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Individualized Approaches to Students with Dyslexia and Dysgraphia in Subject Teaching of Croatian Language
No full textOvaj diplomski rad bavi se individualiziranim pristupima za učenike s disleksijom i/ili disgrafijom u predmetnoj nastavi Hrvatskog jezika, što podrazumijeva istraživanje konkretnih postupaka koje učitelji predmetne nastave koriste u svakodnevnom odgojno-obrazovnom radu kako bi učenicima s teškoćama u čitanju i pisanju olakšali savladavanje predmeta materinskog jezika koji se godišnje izvodi u najvećoj satnici (175 nastavnih sati u 5. i 6. razredu osnovne škole te 140 nastavnih sati u 7. i 8. razredu osnovne škole).
U teorijskom dijelu predstavljene su specifične teškoće u učenju, objašnjeno je razlikovanje specifičnih od nespecifičnih teškoća te su disleksija i disgrafija predstavljene obilježjima kojima se mogu prepoznati i dijagnosticirati. S obzirom na to da je u teorijskom radu naglasak stavljen i na primjerene programe školovanja propisane Zakonom o odgoju i obrazovanju u osnovnoj i srednjoj školi (2007), empirijski dio rada obuhvaćao je istraživanje i opisivanje detaljnih postupaka u individualizaciji nastavnog procesa.
Istraživanje je, dakle, kvalitativne prirode te mu je cilj ispitati percepciju i praksu rada učitelja s učenicima s disleksijom i disgrafijom, konkretnije u predmetnoj nastavi Hrvatskoga jezika, pri čemu poseban istraživački interes predstavljaju specifični didaktičko-metodički pristupi učenicima s disleksijom i disgrafijom, tj. konkretni načini individualizacije u odabiru sadržaja, dodatnih materijala, prostorne prilagodbe itd. Uzorak istraživanja činilo je 15 učiteljica Hrvatskoga jezika na području Republike Hrvatske. Metoda prikupljanja podataka bila je polustrukturirani intervju, a rezultati su pokazali da ispitanice na studiju nisu dobile dovoljno teorijskih i praktičnih znanja kako inidividualizirati odgojno-obrazovni proces, no već nakon nekoliko godina iskustva svoj posao obavljaju na zavidnoj razini zahvaljujući predanosti radu i želji da svaki učenik ostvari svoj potencijal, neovisno o teškoćama. Ispitanice su istaknule važnost isticanja posebnosti, važnosti i jednakosti svakog učenika u stvaranju poticajne i podržavajuće zajednice koja je oslonac za učenike s teškoćama.
Zaključna rasprava dat će pregled izabranih izjava ispitanica koje će biti opisane kao mogućnosti za napredak u odgojno-obrazovnom sustavu.This graduate thesis deals with individualized approaches for students with dyslexia and/or dysgraphia in the subject teaching of the Croatian language, which involves researching specific procedures that subject teachers use in everyday educational work in order to facilitate the mastering of the subject of the mother tongue for students with reading and writing difficulties, which is taught in the largest number of hours per year (175 teaching hours in the 5th and 6th grades of primary school and 140 teaching hours in the 7th and 8th grades of primary school).
The theoretical part presents specific learning difficulties, explains the distinction between specific and non-specific difficulties and presents dyslexia and dysgraphia through characteristics by which they can be recognized and diagnosed. Given that the theoretical work also emphasizes appropriate educational programs prescribed by the Act on Education in Primary and Secondary Schools (2007), the empirical part of the work included research and description of detailed procedures in the individualization of the teaching process.
The research is therefore qualitative in nature and aims to examine the perception and practice of teachers working with students with dyslexia and dysgraphia, more specifically in the subject teaching of the Croatian language, with a particular research interest in specific didactic-methodological approaches to students with dyslexia and dysgraphia, i.e. specific ways of individualization in the selection of content, additional materials, spatial adaptations, etc. The research sample consisted of 15 teachers of the Croatian language in the Republic of Croatia. The data collection method was a semi-structured interview and the results showed that the interviewees did not receive sufficient theoretical and practical knowledge during their studies on how to individualize the educational process, but after several years of experience they perform their work at an enviable level due to their work dedication and the desire for every student to reach their full potential, regardless of difficulties. The interviewees pointed out the importance of emphasizing the uniqueness, importance and equality of each student in creating a stimulating and supportive community that is a backbone for students with difficulties.
The concluding discussion will try to provide an overview of the interviewees' statements, which will be described as possibilities for progress in the educational system
A feminist approach on pornography and online sex work, with an emphasis on the OnlyFans platform
No full textKoristeći se primjerom OnlyFans platforme ovaj diplomski rad istražuje feministički teorijski okvir fokusiran na koncept seksualnog rada i pornografije u digitalnoj sferi. Ova tema oduvijek je bila predmet rasprave feminističkih krugova pa tako nailazimo na dvije oprečne struje feminističkih misli: antipornografski pokret i pro-seks feminizam. Dvije feminističke struje u svoj fokus stavile su problem pornografije koju usko vežemo uz seksualni rad, a njezin razvoj ovisio je o razvoju novih tehnologija, posebice interneta. OnlyFans, koji se svojim sadržajem svrstava u pornografski rad zbog mogućnosti objavljivanja sadržaja seksualne tematike, poslužio je kao idealan primjer modernog feminističkog problema, a glavne značajke ove platforme koje se opisuju u radu su transformacija seksualnog rada, promjena u dinamici muško ženskih odnosa zajedno sa redefiniranjem intimnosti i seksualnosti. Uvidom u znanstvena istraživanja ove teme došlo se do zaključka da je i dalje prisutan podijeljen stav feministkinja oko ove teme, ali i da bi se u fokus trebala staviti zaštita žena koje su odabrale baviti se seksualnim radom.Using the example of the OnlyFans platform, this thesis explores a feminist theoretical framework focused on the concept of sex work and pornography in the digital sphere. This topic has always been the subject of discussion in feminist circles, so we come across two opposing currents of feminist thought: the anti-pornography movement and pro-sex feminism. Two feminist currents focused on the problem of pornography, which is closely related to sex work, and its development depended on the development of new technologies, especially the Internet. The OnlyFans, whose content is categorized as pornographic work due to the possibility of publishing sexual content, served as an ideal example of a modern feminist problem, and its main features described in the work are the transformation of sexual work, a change in the dynamics of male-female relationships, along with the redefinition of intimacy and sexuality. By looking into the scientific research on this topic, we came to the conclusion that there is still a divided attitude of feminists on this topic, but also that the focus should be on the protection of women who have chosen to engage in sex work
Humour in Chaucer's Miller's Tale and Wife of Bath's Tale
No full textThis thesis aims to analyze the role of humour in Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales, specifically The Miller’s Tale and The Wife of Bath’s Tale. The selected tales are both humorous but in significantly different ways. Therefore, this research seeks to identify how Chaucer employs different comedic techniques in the two tales and to what effect. Based on the three humour theories: Superiority Theory, Incongruity Theory, and Relief Theory, as well as linguistic frameworks such as the Semantic Script Theory of Humour and General Theory of Verbal Humour, this research classifies Chaucer’s humour into five key categories: wordplay, idioms, contrast, taboo, and parody.
The comparative analysis reveals that The Miller’s Tale aligns with the fabliau tradition, relying heavily on crude humour and parody, while The Wife of Bath’s Tale employs irony and wordplay to challenge contemporary gender norms. The study further explores how narrative framing impacts humour perception, demonstrating that The Miller’s Tale embraces an overtly transgressive comedic approach and that The Wife of Bath’s Tale engages a more subversive, rhetorical comedic strategy.
Overall, the results show that Chaucer’s humour is a multifaceted means of social critique rather than mere entertainment
The Correlation between Student Attitudes and Proficiency in Mastering Standard Language Norm
No full textU radu se istražuje povezanost stava učenika prema standardnomu jeziku s njihovom uspješnošću u ovladavanju standardnojezičnom normom. U teorijskome dijelu rada naglašava se važnost standardnoga jezika u životu pojedinca i zajednice te u obrazovanju, a ističe se i važnost stava učenika kao jednom od ključnih čimbenika u procesu usvajanja standardnoga jezika. Razmatraju se dosadašnja istraživanja o utjecaju stava na jezičnu kompetenciju i nudi se prikaz najčešćih odstupanja u usvajanju standardnoga jezika.
Analiziraju se rezultati istraživanja provedenoga među srednjoškolskim učenicima u kojem su ispitani njihovi stavovi prema standardnomu jeziku te česta odstupanja od morfološke norme. Rezultati su pokazali da je stav učenika prema standardnomu jeziku individualan te da ga je teško skupno promatrati. Iako su učenici viših razreda pokazali nešto pozitivniji stav prema standardnomu jeziku od učenika nižih razreda, to se nije značajnije odrazilo na njihovu uspješnost u rješavanju zadataka u drugome dijelu istraživanja. U radu su detaljno analizirana najčešća odstupanja od morfološke norme te se potvrdilo da je većina odstupanja predvidljiva i ponavljajuća.
Rad naglašava važnost sustavnoga poticanja pozitivnoga stava prema hrvatskomu standardnom jeziku te potrebu za unaprjeđenjem nastavnih metoda kako bi se smanjile učeničke pogreške i poboljšala komunikacijska jezična kompetencija učenika. Nastavnici imaju ključnu ulogu u tom procesu, a njihova sposobnost stvaranja motivirajućeg nastavnog okruženja može značajno utjecati na odnos učenika prema standardnomu jeziku.This thesis explores the relationship between students' attitudes toward the standard language and their success in mastering the standard linguistic norm. The theoretical part of the paper emphasizes the importance of the standard language in the life of an individual and the community, as well as in education, while also highlighting the role of students' attitudes as one of the key factors in the process of acquiring the standard language. Previous research on the influence of attitudes on linguistic competence is examined, along with an overview of the most common deviations in learning the standard language.
The thesis analyzes the results of research conducted among high school students, in which their attitudes toward the standard language and their deviations from the morphological norm were examined. The findings indicate that students' attitudes toward the standard language are highly individual and cannot be easily observed as a homogeneous category. Furthermore, although students in higher grades demonstrated a more positive attitude toward the standard language, this did not significantly reflect on their success in completing tasks in the second part of the research. The study also provides a detailed analysis of the most frequent deviations from the morphological norm, revealing that most of these deviations are predictable and recurrent.
The paper highlights the need for a systematic approach to fostering a positive attitude toward the Croatian standard language, as well as the necessity of improving teaching methods to reduce student errors and enhance their communicative linguistic competence. Teachers play a crucial role in this process, and their ability to create a motivating learning environment can significantly influence students' attitudes toward the standard language
Nogomet, migracije, integracija
No full textNa temelju kvalitativnog, multilokalnog, istraživanja u knjizi se analizira uloga nogometa u procesima integracije i društvene inkluzije građana različitog, posebice imigrantskog i manjinskog podrijetla. Istraživanje je provođeno kroz četiri studije slučaja kojima se nastojao dobiti što širi i sveobuhvatniji uvid u specifičnosti i kompleksnosti integracijskog procesa. U prvoj studiji slučaja istražuje se najmarginaliziraniju europsku manjinu − Rome. U drugoj se komparativno propituju stavovi navijača prema stranim nogometašima i drugim imigrantima s istim sociodemografskim karakteristikama. U trećoj se problematizira izazove integracije visokokvalificiranih i visokoobrazovanih profesionalaca u sustavu profesionalnog sporta, trenera koji rade u različitim državama. Na kraju se analiziraju međunarodne migracije reprezentativaca, dobivanja građanskog i sportskog državljanstva i (ne)potrebne integracije. Na temelju dobivene etnografske građe (iskustva, stavova i razmišljanja različitih aktera povezanih s nogometom), knjiga završava teorijskom kontekstualizacijom, propitivanjem postojećih teorija integracijskog procesa, modela i dimenzija integracije te donosi smjernice za kreatore javnih integracijskih politika
Izvori, stil i latinski jezik u Rimskoj povijesti Kasija Diona
No full textU radu se analizira djelo "Rimska povijest" povjesničara Kasija Diona s kraja 2. i početka 3. st. po. Kr. Uz osnovne podatke o autorovu životu, recepciji i stanju očuvanosti djela, glavni naglasak stavljen je na identifikaciju povijesnih izvora iz kojih je autor crpio podatke (primjerice, Svetonije ili Tacit), analizu njegova jezičnog izraza i historiografskog stila i odnosa prema latinskom jeziku. Na kraju, izlaže se i mogućnost primjene "Rimske povijesti" u nastavi klasičnih jezika
Illuminations of the manuscript of Hatifi's Tīmūrnāma in Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts (HAZU) in Zagreb
No full textEpska poema Tīmūrnāma (Knjiga o Tīmūru) perzijskog pjesnika ‘Abdullāha Hātifīja (oko 1416. - 1520.), u islamskom se svijetu ubraja u red najpopularnijih stihovnih povijesnih kronika na perzijskom jeziku. Napisana je između 1492. i 1498., na poticaj Badī‘ al-zamāna Mīrze (umro 1514.), u vrijeme vladavine njegova oca Sultana Ḥusayna Bāyqare, posljednjeg vladara Timuridske dinastije. Posvećena je velikom ratniku, osvajaču i zaštitniku umjetnosti Tīmūru (oko 1336. – 1405.), osnivaču Timuridskoga Carstva i obnovitelju mongolskog poretka, koji je pokorio golema prostranstva od Indije do Sredozemlja. Premda veliča osvajačke pothvate i vladavinu rodonačelnika suparničke dinastije, najveći broj prepisanih i oslikanih rukopisa Tīmūrnāme nastao je pod Safavidima, iranske vladarske dinastije u periodu od 1501. do 1736. U Orijentalnoj zbirci Arhiva Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti u Zagrebu, pod signaturom OZHA R 754, sačuvan je iluminirani prijepis ovog značajnoga djela, oslikan s do danas sačuvanih šest minijatura, rukom nepoznata safavidskoga sitnoslikara. Iznimno važan s više aspekata, rukopis zagrebačke Tīmūrnāme do sada nije bio predmetom sveobuhvatne kritičke povijesnoumjetničke obrade. Riječ je o rukopisu čiji nastanak nije nužno povezan s narudžbom nekog uglednika ili vladara, već je izrađen kao knjižni proizvod za potencijalnog kupca iz krugova imućnije obrazovane klijentele toga vremena. Njegove minijature odražavaju temeljne stilske i ikonografske karakteristike iluminiranih rukopisa kronika u stihovima iz Širaza XVI. stoljeća, nastalih u radionicama koje su stvarale za širu publiku. U sklopu kodikološke obrade čitavoga rukopisa, posebna se pažnja posvećuje analizi i interpretaciji njegove likovne opreme. Minijature, koje sa stajališta povijesti umjetnosti i kulture zaslužuju osobitu pozornost, predmetom su formalne, stilske i ikonografske analize. U radu se temeljem komparativnih spoznaja podrobno analizira njihov odnos prema tekstu, moguće podrijetlo njihova stila i njihovo mjesto u povijesnom i kulturološkom kontekstu perzijske minijature. Dosadašnji podatci o rukopisu i njegovom nastanku kritički su revidirani i stavljeni u kontekst novijih internacionalnih saznanja.The epic poem Tīmūrnāma (A Book on Tīmūr) by Persian poet 'Abdullāh Hātifī (ca 1416 – 1520) counts among the more popular Persian chronicles in verse composed in the Islamic world. Commissioned by Badī' al-zamān Mīrza (d. 1514) during the reign of his father Ḥusayn Bāyqara, who was the last ruler of the Timurid dynasty, the Tīmūrnāma was composed between 1492 and 1498. It is dedicated to the great warrior, conqueror, and arts patron Tīmūr (ca 1336 – 1405), who, in an attempt to establish the Mongol order anew, conquered vast swaths of territory in the eastern Muslim world from the Indian Subcontinent to the Mediterranean, and thus laid the foundations for the establishment of a new, Timurid dynasty. Although written to exalt the exploits and rule of the founder of a rival dynasty, the largest number of copied and illuminated manuscripts of the Tīmūrnāma came down from the time of Safavids, an Iranian dynasty that ruled between 1501 and 1736. The Oriental Archive of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb holds one illuminated manuscript of the Tīmūrnāma (call number OZHA R 754) with six hitherto preserved miniatures that are the subject matter of this doctoral dissertation. The Zagrebian manuscript of the Tīmūrnāma is intriguing from several aspects; from the viewpoint of art, history, and culture, the fascinating element of this copy is doubtless its miniatures and their stylistic, i.e., iconographic characteristics. From the vintage of codicology and textual criticism, one interesting aspect of the Zagrebian manuscript is certainly numerous lacunae, the loci of their occurrence, and the nature of the present textual deficiency. The provenance of the Zagreb manuscript is a tough challenge for researchers. Even though it is reasonable to assume that the preserved six miniatures are not the final count of the original manuscript illumination, this manuscript of the Tīmūrnāma represents a noteworthy example of the miniature painting cycle depicting scenes from Tīmūr's life and his military and diplomatic campaign. In this study, methods of stylistic, iconographic, and codicological analysis were deployed in order to elaborate on the miniature painting and overall artistic (calligraphic) features of the Zagrebian manuscript of the Tīmūrnāma. Following the same methodology, a comprehensive comparative study of available manuscripts was conducted to clarify the circumstances and possible timeline of the miniatures' composition. The method of stylistic analysis focused on formal features of the miniatures enables us to contextualize the work more precisely in a historical and stylistic sense, while iconographic analysis facilitates a more precise definition of scenes and a better understanding of their relations with the literary contents of the work. Codicological analysis widens the framework for the study of visual elements of the work, facilitating thus better underpinning of their functionality in the totality of the literary corpus. As regards the inner structure of this study, an introduction brings a survey of the subject matter and topic of the research, with a focus on the beginnings of Persian miniature in general and the tradition of illuminating historical chronicles, as well as an overview of 'Abdullāh Hātifī's life and literary works. A detailed description of the Zagrebian manuscript of the Tīmūrnāma is then given, followed by an overview of the existing studies and reviews of the manuscript from the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Researchers such as Aleksej Olesnicki, Zagorka Janc, Muhamed Ždralović, Zlatko Karač, and especially and more thoroughly Tatjana Paić-Vukić were to thank for the introduction and presentation of the manuscript to the academic and general readership up today. A second thematic bloc comprises a chapter entitled "Styles and Schools of Persian Miniature in the XVI Century". The miniatures of the Zagrebian manuscript of the Tīmūrnāma cannot be properly comprehended without an insight into the stylistic and iconographic features of the book illumination under the Safavids in the XVI century. Henceforth, an overview of the era's significant painting schools and styles is given based on recent scholarly literature. Firstly, schools of the East, with the inevitable focus on Tīmūr's successors and the school of Herat, were introduced with remarks on the influence of this school in the XVI century. Then, the school of Bukhara, and the overall miniature painting tradition of the Transoxiana are introduced. The school of Tabriz is reviewed both during the reign of Šāh Ismā‘īl, the effective founder of the Safavid dynasty and later during the reign of his successor Šāh Ṭahmāsp. A survey of the school of Shiraz ensued with a particular focus on an illuminated exemplar of the Ẓafarnāma in the XVI-century Shiraz. In light of remarkable similarities between Šaraf al-dīn' Alī Yazdī's Ẓafarnāma and 'Abdullāh Hātifī's Tīmūrnāma, particularly observable in the titles of chapters, a study of Yazdī's poem, its meaning, illumination, and reception are of great interest for the study of Hātifī's work. The central chapter of this dissertation, entitled "Illuminations of the Manuscript of Hātifī's Tīmūrnāma from the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts," brings about a detailed analysis of the preserved miniatures. A thorough description of all the miniatures within the composition of their relevant folia and chapters is given, followed by a comprehensive analysis of each miniature and its characteristics. The first miniature is placed in the eighth chapter entitled Nishatsan-i sahibqiran dar shahr-i Balkh bar takht-i bulandpaye-yi khani va sar afrakhtan az afsar-i saltanat va jihanbani (Sitting of the Auspicious Ruler on the glorious throne of Khanate in the city of Balkh and Assuming the Position of Ruling and World Ordering). The scene depicts Tīmūr, who quashed his opponents and was trumpeted as the savior who would unite all the subjects under his banner and deploy them in the service of a world empire. A second miniature is painted in the eleventh chapter, the most illuminated chapter is the existing manuscripts of the Tīmūrnāma. The chapter is entitled Bazm arastan-i musnad nashin-i saltanat va jihanbani jihat-i kam yaftan-i shahzade-yi Jihangir az tharama-yi shajara-yi nakhlistan-i khani (Setting up a public celebration by the Occupant of the throne of world ruling and ordering to delight Prince Ğihāngīr, an offspring from a tree in the Palm grove of Khanate). The chapter narrates the story of the marriage of Tīmūr's eldest son, Ğihāngīr, to a princess from the ruling house of Choresmia. The miniature depicts Tīmūr's envoys in the audience of Yūsuf Ṣūfī of Choresmia. A third miniature comes in the fifteenth chapter entitled Tavajjuh namudan-i an sarvar-i sarafraz bi janib-i Dar al-saltana Shiraz (Turning of that Glorious Leader towards the royal capital of Shiraz), which narrates Tīmūr's sack of Shiraz. The miniature portrays the peaceful surrender of Shiraz, in which representatives of the Muzaffarid dynasty hand over the city keys to Tīmūr and his army. A fourth miniature is part of the twentieth chapter entitled Lashkar arastan-i sahibqiran bi qasd-i Shah Mansur va koshta shudan-i an gardankash (Equipping a Campaign by the Auspicious Leader against Šāh Manṣūr and the ruin of that ruffian). The miniature depicts Tīmūr in splendid attire and a Safavid taj upon his head while killing a lion with his bare hands, a personification of Šāh Manṣūr. A fifth miniature comes in the twenty-fifth chapter entitled Sipah asrastan-i sahibqiran bi nubet-i duvvum az sarhadd-i zulumat bi jang-i Tuqtamish Khan va' anan taftan-i Khan az an mamlikat-i jansitan (Equipping an Army by the Auspicious Leader for the second campaign against Tuqtamiš-ḫān at the frontiers of darkness and the Khan's swift departure from that Perilous region). The miniature portrays taking prisoners from the enemy ranks and their submission to Tīmūr as slaves. The last sixth miniature comes in the thirty-ninth chapter with short title Name navashtan-i sahibqiran bi qayser-i Rum (The Auspicious Leader writes a letter to the Kaiser of Rum). From the context of the relevant chapter and the surrounding verses that narrate the dispatch of emissaries, it could be concluded that the miniature depicts Bayazīd's envoy to Tīmūr. The concluding, most voluminous thematic unit of this study is reserved for a chapter entitled "The Zagrebian Tīmūrnāma – A Comparative Analysis" that comprises of comprehensive comparison of sixteen XVI century illuminated manuscripts of Hātifī's poem that were available for review. The principal aim of the comparison of available illuminated manuscripts of the poem was an attempt to find textual basis and an interpretative key for the miniatures in the Zagrebian manuscript with regard to their positioning within the text of the poem. I sought to ascertain whether there were any common textual stimuli for illumination of the Tīmūrnāma that could stem from some canonical prototype or model. Apart from that, I tried to address an intriguing question of whether there existed sets of illuminated manuscripts with common and shared characteristics or not, in which case the sequence of miniatures would be proved to be entirely arbitrary and on the whim of a manuscript's redactor, commissioner, copyist or miniaturist. I likewise strove to determine to what extent and in what way the Zagrebian manuscript fits within the known class of illuminated copies of the Tīmūrnāma in light of its miniatures' positioning with the text and possible interferences from [the presupposed] canonical model. The manuscripts that were consulted in the comparative preview were the following: [Hātifī, ‘Abdullāh], Tīmūrnāma, National Library St. Cyrill and Methodius in Sofia, Bulgaria OP 994; [Hātifī, ‘Abdullāh], Tīmūrnāma, British Library Or. 2838; [Hātifī, ‘Abdullāh], Tīmūrnāma, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi H.1594; [Hātifī, ‘Abdullāh], Tīmūrnāma, Cambridge University Library Add. 1109; [Hātifī, ‘Abdullāh], Tīmūrnāma, Harvard Art Museums 1957.140; [Hātifī, ‘Abdullāh], Tīmūrnāma, Bibliothèque nationale de France Supplément persan 641; [Hātifī, ‘Abdullāh], Tīmūrnāma, The Walters Art Museum W.648; [Hātifī, ‘Abdullāh], Tīmūrnāma, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi H. 1593; [Hātifī, ‘Abdullāh], Tīmūrnāma, Cambridge University Library King's Pote 85; [Hātifī, ‘Abdullāh], Tīmūrnāma, Sotheby's LOT 140; [Hātifī, ‘Abdullāh], Tīmūrnāma, Bodleian Library Elliott 403; [Hātifī, ‘Abdullāh], Tīmūrnāma, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi R. 1591; [Hātifī, ‘Abdullāh], Tīmūrnāma, The Free Library Lewis O. 43; [Hātifī, ‘Abdullāh], Tīmūrnāma, British Library Add. 7780; [Hātifī, ‘Abdullāh], Tīmūrnāma, British Library Add. 22703; [Hātifī, ‘Abdullāh], Tīmūrnāma, Harvard Art Museums 2014.392. The conducted comparison of the Zagrebian manuscript with the sixteen illuminated manuscripts from the XVI century resulted in several important insights and conclusions pointing to significant overlapping and similarity, as well as specificity of the Zagrebian copy of the work. The results also show what iconographic features characterize the Zagrebian manuscript and set it apart from the rest of the illuminated class, expanding the repertoire of standard scenes for painting. Based on the outcomes of the comparison, it also became apparent that some miniatures that regularly appear in other copies were absent from the Zagrebian manuscript, which could indicate that some miniatures were extracted from the codex with parts of the poem's text. That leaves the Zagrebian manuscript as an incomplete yet significant representative of the tradition of the Tīmūrnāma's illumination from the XVI century. Its miniatures, mainly those unique in tradition in terms of the scenes they depict, offer a new insight into the illuminated narrative accompanying the poem's text. Finally, the study of the miniatures in the Zagrebian manuscript of the Tīmūrnāma contributes to a better understanding of the rich mosaic of Persian miniature painting in the XVI century. It is not possible to give a conclusive answer to the question of when, where, and why since its composition to the acquisition of the manuscript for the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Zagrebian manuscript lost large parts of its text. At the same time, the remaining corpus was shifted back and forth haphazardly. Much like the question of the manuscript's ultimate provenance – all that remains to be studied further. Even though the text has numerous lacunae and no logical organization of the salvaged parts, the sequence of the miniatures tallies well with the historical chronology of Tīmūr's conquests and the main events of his life and career. The approximative date and location of the composition of the Zagrebian Tīmūrnāma are given based on the analysis of its six miniatures. Seemingly insignificant iconographic detail, a specific headgear worn by some characters in the miniatures points to the possibility that the manuscript was copied and illuminated sometime around the first half or the middle of the XVI century, i.e., in the early Safavid period. Stylistic features of the miniatures point to the hand of one and the same miniaturist. Drawing and painting characteristics observable in the studied manuscript point to Shiraz, the focal point of a refined artistic production of Safavid Iran, as the most likely location of its composition and illumination
Hadrian and Egypt. Numismatic Testimonies
No full textMoj teza se temelji na analizi rimskog carskog novca kovanog tokom vladavine cara Hadrijana. Tokom rada sam predstavio Hadrijanovu perspektivu ekonomske moći Egipta na temelju numizmatičkih izvora. Srž svog rada sam temeljio na prikazima boga Nila na carskom i provincijskom novcu. Spomenuti motiv ujedno predstavlja i personifikaciju egipatske gospodarske moći. Tokom rada je analiziran i niz drugih egipatskih motiva koji se pojavljuju na rimskom novcu. Rad je također potkrijepljen ostalim literarnim i arheološkim izvorima koji čitavi diskurs spajaju u jednu cjelinu.My thesis is predominantly based on the analysis of the Roman Imperial Coinage minted during the reign of emperor Hadrian. His fascination with Egyptian culture is undisputed in modern historiography but the lack of numismatic perspective on the subject inspired me to make my own contribution. I tried to portray Hadrian's personal view of the economic significance of Egypt for the Roman Empire. This has been achieved by analysing the personifications of the river god Nile found on reverses of imperial aureus and sestertius coins. For the sake of comparison, I also included a variety of coins minted in Alexandria that bear similar features on their reverses.
Furthermore, the thesis also includes additional analysis of other significant coins minted during Hadrian that bear symbols generally connected with Egypt. Unlike many other scientific papers, my concept of analysis encompasses an entire range of other important historical sources found in Greek and Roman literary works and numerous surviving papyri found throughout Egypt. Unavoidable references found in existing statues and frescoes in modern day Italy helped me to better understand the meaning of Nilotic scenes in Roman times. My work offers a review of Hadrian's reign and travels throughout Egypt followed by the analysis of his most important economic and architectural improvements in aforementioned region. The emperor’s personal cultural taste is also seen in the ruins of his villa in Tivoli that are clearly replicated on coinage that bears his name.
My concept of work is mostly based on chronology that offers clear testimonies of Egyptian influences that characterized the entire reign of one of the most popular Roman emperors. Having all that in mind I strongly believe that my master thesis offers somewhat of a unique approach of examining historical sources from the field of numismatics
Ethnonationalism and terrorism : comparative analysis of IRA and ETA
No full textTerorizam, promatran kao akt nasilja, postoji od pamtivijeka, primjerice zeloti u 1. stoljeću, haridžije u 7. stoljeću i asasini od 11. do 13. stoljeća (Bilandžić, 2014). Unatoč tome, i dalje ne postoji njegova točna i jedinstvena definicija. Ono što neki fenomen čini terorizmom jest politički cilj pri čemu terorističke skupine koriste nasilje kao način prisvajanja moći posredstvom straha (Bilandžić, 2014). Terorizam možemo podijeliti na nekoliko vrsta; s obzirom na motivaciju, razinu djelovanja, ideologiju, ciljeve itd. Koja god vrsta terorizma bila u pitanju, svaka je duboko isprepletena s etničkim i/ili vjerskim identitetom i kolektivnom sviješću zbog čega pitanja podrške i reakcije zajednice postaje ključno za razumijevanje njihove dinamike i utjecaja. Shodno tome, terorizam je kroz svoju povijest imao promjenjivu društvenu reakciju i podršku te ponekad bio društveno poželjan, kao u primjeru Francuske revolucije i konsolidacije vlasti terorističkim djelovanjem, ali i društveno nepoželjan, kao u primjeru anarhističkih previranja tijekom 19. stoljeća što sam terorizam pretvara u svojevrsni začarani krug (Bilandžić, 2014). S obzirom na fatalne ishode terorističkog akta, rane psihološke teorije pokušale su teroriste obilježiti kao psihički nestabilne individue, što se u konačnici pokazalo neutemeljenim (Bevanda, 2023). Stoga se terorističko ponašanje valja promatrati pomoću psihosocijalnog pristupa koje nalaže da je ponašanje individua u relaciji s utjecajima iz socijalnog okružja (Bilandžić, 2014). Još jedno od pitanja proizašlo iz neutemeljene tvrdnje o sociopatiji terorizma jest pitanje je li terorizam čin prosocijalnog ili antisocijalnog ponašanja. S jedne strane, prvotni zdravorazumski odgovor nalaže kako je ono antisocijalno upravo zbog smrtno stradalih žrtava, dok drugi izvori navode kako je ono prosocijalno zbog određenih koristi koje od njega može imati rodbina, odnosno društvena skupina kojoj pripadaju.
Etnički identitet jedan je od faktora koji vrlo lako može doprinijeti stvaranju terorističkih skupina iz nekoliko razloga kao što su marginalizacija i diskriminacija etničkih grupa te nacionalističke i separatističke težnje. Svaki od navedenih razloga terorističke skupine mogu iskoristiti kao način regrutiranja novih pristaša.
U kontekstu ovog diplomskog rada, koristeći analizu diskursa i komparativnu deskriptivnu analizu, analizirat će se dvije etnonacionalističke terorističke skupine; IRA (Irish Republican Army) i ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna), pri čemu će se naglasak staviti na analizu njihovog etničkog identiteta te važnosti etničke pripadnosti kao ključnog faktora za mobilizaciju pristaša i stvaranje konflikta. Osim toga, koristit će se i literatura iz područja etničkih studija, kao i teorije in-group/out-group te studiji slučaja. Ulazeći u dubinu njihovih povijesnih, ideoloških i strateških dimenzija, ovim radom nastojat će se rasvijetlili na koji način je etnički identitet oblikovao njihova djelovanja i utjecao na odnos sa zajednicom koju te terorističke skupine predstavljaju. Da bi se to istražilo, pratit će se povijesna evolucija IRA-e i ETA-e secirajući društveno-politička okruženja iz kojih su proizašle pritom ispitujući povijesne probleme, korijene i nacionalističke težnje tih organizacija. Ključna točka ovog rada je etnički identitet kao pokretačka snaga iza ideologija IRA-e i ETA-e, odnosno način na koji percepcija kulturnog nasljedstva, jezičnih razlika i kolektivnog povijesnog sjećanja pridonose njihovom legitimitetu i prihvaćanju nasilja kao sredstva borbe za političke ciljeve. Iako su IRA i ETA u mnogim karakteristikama svog nastanka i djelovanja slične, tako su u mnogima i različite oslanjajući se prije svega na njihov ishod pri čemu je IRA gotovo u potpunosti ostvarila svoje ciljeve, a ETA nije. Da bi se IRA i ETA bolje razumjele potrebno je analizirati ih kroz neku od socioloških teorija.
Pri analizi će se koristiti dvije sociološke teorije; konstruktivizam i teorija konflikta. Primjenom teorije konstruktivizma na etnički identitet uočava se da identiteti nisu unaprijed definirani i ne mijenjanju se samo zbog unutarnjih karakteristika već su oni proizvod društvenih interakcija, normi i kulture (Jukić, 2013). S druge strane, teorijom konflikta objašnjava se kako etnički identitet može poslužiti kao faktor generiranja i održavanja društvenih sukoba i na taj način poprimiti negativnu konotaciju (Haralambos i Heald, 1989).
Prema navedenim teorijama, konstruirane su dvije pretpostavke za analizu. Prva pretpostavka proizlazi iz konstruktivističke teorije te glasi: ''Etnički identitet IRA-e i ETA-e nije statičan već fluidan te podložan promjenama ovisno o društvenim i političkim kontekstima''. Stoga, analizom će se otkriti kako su te promjene oblikovale percepciju njihovog etničkog identiteta i utjecale na strategije terorističkih akcija. Ovom pretpostavkom nastojat će se, pomoću aspekata povijesti i kulture, pojasniti kako se oblikuje etnički identitet te kako se to odražava u ciljevima i taktikama terorističkih skupina. Druga pretpostavka, proizašla iz teorije konflikta glasi: ''Različiti pristupi represivnih mjera vlasti imat će različite učinke na strategije terorističkih skupina''. Ovom pretpostavkom istražuje se kako različiti pristupi vlasti pri reagiranju na terorističke akcije oblikovati njihove strategije i taktike.Terrorism, viewed as an act of violence, has existed since time immemorial, for example the Zealots in the 1st century, the Kharijites in the 7th century, and the Assassins from the 11th to the 13th centuries (Bilandžić, 2014). Despite this, there is still no exact and unique definition of it. What makes a phenomenon terrorism is a political goal, whereby terrorist groups use violence as a way to seize power through fear (Bilandžić, 2014). Terrorism can be divided into several types; with regard to motivation, level of action, ideology, goals, etc. Whatever the type of terrorism in question, each is deeply intertwined with ethnic and/or religious identity and collective consciousness, which is why questions of community support and reaction become crucial for understanding their dynamics and impact. Accordingly, terrorism has had a variable social reaction and support throughout its history and has sometimes been socially desirable, as in the example of the French Revolution and the consolidation of power through terrorist action, but also socially undesirable, as in the example of the anarchist turmoil during the 19th century, which turns terrorism itself into a kind of vicious circle (Bilandžić, 2014). Given the fatal outcomes of a terrorist act, early psychological theories attempted to characterize terrorists as mentally unstable individuals, which ultimately proved to be unfounded (Bevanda, 2023). Therefore, terrorist behavior should be observed using a psychosocial approach that requires that the behavior of individuals is in relation to influences from the social environment (Bilandžić, 2014). Another question arising from the unfounded claim about the sociopathy of terrorism is the question of whether terrorism is an act of prosocial or antisocial behavior. On the one hand, the initial common-sense answer dictates that it is anti-social precisely because of the victims who died, while other sources state that it is pro-social because of certain benefits that can be derived from it by the relatives, that is, the social group to which they belong. Ethnic identity is one of the factors that can easily contribute to the creation of terrorist groups for several reasons such as the marginalization and discrimination of ethnic groups and nationalist and separatist aspirations. Each of these reasons can be used by terrorist groups as a means of recruiting new supporters. In the context of this thesis, using discourse analysis and comparative descriptive analysis, two ethno-nationalist terrorist groups will be analyzed; IRA (Irish Republican Army) and ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna), whereby emphasis will be placed on the analysis of their ethnic identity and the importance of ethnicity as a key factor for mobilizing supporters and creating conflict. In addition, literature from the field of ethnic studies, as well as in-group/out-group theories and case studies will be used. By delving into their historical, ideological and strategic dimensions, this paper will attempt to shed light on how ethnic identity shaped their actions and influenced the relationship with the community that these terrorist groups represent. To do this, the historical evolution of the IRA and ETA will be traced, dissecting the socio-political environments from which they emerged, while examining the historical problems, roots and nationalist aspirations of these organizations. The key point of this paper is ethnic identity as a driving force behind the ideologies of the IRA and ETA, i.e. the way in which the perception of cultural heritage, linguistic differences and collective historical memory contribute to their legitimacy and acceptance of violence as a means of fighting for political goals. Although the IRA and ETA are similar in many characteristics of their origin and actions, they are also different in many, relying primarily on their outcome, with the IRA almost completely achieving its goals, while ETA did not. In order to better understand the IRA and ETA, it is necessary to analyze them through some of the sociological theories. Two sociological theories will be used in the analysis; constructivism and conflict theory. By applying the theory of constructivism to ethnic identity, it is observed that identities are not pre-defined and do not change only due to internal characteristics, but are the product of social interactions, norms and culture (Jukić, 2013). On the other hand, conflict theory explains how ethnic identity can serve as a factor in the generation and maintenance of social conflicts and thus take on a negative connotation (Haralambos and Heald, 1989). According to the mentioned theories, two assumptions for the analysis were constructed. The first assumption derives from the constructivist theory and reads: "The ethnic identity of the IRA and ETA is not static but fluid and subject to change depending on social and political contexts". Therefore, the analysis will reveal how these changes shaped the perception of their ethnic identity and influenced the strategies of terrorist actions. This assumption explores how different approaches of the authorities in responding to terrorist actions shape their strategies and tactics
Usporedba uporabe dvaju oblika imperfekta konjunktiva u različitim varijantama španjolskog jezika
No full textEn este trabajo se investiga el uso de las dos formas del imperfecto de subjuntivo en la prensa de España, Argentina y México, a partir de los ejemplos extraídos del CORPES XXI de la Real Academia Española. En la parte teórica se analizan las características, el uso y los valores del imperfecto de subjuntivo, así como las diferencias y similitudes entre sus dos formas. La parte práctica empieza con el análisis del uso de dos formas del imperfecto de subjuntivo en cada país, para luego comparar los resultados obtenidos. El enfoque se centra en los tipos de oraciones que emplean el imperfecto de subjuntivo, en los nexos utilizados y en el significado y valor del dicho tiempo verbal en cada tipo de oración, con el objetivo de determinar si las formas en -ra y en -se tienen el mismo significado en los contextos similares.U ovom se radu istražuje uporaba dvaju oblika imperfekta konjunktiva u novinama Španjolske, Argentine i Meksika, na temelju primjera izvađenih iz CORPES XXI Kraljevske španjolske akademije. U teorijskom dijelu analiziraju se karakteristike, uporaba i vrijednosti imperfekta konjunktiva, kao i razlike i sličnosti između dvaju oblika. Praktični dio počinje analizom uporabe dvaju oblika imperfekta konjunktiva u svakoj zemlji, a zatim se uspoređuju dobiveni rezultati. Fokus je na vrstama rečenica koje koriste imperfekt konjunktiv, veznicima koji se upotrebljavaju te značenju i vrijednosti tog vremena u svakoj vrsti rečenice, s ciljem utvrđivanja imaju li oblici na -ra i na -se isto značenje u sličnim kontekstima