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Hesperidin attenuates oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and cardiac dysfunction in sodium fluoride‐Induced cardiotoxicity in rats
No full textExcessive fluoride intake has been reported to cause toxicities to brain, thyroid, kidney, liver and testis tissues. Hesperidin (HSP) is an antioxidant that possesses anti-allergenic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Presently, the studies focusing on the toxic effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) on heart tissue at biochemical and molecular level are limited. This study was designed to evaluate the ameliorative effects of HSP on toxicity of NaF on the heart of rats in vivo by observing the alterations in oxidative injury markers (MDA, SOD, CAT, GPX and GSH), pro-inflammatory markers (NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α), expressions of apoptotic genes (caspase-3, -6, -9, Bax, Bcl-2, p53, cytochrome c), levels of autophagic markers (Beclin 1, LC3A, LC3B), expression levels of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and cardiac markers. HSP treatment attenuated the NaF-induced heart tissue injury by increasing activities of SOD, CAT and GPx and levels of GSH, and suppressing lipid peroxidation. In addition, HSP reversed the changes in expression of apoptotic (caspase-3, -6, -9, Bax, Bcl-2, p53, cytochrome c), levels of autophagic and inflammatory parameters (Beclin 1, LC3A, LC3B, NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α), in the NaF-induced cardiotoxicity. HSP also modulated the gene expression levels of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and levels of cardiac markers (LDH, CK-MB). Overall, these findings reveal that HSP treatment can be used for the treatment of NaF-induced cardiotoxicity
The effect of boron-doped addition to spark ignition engine oil on engine emission, performance and lubricating oil properties
No full textThis study includes the effects of using CNG (natural gas) and gasoline on engine emissions, performance, and lubricating oil in the engine of spark ignition, with boron additive added to engine oil. The experiments were repeated through adjusting boron additive to an engine oil first time when the additive-free engine oil was changed and the engine was at full throttle opening. In addition, the experiment used three different load conditions, at constant 3000 rpm (after 50 h of operation), and used gasoline and natural gas for fuels. The test results showed that from the moment the engine oil was first added, the engine performance decreased as time passed. The decrease in engine performance was less when using boron-doped oil in the engine than when using engine oil without boron. The boron-doped the lubricating oil caused the properties of the lubricating oil to change less with the lower temperature in the engine, apart from the reduction of NOX emissions. Using the boron-doped or the undoped boron engine oil had no effect on emissions by fuel type. Although the use of gasoline fuel in the engine decreased CO, CO2, and HC emissions, NOX emissions increased in the system. The use of natural gas increased CO, NOX and CO2 emissions, but a decrease was obtained in HC emissions. It was revealed that the deterioration in the physical properties of the lubricating oil taken from the engine cartel at different times was less in the boron-doped oil than the undoped boron oil
Perceptions of nursing students taking the course of child health and diseases nursing about concept map: a metaphor study
Get PDFAraştırma ile Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği dersini alan hemşirelik öğrencilerinin
kavram haritasına ilişkin algılarının metafor aracılığıyla ortaya çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır.
Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden olgu bilim deseni kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın
örneklemini kavram haritasına dayalı eğitim alan ilk ve tek grup olan, 2020-2021 Eğitim
Öğretim Yılı Bahar Yarıyılında Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği Dersini alan
hemşirelik öğrencileri oluşturmuştur. Dersi alan 103 öğrenciden 53’ünün katılımı ile araştırma
tamamlanmıştır. Veriler Öğrenci Bilgi Formu ve kavram haritası algılarını sorgulayan,
“Kavram Haritası… gibidir, çünkü…” metafor cümlesi kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Veriler içerik
analiz tekniğiyle çözümlenmiştir. Öğrencilerinin %75,47’si kız ve yaş ortalaması 22,21±3,23
yıldır. Öğrenciler “Kavram Haritası” algısına yönelik 32 metafor oluşturmuştur. Frekansı en
yüksek metaforlar “yapboz (f=7)”, “puzzle (f=6), “örümcek ağı (f=4) ve “soy ağacı (f=3)” dır.
Tüm metaforlar yedi kategoride toplanmıştır. Bu kategoriler; “bütünlük”, “yol gösterme”,
“bağlantı”, “başlangıç”, “merkez”, “kontrol” ve “alışkanlık/besin” kategorileridir. Araştırmanın
örneklemini oluşturan öğrencilerin ağırlıklı olarak “kavram haritası”na ilişkin olumlu metaforik
algılara sahip oldukları belirlenmiştir.The aim of the research is to reveal the perceptions of the nursing students who take the Pediatric
Nursing course about the concept map through metaphor. Phenomenology design was used in
the research. This design is one of the qualitative research methods. The sample of the research
consisted of nursing students who took the Pediatric Nursing Course in the Spring Semester of
the 2020-2021 academic year at a public university. These students are the first and only group
to receive a concept map-based-education at the faculty. The research was completed with the
participation of 53 of the 103 students who took the course. The data were collected with the
Student Information Form and the metaphor sentence “Concept Map…, because…”. The data
were analyzed by content analysis technique. 75.47% of the students are girls, the mean age is
22.21±3.23 years. Students created 32 metaphors for the perception of “Concept Map”. The
metaphors with the highest frequency are “simple puzzle (f=7)”, “puzzle (f=6)”, “spider web
(f=4)” and “family tree (f=3)”. All metaphors were gathered in seven categories. Categories are
“integrity”, “guidance”, “connection”, “start”, “centre”, “control”, “habit/food”. Most of the
students participating in the research have positive metaphorical perceptions about the concept
map
Kanser tedavisinde kullanılan anti-mikrotübül ilaçlardan vinca alkaloidler ve paklitaksel’in DNA bağlanma aktiviteleri
Get PDFMicrotubules are an essential part of the intracellular cytoskeletal structure and possess unique polymerization dynamics that are critical for many cellular functions, including cell division. Anti-microtubule drugs that interfere with microtubule formation are important chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of various cancer. These drugs that block mitosis seem to work by a common mechanism, which suppresses the dynamics of microtubules, slows cells, induces apoptosis and subsequently kills tumor cells. Vinca alkaloids (vinblastine, vincristine and vinorelbine) and Taxanes (paclitaxel) are two different classes of anti-microtubule drugs that cause microtubule dysfunction and inhibit cancer cell proliferation. The main activity of vinca alkaloids and taxanes result from their binding interactions with tubulin proteins. However, studies on DNA interactions of these anti-microtubule drugs are not sufficient. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the DNA binding activities of the vinca alkaloids (vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine) and paclitaxel.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The interactions of the drugs with DNA were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis assay. Three types of DNA were used in each experiment, including 100bp marker DNA, pUC19 plasmid DNA (2686 bp), and pBR322 plasmid DNA (4361 bp). After the DNAs were incubated with different concentrations of the drugs under certain conditions, agarose gel electrophoresis was performed. DNA band distributions were analyzed with a gel analysis system so that the drugs-DNA interactions could be interpreted.RESULTS: According to our results, it was found that among the vinca alkaloids, especially vinorelbine binds to DNA with higher activity than vincristine and vinblastine. The Vinca alkaloids have structural properties required for DNA binding activity and there is a similarity in their DNA binding models. However, the results showed that paclitaxel, which is from the taxane group, did not have DNA binding activity. This may be because the chemical structure of paclitaxel is not suitable for binding to DNA.CONCLUSIONS: The interaction of drugs with DNA play an important role in determining the pathways of drugs action and their ability to cause DNA damage. Consequently, the findings of our study will contribute to elucidating the effect mechanisms and the genotoxic potentials of these drugs, which are microtubule inhibitors.Mikrotübüller, hücre içi hücre iskeleti yapısının önemli bir parçasıdır ve hücre bölünmesi dahil birçok hücresel işlev için kritik olan benzersiz polimerizasyon dinamiklerine sahiptirler. Mikrotübüllere müdahale eden anti-mikrotübül ilaçlar, çeşitli kanserlerin tedavisi için çok önemli kemoterapötik ajanlardır. Mitozu bloke eden bu ilaçlar, mikrotübüllerin dinamiğini baskılayan, hücreleri yavaşlatan, apoptozu indükleyen ve ardından tümör hücrelerini öldüren ortak bir mekanizma ile çalışmaktadır. Vinka alkaloidleri (vinblastin, vincristin ve vinorelbin) ve Taksanlar (paklitaksel), mikrotübüllerin işlev bozukluğuna neden olan ve kanser hücresi proliferasyonunu inhibe eden iki farklı anti-mikrotübül ilaç sınıfıdır. Vinka alkaloidlerinin ve taksanların ana aktivitesi, tübülin proteinleri ile bağlanma etkileşimlerinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Ancak, bu anti-mikrotübül ilaçların DNA etkileşimleri ile ilgili çalışmalar yeterli değildir. Bu çalışmada, vinka alkaloidleri (vinblastin, vincristin, vinorelbin) ve paklitakselin DNA bağlanma aktivitelerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: İlaçların DNA ile etkileşimleri agaroz jel elektroforez deneyi ile analiz edildi. Her deneyde, 100 bp marker DNA, pUC19 plazmid DNA (2686 bp) ve pBR322 plazmid DNA (4361 bp) dahil olmak üzere üç tip DNA kullanıldı. DNA'lar belirli koşullar altında farklı ilaç konsantrasyonları ile inkübe edildikten sonra agaroz jel elektroforezi yapıldı. İlaç-DNA etkileşimlerinin yorumlanabilmesi için DNA bant dağılımları jel analiz sistemi ile analiz edildi.BULGULAR: Sonuçlarımıza göre vinka alkaloidlerinden özellikle vinorelbinin, vinkristin ve vinblastine göre daha yüksek aktiviteyle DNA'ya bağlandığı bulunmuştur. Vinca alkaloidleri, DNA bağlanma aktivitesi için gerekli yapısal özelliklere sahiptir ve DNA bağlanma motiflerinde benzerlik vardır. Ancak sonuçlar, taksan grubundan olan paklitakselin DNA bağlama aktivitesine sahip olmadığını gösterdi. Bunun nedeni, paklitakselin kimyasal yapısının DNA'ya bağlanmaya uygun olmaması olabilir.SONUÇ: İlaçların DNA ile interaksiyonu, ilaçların etki yollarını ve DNA hasarına neden olma yeteneklerini belirlemede önemli bir rol oynar. Sonuç olarak, çalışmamızın bulguları mikrotübül inhibitörü olan bu ilaçların etki mekanizmalarını ve genotoksik potansiyellerini aydınlatmaya katkı sağlayacaktır
Effects of diallyl trisulfide, an active substance from garlic essential oil, on structural chemistry of chitin in Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
No full textThe environmental pollution, evolution of resistance, and risks to human and aquatic animal health associated with pesticide application have attracted much attention globally. Herein, we tested the capacity of diallyl trisulfide (DAT) from garlic essential oil to control the destructive stored-product pest, Sitotroga cerealella. The effects of DAT on the total content of cuticular chitin and structure of adults S. cerealella were evaluated. This study was the first to investigate changes in chitin structure in adults due to exposure to DAT through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results of these analyses revealed that the cuticular chitin content of pests decreased after DAT treatment. DAT treatment also reduced thermal stability and crystallinity of chitin. These findings indicate that DAT is a potent biopesticide that is active against the moth, and establishes the basis for its use as an IPM and alternative to chitin synthesis inhibitors
Determination of production process of celiac friendly traditional Kölemez and effect of different flours on some quality criteria
Get PDFÇölyak diğer adı ile gluten hassasiyeti, otoimmün bir hastalık olup ince bağırsak üzerinde etkilidir. Buğday, çavdar, arpa, yulaf gibi tahıllar çölyak hastalığını tetiklerken, mısırın çölyak hastalığında herhangi bir etkisi bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Kölemezlerin üretim aşamaları ile mısır unu, mısır+buğday unu ve buğday unu katkılarının Kölemez örneklerinin bazı kalite özellikleri üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesidir. Buğday ununa mısır unu ilave edildiğinde, Kölemez örneklerinin nem içeriklerinin arttığı tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05). Kölemez örneklerinde mısır unu kullanımı, örneklerin pH değerlerini düşürmüştür (p<0.05). Mısır unu katkısının, Kölemez örneklerinin dış yüzeyinde L* ve b* değerlerini artırdığı belirlenirken, a* değerlerini düşürdüğü belirlenmiştir (p<0.05). Mısır unu katkısı pişirme kaybı değerini artırmış, su tutma kapasitesi ve pişirme verimi değerlerini ise düşürmüştür (p<0.05). Ayrıca çalışmada, Kölemez örneklerinin Maya-Küf ve Toplam Koliform sayılarının 1 log kob/g’ın altında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bazı kalite özelliklerini geliştirmesi nedeniyle, Kölemez örneklerinde mısır ununun rahatlıkla kullanılabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.Celiac, also known as gluten sensitivity, is an autoimmune disease that affects the small intestine. Wheat, rye, barley and oats trigger celiac. However, corn do not have any effect on celiac. In addition, the effects of maize flour, maize+wheat flour and wheat flour additives on some quality properties of Kölemez were determined. It was determined that the addition of corn flour to wheat flour increased the moisture contents of these samples (p<0.05). The use of corn flour in Kölemez decreased the pH of Kölemez. Corn flour additive increased L* and b*, decreased a* on the outer surface of Kölemez (p<0.05). Corn flour additive increased the cooking loss of these samples, and decreased the water holding capacity and cooking efficiency. It was determined that the Yeast-Mold and Total Coliform of Kölemez were below 1 log cfu/g. It was concluded that corn flour can be used in Kölemez, since the additive of corn flour improves some of the quality characteristics of Kölemez
Sound absorption depending on landscape pattern changes in a highway
No full textNoise is one of the inevitable environmental problems caused by the increasing population all over the world. There are various sources of noise that have physiological and psychological effects on people. One of these is traffic noise, which is especially effective in residential areas. This study aims to investigate the effect of different vegetation types on noise reduction in a highway model with heavy traffic. Six locations with dense planting along the highway in terms of plant groups and species density were selected, and the correlation of species density with noise analysis values was examined. For each location point, 2 points were assigned on the line, in front of and behind the vegetation, and measurements were made at 12 stations in total. Measurements were taken by performing fieldwork 5 times in different seasons and months and expressed as Leq differences. Since the vegetation types at the measurement points were not ordered, the species density analysis was determined in percentage (%) within the square areas of 100x100 meters in the existing field conditions. Mapping was completed using GIS to visualize the spatial spread of the noise measurement results, and zoning was done with interpolation to determine the noise contours and noise effect. According to all the findings obtained in this study, the leafy shrub or the tree group were found more effective in noise absorption than the coniferous species. Numerical calculations on maps suggest that plant community size and diversity can have a positive impact on noise reduction
The Interpretation of Basmala with the Content of the Surah: ‘Umar al-Nasafī and al-Biqāʿī example
Get PDFBesmele, bismillâh ibaresinin okunması ve yazılmasını ifade eden bir kelimedir. Besmeleyle bir işe başlamak, Kur’ân’ın ilk inen âyetlerinde Yüce Allah’ın, Hz. Peygamber’e öğrettiği bir edep olduğu gibi peygamberler vasıtasıyla nesilden nesile aktarılan bir sünnettir. Hz. Muhammed döneminde besmele son şeklini alıncaya kadar bazı aşamalardan geçmiştir. İslâm’ın ilk dönemlerinde bismikellâhümme ifadesi, İsrâ 17/110. âyet nâzil olunca Bismil¬lâhirrahmân ve Neml 27/30. âyet inince de bismillâhirrahmânirrahîm cümlesi kullanılmıştır. Besmele genelde tefsirlerde Fâtiha sûresinin girişinde detaylı bir şekilde tefsir edilmiştir. Ayrıca müstakil olarak risale türü eserlerde özenle ele alınarak farklı açılardan incelenmiştir. Tefsir tarihinde Kur’ân’a bütüncül yaklaşımlarıyla öne çıkan Ömer Nesefî (öl. 537/1142) ve Bikâî (öl. 885/1480), besmeleyi sadece Fâtiha sûresinin girişinde açıklamakla kalmamış, bütün sûre girişlerinde, sûre muhtevasına göre tefsir etmişlerdir. Ömer Nesefî, et-Teysîr fi’t-tefsîr isimli tefsirinde sistemli bir şekilde sûreler arasındaki uyumu göstermiş ve her bir sûrenin muhtevasını oluşturan konular hakkında düzenli bilgiler vermiştir. Bununla birlikte besmelede bulunan Allah, rahmân ve rahîm lafızlarına sûreden seçtiği âyet veya âyet bölümlerini ellezî ismiyle ekleyerek kafiyeli metinler oluşturmuştur. Genelde Allah lafzına sûre başlarından bir âyeti, rahmân ismine bundan sonra gelen âyetlerden birini, rahîm ismine de daha sonra gelen bir âyeti eklemiştir. Ancak seçtiği âyetlerin geneli, sûre konusu/konularını yansıtacak içerikte değildir. Bununla birlikte kısa sûrelere geldikçe bu üç lafza iliştirilen âyetlerin, sûrelerin muhtevasıyla ilgisinin daha belirgin olduğu görülmektedir. Bu da sûrelerin hacmi ve onlarda ele alınan konu/konularla ilgili bir durumdur. Çünkü genelde uzun sûrelerde birkaç konu işlenirken, kısa sûrelerde bir konudan bahsedilmektedir. Nazmü’d-dürer isimli tefsirinde, sûreler, âyetler hatta cümleler arasındaki münâsebeti gösteren, bu vesileyle Kur’ân âyetlerinin tertibindeki i‘câzı ortaya koymaya çalışan Bikâî ise kendisinden üç asır önce Ömer Nesefî tarafından başlatılan bu usulü yeniden canlandırmıştır. Ancak o, doğrudan âyetlerden ik-tibaslar yapmak yerine, Allah, rahmân ve rahîm isimlerine, sıklıkla kullandığı belli kelime ve ifadeler vasıtasıyla oluşturduğu kafiyeli cümleler ilave ederek besmeleyi izah etmiştir. Lafzatullâhın tefsirinde genelde Allah Teâlâ’nın isim ve sıfatlarını açıklayan kelime ve ifadeleri tercih etmiş, seçtiği belli kelime ve ifadelerle oluşturduğu cümlelerle, rahmân ve rahîm kelimelerine bütün sûrelerde aynı anlamı vermeye ve besmeleyi sûrenin temel hedefine (maksûd) göre izah etmeye çalışmıştır. Ancak bu üç lafzı açıklarken yakın anlamlı kelime ve ifadeleri çokça kullanması nedeniyle birçok sûre girişindeki besmele açıklamaları anlam ve vurgu olarak birbirine benzemiştir. Bu çalışmada, Ömer Nesefî ve Bikâî’nin tefsirleri hakkında kısa bilgi verildikten sonra örnekler eşliğinde besmeleyi sûre muhte-vasına göre açıklama tarzları ele alınarak mukayese yapılacaktır.Basmala is a word that phrases the meaning of reading and writing the expression of the bi-smi llāh. Beginning an action with Basmala is good decency taught by Almighty Allah to Prophet Muhammad in the first verses of the Qur’ān, as well as it is a sunnah handed down from generation to generation through prophets. In the period of Prophet Muhammad, basmala went through some stages until it took its final form. In the early periods of Islam, the expression bi-smika llāhumma was used, when the verse 17/110 of al-Isrā’ was revealed, the phrase bi-smi llāhi r-rahmān was used, and when the verse 27/30 of al-Naml was revealed, the phrase bi-smi llāhi r-rahmāni r-rahīm was used. Generally in tafsīrs (commentaries), Basmala is expounded in a detailed way at the introduction of the Surah al-Fātiha. In addition, it has been examined from different perspectives by being carefully handled in treatise-type works independently. ‘Umar al-Nasafī (d. 537/1142) and al-Biqāʿī (d. 885/1480), who are prominent with their holistic view to the Qur'ān in the history of tafsīr, not only explained the Basmala at the beginning of the Surah al-Fātiha, but also interpreted it according to the content of the surah in all its entries. ‘Umar al-Nasafī systematically showed the harmony between the surahs in his tafsīr named al-Taysīr fī al-Tafsīr and gave systematical information about the subjects that make up the content of each surah. Besides, he created rhyming texts by adding the verse or parts of the verse he chose from the sura with the name allazī to the words Allah, rahmān and rahīm in the Basmala. Generally, he added a verse from the beginning of a surah to the word Allah, one of the verses that came after it to the name rahmān, and a verse that came later to the name rahīm. However, the general of the verses which are chosen by him is not in the content to reflect the subject(s) of the surah. Moreover, when it comes to short surahs, it is seen that the verses attached to these three words are more clearly related to the content of the surahs. This is a situation regarding the volume of the surahs and the subject(s) dealt with in them. Because, generally, while several subjects are covered in long surahs, one subject is mentioned in short surahs. On the other hand, in his tafsīr named Naẓm al-Durar, al-Biqāʿī who showed the relationship between surahs, verses, and even sentences, and tried to reveal the i'jaz (inimitability) in the arrangement of the verses of the Qur’ān revived this method, which was started by ‘Umar al-Nasafī three centuries ago. However, instead of quoting directly the verses, he explained Basmala by adding rhyming sentences to the names of Allah, rahmān and rahīm, which he often used with certain words and expressions. In Lafzatullāh's tafsīr, he generally preferred words and expressions that explain the names and attributes of Allah, and he tried to give the same meaning to the words rahmān and rahīm in all the surahs, and to explain the Basmala according to the main aim (maqsud) of the surah, with the sentences formed with definite words and expressions he chose. However, the Basmala explanations in the introduction of many surahs are similar in meaning and emphasis, due to the frequent use of words and expressions with close meanings while explaining these three words. In this contribution, after giving brief information about the tafsīrs of ‘Umar al-Nasafī and al-Biqāʿī, by considering the way of them explaining the basmala according to the content of the surah accompanied by examples, a comparison will be made
Investigation of the effect of feeding period in honey bee algorithm
Get PDFIn the study, it was investigated the ejaculation ability and semen quality of drones, according to feeding with pollen in different periods. In the first step of the study, 16 %, 32 %, 47 %, 63 %, 79 %, and 100 % feeding periods were applied to the drones, for investigating the effect on ejaculation ability, and the semen quality of drones was investigated. While investigating these feeding period effects “0-1”, bonded, and unbounded knapsack optimization problems were used. After the most effective feeding period was determined, this period was applied to the traveling salesman and liquid storage tank problems in the second step of the study. In the analysis of the traveling salesman problem, it was determined the shortest way between two cities. Analysis of the liquid storage tank problem, it was determined the minimum connector areas. As a result, the analysis results showed that the performance of the artificial bee colony algorithm is very good while solving too complex engineering optimization problems
The transcription of Trabzon Ahkâm defter's numbered 7 (pp.1-50)
No full textOsmanlı Devleti'nin temeli adalete dayanmaktadır. Adalet dairesinin merkezinde ise hükümdar yer almıştır. Hükümdar halkının haksızlıklardan korunması ve adaletli bir yönetimin sağlanması için titizlikle davranmak durumundadır. Halkının şikâyetlerinin önemsenmesinde ve bu şikâyetlerin giderilmesinde hükümdarın rolü büyüktür. Bizzat kendisi ilgilenemese dahi bu alanda görevli devlet memurları, şikâyetlerin dinlenmesi ve çözüm yollarının bulunmasında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Divân-ı Hümâyûn, bu sürecin işlemesinde İmparatorluğun en önemli müesseselerinden biri olarak görev yapmaktadır. Reayanın her türlü şikâyet ve sorunları bu müessese aracılığla çözüme kavuşmuştur. Divân-ı Hümâyûn'da alınan kararlar "Mühimme" adı verilen defterlere kaydedilerek imparatorluğun arşivlerinde saklanmıştır. Zamanla mühimme defterlerinin ihtiyacı yerince karşılamada eksik kalması ile birlikte "Şikâyet" defterleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Şikâyet defterlerinin imparatorluğun bütün eyaletlerine yetişmesi mümkün olmayınca daha doğrusu sorunların hâlli için yetersiz kalınca yeni bir defter olan "Ahkâm" defterleri ihdas edilmiştir. Ahkâm defterleri, İmparatorluğun her eyaletinde kurulmuştur. Toplamda 16 adet eyaletlere ait ahkâm defteri bulunmaktadır. 1742 yılında tutulmaya başlanan ahkâm defterleri, II. Meşrutiyet ile birlikte yavaş yavaş görevini tamamlamıştır. Tez çalışmasında, Trabzon eyaletine ait olan "7 Numaralı Trabzon Ahkâm Defteri'nin (s.1-50) Transkripsiyonu" yapılarak, Trabzon eyaletinin tarihine katkıda bulunulmak amaçlanmıştır.The foundation of the Ottoman Empire is based on justice. In the center of the justice circle, the monarch was located. The ruler has to act meticulously in order to protect his people from injustice and to ensure a fair administration. The role of the ruler is great in giving importance to the complaints of his people and in eliminating these complaints. Even if they cannot take care of themselves, civil servants in this field have an important place in listening to complaints and finding solutions. Divan-ı Hümâyûn serves as one of the most important institutions of the Empire in the operation of this process. All kinds of complaints and problems of Reayan were resolved through this institution. The decisions taken in the Divan-ı Hümâyûn were recorded in the notebooks called "Mühimme" and kept in the archives of the empire. In time, "Complaint" notebooks emerged as the mühimme notebooks were insufficient to meet the needs. When it was not possible for the complaint registers to reach all the provinces of the empire, or rather, they were insufficient for the solution of the problems, a new notebook, "Ahkam", was created. Ahkam registers were established in every province of the Empire. In total, there are 16 ahkam registers belonging to the states. The ahkam books, which were started to be kept in 1742, II. He gradually completed his duty with the Constitutional Monarchy. In the thesis study, it is aimed to contribute to the history of the province of Trabzon by making the "Transcription of the Trabzon Ahkam Book No. 7 (p.1-50)" belonging to the province of Trabzon