of local traders in the Bosnian Eyalet, and competition from the Venetian port in Split. The trading colonies of Dubrovnik gradually decreased. Finally, an earthquake occurred in 1667. Between the beginning of the war in 1645 and the earthquake in 1667, there were periods that reminded us of the golden age of Dubrovnik.
In the period after 1669, there was an opening of trade routes, but also renewed Venetian competition for the Ottoman trade in the Balkans. During the last two decades of the 17th century, trade activity experienced a rapid decline due to the war, and was mainly reduced to local contacts in the border areas. Bosnian-Dubrovnik trade was often a victim of relations between the great powers, which was exactly what happened during the Candian War and Vienna War. Despite this, in the second half of the 17th century, Bosnia and Dubrovnik preserved the continuity of economic cooperation built since the Middle Ages. Even in the times of the most difficult blockades, such as the Ottoman trade bans (yasak) from the middle of the 17th century and the total Venetian blockade of Dubrovnik after 1690, merchants found ways to cooperate and transfer trade goods
Svjesnost nastavnika francuskog jezika o specifičnostima poučavanja s obzirom na dobne razlike učenika
No full textCilj je ovog rada istražiti u kojoj su mjeri nastavnici francuskog jezika kao stranog jezika u Zagrebu svjesni pojedinosti prilagodbe gradiva ovisno o dobi učenika. Kako bismo ostvarili cilj, naše je istraživanje temeljeno na stavovima iskusnih nastavnika francuskog jezika u Zagrebu. Teorijski dio rada temelji se na osnovnim spoznajama na temu dobi učenika. U teorijskom se dijelu kao faktori povezani s dobi učenika navode i obrađuju neurolingvistički, kognitivni, afektivni čimbenici, kao i strategije učenja. Osim toga, bit će riječi o utjecaju dobi na jezične djelatnosti, kao i o glotodidaktičkim aspektima u tom kontekstu. Naposljetku, teorijski dio završava kratkim pregledom stanja u Hrvatskoj što se tiče učenja stranih jezika.
Istraživanje sadrži kvalitativni i kvantitativni dio kako bi dobiveni rezultati bili što detaljniji i točniji. Kvantitativni dio istraživanja sastoji se od trinaest tvrdnji koje slijede teorijski dio istraživanja. Nastavnice biraju na Likertovoj ljestvici od 1 do 5 u kojoj se mjeri slažu ili ne slažu s pojedinom tvrdnjom. Zatim u okviru kvalitativnog dijela istraživanja nastavnice u okviru razgovora trebaju obrazložiti svoje odgovore na tvrdnje. Osim toga, nastavnice odgovaraju na nekoliko pripremljenih, a i na nekoliko nepredviđenih pitanja kako bi se dobili željeni odgovori. Istraživanje, a time i diplomski rad završava s nekoliko zaključaka i prijedloga za daljnja istraživanja koja su prikupljena nakon analize rezultata.Il est bien connu que les enfants, les adolescents et les adultes acquièrent certaines connaissances de manière différente. L’objectif de cette étude est donc d’examiner dans quelle mesure les enseignants de français langue étrangère sont conscients des spécificités liées à l’adaptation du matériel pédagogique en fonction de l’âge de leurs élèves, et comment ils adaptent leurs méthodes d’enseignement. Afin d’atteindre l’objectif de la recherche, nous nous appuyons sur les opinions d’enseignants expérimentés de français langue étrangère. L’étude est divisée en deux parties : la première, théorique, et la deuxième, empirique. La première s'attache aux connaissances fondamentales liées à l’âge des apprenants. Les facteurs liés à l’âge de l’apprenant, tels que les facteurs neurolinguistiques, cognitifs et affectifs, ainsi que les stratégies d’apprentissage, y sont abordés. L’influence de l’âge sur les activités langagières et la didactique des langues étrangères est également discutée dans ce contexte. La partie théorique se termine par un bref aperçu de la situation de l’apprentissage des langues étrangères en Croatie. Avant la recherche, il est nécessaire de définir les questions de recherche et de déterminer la méthode dont les réponses seront obtenues. Pour que les résultats soient précis et détaillés, il convient de mener une étude mixte combinant la partie quantitative et qualitative. La partie quantitative de la recherche repose sur treize affirmations qui s’appuient sur la partie théorique. Les enseignants participant choisissent sur une échelle de Likert allant de 1 à 5 dans quelle mesure ils sont d’accord ou non avec chaque constatation. Ensuite, dans le cadre de la partie qualitative de recherche, les enseignants justifient leurs réponses au questionnaire lors d’un entretien. Les entretiens comprennent également plusieurs questions préparées à l’avance et quelques questions spontanées afin de recueillir les informations souhaitées. La recherche se termine par plusieurs conclusions et suggestions pour des recherches futures qui ont été dérivées de l’analyse des résultats
(In)Visibility of Glass Children in the Education System
No full textStaklena djeca koja odrastaju uz sestre ili braću s teškoćama nedovoljno su istražena i prepoznata, osobito u nacionalnom kontekstu odgojno-obrazovnog sustava, stoga je cilj ovog kvalitativnog istraživanja utvrditi specifičnosti iskustva školovanja staklenog djeteta u kontekstu odrastanja sa sestrom ili bratom s teškoćama. Podaci su prikupljeni metodom polustrukturiranog intervjua, a sudionici su odabrani metodom snježne grude uz sljedeće definirane kriterije: odrasla osoba koja ima sestru ili brata s teškoćama i koja je stekla srednjoškolsko obrazovanje. Analiza podataka provedena je metodom tematske analize, a rezultati su prikazani u okviru četiri formulirane teme: Kontekst korištenja vremena namijenjenog školskim i izvanškolskim obvezama unutar obiteljskog konteksta, Utjecaj staklenog djeteta s teškoćom brata, Pomoć i podrška staklenom djetetu i Sintagma staklenog djeteta. Rezultati pokazuju kako se staklena djeca susreću s različitim pozitivnim i negativnim iskustvima tijekom vlastitog školovanja, a koja su pod utjecajem teškoće sestre ili brata. Vrijeme namijenjeno školskim aktivnostima unutar obiteljskog konteksta često je pod utjecajem uključenosti u kućanske obveze te brige i njege za sestru ili brata, a vrijeme provedeno u školi pod utjecajem brige za sestru ili brata. Sudionici ne prepoznaju odgojno-obrazovnu ustanovu kao mjesto dobivanja pomoći i podrške ili informacija te većina sudionika ističe proživljeno iskustvo nevidljivosti i prozirnosti. Sa sintagmom staklenoga djeteta sudionici se nikada ranije nisu susreli. Na kraju rada navedena su ograničenja istraživanja, a ujedno je naglašena i važnost ovoga istraživanja u pedagoškome kontekstu gdje odgojno-obrazovni sustav treba omogućiti svakome djetetu, pa tako i staklenome, da se razvija prema svojim mogućnostima i potrebama, unatoč zakonodavnim i društvenim propustima u prepoznavanju njihovih specifičnih potreba.Glass children—those who grow up alongside siblings with disabilities—remain under-researched and insufficiently recognized, particularly within the national context of the educational system. Therefore, the aim of this qualitative study is to explore the specific experiences of schooling from the perspective of a glass child growing up with a sibling with disabilities. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, and participants were selected using the snowball sampling method based on the following criteria: adult individuals who have a sibling with disabilities and have completed secondary education. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis, and the results are presented within four key themes: The Context of Time Spent on School and Extracurricular Obligations Within the Family Environment, The Influence of a Sibling’s Disability on the Glass Child, Help and Support for the Glass Child, and The Concept of the Glass Child. The results show that glass children encounter a variety of both positive and negative experiences during their education, shaped by the influence of their sibling’s disability. Specifically, time intended for school-related activities within the family context is often affected by responsibilities such as household chores and caregiving for the sibling, while time spent at school is also marked by concern for the sibling. Furthermore, participants do not perceive educational institutions as sources of help, support, or information, and most report a sense of invisibility and transparency throughout their schooling. None of the participants were previously familiar with the term glass child. The study concludes by discussing its limitations and emphasizing the importance of recognizing and addressing the needs of glass children within educational policy and practice. It calls for a more inclusive approach that allows every child, including glass children, to develop according to their individual needs and potential, despite current legislative and societal oversights