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Sızır village according to the temettuat register No. 13387
No full textTanzimat Fermanı'yla birlikte Osmanlı Devleti'nde hayatın birçok alanında yeni düzenlemeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Toplumsal ve askeri yeniliklerin yanında ekonomik hayata yönelik olarak da birtakım yenilikler yapılmıştır. Temettuat defterleri de sosyal ve ekonomik hayattaki düzenlemelerin bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan kayıtlardır. En küçük yerleşim birimine kadar buralarda yaşayan ahalinin isimleri, meslekleri, gelir kaynakları, sahip oldukları emtia ve senelik gelirleri gibi oldukça detaylı kayıtların olduğu bu defterler, her yerleşim biriminin sosyo-ekonomik yapısı hakkında bilgiler veren en önemli kayıtlar olarak görülmektedir. Sivas Eyaleti, Yozgat Sancağı'na bağlı Emlak Kazası'nın bir köyü olarak Sızır Karyesi'nde 1844 (M)/1260 (H) yılında tutulan kayıtlarda 88 hane reisinin adları, sahip oldukları mal-mülk ve bunlar üzerinden alınan vergiler detaylı olarak kaydedilmiştir. Hane reisleri 86'ya kadar numaralandırılmış, son iki haneye ise numara verilmemiştir. Bunlardan biri göçebe olarak karyede bulunmakta ve muhtar yamağı olarak çalışmaktadır. Bir diğeri ise amelelikte hayatını idame ettirmektedir. Anlaşın son iki sıradaki hane reisleri Sızır Karyesi'nde geçici olarak bulunmaktaydılar. Kayıtlara genel olarak bakıldığında, Orta Anadolu'nun tipik iklim özelliklerini gösteren Sızır Karyesi'nde ahali daha çok tarım ve hayvancılıkla uğraşmaktadır. Meslek erbabı olan kişi sayısı azdır. Bunlar arasında yer alan "gurabcalık" adı ile geçen bir meslek oldukça dikkat çekmektedir. Günümüzde de kısmen devam eden, muhtemelen gilaboru meyvesi ticareti yapan bu kişilerin meslekleri yerel bir kavramla anılmaktadır. Bu mesleği günümüzdeki başka bir iş koluyla bağdaştıramadık. Kayıtlarda az da olsa hesaplama hatalarının yapıldığını görüyoruz. Ancak bunlar genel durumu etkileyecek derecede büyük hatalar değildir. Büyük bir kısmı tarım ve hayvancılıkla uğraşan ahaliden kazançlarına göre vergi alınmıştır. Bu da bize en azından Sızır Karyesi'nde Tanzimatla hedeflenen kazanca göre vergi alma politikasının başarıya ulaştığını göstermektedir. Sızır Karyesi'nin mikro seviyede sosyo-ekonomik durumuna ışık tutan bu kayıtlar titizlikle Latin harflerine aktarılmış ve her başlık kendi içince ayrıntılı olarak irdelenmiştir. Oluşturulan genel bir tabloya göre başlıklar belirlenmiş ve buna göre bir inceleme sistemi benimsenmiştir. Metin içinde tekrar gibi görünen bazı hususlar, ya konuya dikkat çekmek ya da konuyu tamamlayıcı kılmak içindir.With the Tanzimat Edict, new regulations were made in many areas of life in the Ottoman Empire. In addition to social and military innovations, some innovations were made in terms of economic life. Temettuat registers are the records that emerge as a result of the regulations in social and economic life. These registers, which contain very detailed records such as the names, occupations, income sources, commodities and annual incomes of the people living here, down to the smallest settlement, are seen as the most important records that provide information about the socio-economic structure of each settlemen. In the records kept in Sızır Karyesi, a village of the Emlak District of the Yozgat Sanjak, Sivas Province, in 1844 (M)/1260 (H), the names of 88 households, the properties they owned and the records of the taxes collected on them were recorded in detail. The heads of the households are numbered up to 86, and the last two digits are not numbered. One of them is in the village as a nomad and works as a headman's assistant. Another is living in labor. Apparently, the last two heads of households were in the Sızır Village temporarily. When the records are examined in general, the population of Sızır Village, which shows the typical climatic characteristics of Central Anatolia, is mostly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry. The number of people who are professionals is small. Among these, a profession called "gurabcalik" draws a lot of attention. The occupations of these people, who are probably still in the trade of gilaboru fruit, are mentioned with a local concept. We could not reconcile this profession with any other line of business today. We see that some calculation errors were made in the records. However, these are not large enough to affect the general situation. Taxes were taken from the people, most of whom were engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, according to their earnings. This shows us that at least in Sızır Karyesi, the policy of collecting taxes according to the targeted income with the Tanzimat has been successful. These records, which shed light on the socio-economic situation of Sızır Karyesi at the micro level, have been meticulously translated into Latin letters and each title has been examined in detail in its own right. Headings were determined according to a general table created and a review system was adopted accordingly. Some issues that appear to be repetitive in the text are either to draw attention to the subject or to complement the subject
Interpretation of Some of Atatürk's Policies and Practices as a Way of Grounding of the Nationalist Rhetoric in the Kemalism of September 12
Full text linkAtatürk’ün doğum yıldönümü kutlamalarının Atatürk’le ilişkilendirilen her türlü bilgi, ilke ya da yorumun söylem değerini yükselttiği 1981 yılı, anma etkinlikleri vesilesiyle dinamik bir ideolojik kaynak olarak Kemalizm’in o güne ne söylediği ve nasıl uyarlanacağına odaklanan çeşitli perspektifleri görünür kıldı. 12 Eylül’de kullanıldığı biçimiyle Atatürkçülük askeri rejimin muhafazakâr devlet siyasetiyle uyumlu bir ilkeler bütünü olarak görülüp yorumlandı. Müdahaleyi takip eden ilk yıl olan 1981 yılı içinde Atatürkçülüğün umdelerinden milliyetçiliğin resmi söylemdeki tarihsel atıfları makalenin çıkış noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Yazıda atıf yapılan ‘resmi söylem’ ifadesiyle kaynağı devlet ya da başka bir yer olsun birbiriyle örtüşen yorumlar kastedilmektedir. Yazının odağı, resmi yorumu paylaşan ve onu üreten, askeri iktidarın Atatürkçülüğe dayalı temel ilke ve yorumlarına paralel söylem geliştiren aydın ve yazarların milliyetçilik yaklaşımlarıdır. Diğer yandan belirgin bir yorum cephesini oluşturan geleneksel Kemalist kabullere sahip görüşler, hâkim yorumdan çoğu zaman ayrılarak ‘gerçek’ Kemalizm’i anlatma çabasıyla dikkat çekmektedir. Atatürkçülüğün farklı biçimlerinin milliyetçilik bahsi için de geçerli oluşu nedeniyle bu konuda birbirine çeşitli uzaklıkta duran yaklaşımları ana tezler itibariyle görebilmek mümkündür. 12 Eylül’deki yaygın kullanım Atatürkçülüktür ancak Kemalizm de kullanılmaktadır. Metinde yazarlara atıf içeren yerlerde ideolojinin dönemin kalemlerindeki kullanım ve adlandırılışına sadık kalmaya, kişisel değerlendirmelerimde ise Kemalizm tabirini kullanmaya çalıştım. Milliyetçi bilincin geçmişi değerlendirirkenki tutumu, öncelikleri, argümanları dolayımında ‘Atatürk milliyetçiliği’ denilince 1981 tarihselliğine yansıyan resmin özellikleri gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla dönemin milliyetçilik söylemlerinin tarihe referans etme biçimlerine bakılmıştır. 12 Eylül’de rejimin ve kültürel seçkinlerin milliyetçi bilincinin başlıca kaynağı Atatürk’ün politika ve pratikleridir. 1923 sonrasıyla birlikte öncesini de kapsayan tarihsel çerçevedeki kimi olay ve olgular anılan dönemin siyasal, ideolojik yargılarını tarihsel olarak onayan, ona geçerlilik kazandıran norm evreni işlevi görmektedir. Bu bağlamda ifade bulan tarih anlatılarının ana temalarını içeren Çanakkale zaferi ve Kurtuluş Savaşı Mustafa Kemal’in askeri başarıları etrafında şekillenen bir tarihtir, aynı zamanda bu evre Kemalizm’in şekillenip topluma ve siyasete ana rengini vereceği Cumhuriyetin ideolojik başlangıcı gibi görülmektedir. 12 Eylül’deki tarih söylemleri açısından Kemalist dönemin İttihatçılık, Panislamcılık ve Pantürkizmden kesin çizgilerle ayrılan politik tutumu, pozitif bir milliyetçiliğin kendi kendini tahdit edici özbilincini gösterir. Bu tahdit içerde ırk ve soy bağından uzak kültürel milliyetçilik şeklinde vücut bulmaktadır. Cumhuriyetin etno-kültürel çerçevesi millilik/Türklük tarafı vurgulanarak teyid edilmektedir. Dönemin Kemalist yazarlarının milliyetçilik perspektifinden yansıyan konular arasında ezanın Türkçeleşmesi bağlamında dini reform ve Kemalizm’in halka ilişkin görüş ve politikaları bulunmaktadır. Halk her şeyin millileştirilmesi azminin yöneldiği hedeflerden biridir.The year 1981, when Atatürk's birth anniversary celebrations increased the discourse value of any information, principle, or interpretation associated with Atatürk, made visible various perspectives focusing on what Kemalism had said that time and how it would be adapted as a dynamic ideological resource on the occasion of commemoration of Atatürk. In the form used during September 12, Kemalism was considered and interpreted as a whole of principles that was compatible with the conservative state politics of the military regime. The historical references in the official rhetoric to nationalism which is one of the principles of Kemalism in 1981, the first year following the coup d'etat, constitutes the article’s starting point. The text refers to ‘official rhetoric’, which refers to the interpretation that overlaps with each other, whether it is the state or any other place. The focus of the article is the approach of the intellectuals and writers who share and produce the official interpretation, and develop a line of rhetoric in parallel with the basic principles and interpretations of military power based on Kemalism. On the other hand, the views with traditional Kemalist admissions, which form a prominent line of comments, often draw attention to the effort to explain "real" Kemalism by leaving the dominant interpretation. Since the different forms of Kemalism apply to nationalism as well, it is possible to see the main discourses of various approaches in this subject. The popular usage of Turkey on September 12 is Atatürkçülük, however the term Kemalism is used as well. I tried to stick to the use and naming of ideology in the authors of the period, and in my evaluations, I tried to use the term Kemalism. The features of the picture of ‘Atatürk's Nationalism’ reflected in 1981 were tried to shown through the attitude while evaluating the past, priorities and arguments of the nationalist consciousness. For that purpose, how the nationalist rhetorics of the period refer to history were examined. On September 12, Atatürk’s policies and practices were the main sources of nationalist awareness of the regime and cultural elite. Some events and cases in the historical framework, including before and after 1923, function as a norm reference that historically confirms the aforementioned consciousness and gives it legitimacy. In this context, Çanakkale Victory and the War of Independence, which include the main themes of history narratives, is a history shaped around Mustafa Kemal’s military achievements. It is also seen as the ideological beginning of the Republic, where Kemalism will shape and give the main color to society and politics. In terms of the historical rhetoric of September 12, the political attitude of the Kemalist era, which is separated by precise lines from the Ittihatçılık, Panislamısm, and Panturkizm, shows the self-limiting selfconsciousness of positive nationalism. This limitation appears in the form of cultural nationalism far from race and genealogy. The ethnocultural framework of the Republic is confirmed by emphasizing the nationality/Turkishness aspect. Religious reform and public views of Kemalism policies in the context of reciting the adhan in Turkish were among the topics reflected by the nationalist perspective of the Kemalist authors of the period
Aza-BODIPY based fluorescent and colorimetric sensors and probes
No full textAza-boron-dipyrromethenes (Aza-BODIPYs) represent an important class of chromophores absorbing and emitting in the near-infrared (NIR) region. They have unique optical and electronic features and higher physiological and photo stability than other NIR dyes. Especially after the development of facile synthetic routes, Aza-BODIPYs have become indispensable fluors that can find various applications ranging from chemosensors, bioimaging, phototherapy, solar energy materials, photocatalysis, photon upconversion, lasers, and optoelectronics. Herein, we review Aza-BODIPY based fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors. We show the potential and untapped toolbox of Aza-BODIPY based fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors. Hence, we divide the fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors and probes into five sections according to the target analytes. The first section begins with the chemosensors developed for pH. Next, we discuss Aza-BODIPY based ion sensors including, metal ions and anions. Finally, we present the chemosensors and probes concerning reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) along with biologically relevant species in the last two sections. We believe that Aza-BODIPYs are still in their infancy, and they have a promising future for translation from the bench to real biomedical and materials science applications. After two decades of intensive research, it seems that there are many more to come in this already fertile field. Overall, we hope that future work will further expand the applications of Aza-BODIPY in many areas
Evaluation of the effect of hot forging and cooling conditions on the microstructure, hardness and machinability of medium carbon DIN 41Cr4 steel
Full text linkThis work DIN 41Cr4 tempered steel of hot forging applied focuses on the investigation of machinability of samples obtained by cooling in sand and air. The machinability evaluation has made in terms of main cutting force (Fc) and surface roughness (Ra). DIN 41Cr4 original material (OM), sand (SC) and air cooling (AC) samples has investigate microstructure and hardness changes. Turning experiments carried out at five different cutting speeds, four different feed rates and depth of cut. As a result, it has seen that the cooling environment of the samples after hot forging has a significant effect on the hardness and microstructure. The lowest main Fc was 131.54 N in the OM, while the highest Fc was 337.49 N in the AC sample in the turning of the samples. Evaluated in terms of Ra, the lowest Ra was obtained as 0.505 mu m in the AC sample, while the highest Ra was obtained as OM 1.793 mu m. It has been observed that the main Fc increases, while the Ra somewhat decreases depending on the increase in hardness and decrease in grain size. In general, SEM examinations, it has been seen that built-up edge (BUE) and breaks occurred in the cutting tools
Some results on pseudosymmetric normal paracontact metric manifolds
Full text linkIn this article, the M-projective and Weyl curvature tensors on a normal paracontact metric manifold are discussed. For normal paracontact metric manifolds, pseudosymmetric cases are investigated and some interest-ing results are obtained. We show that a semisymmetric normal paracontact manifold is of constant sectional curvature. We also obtain that a pseudosym-metric normal paracontact metric manifold is an eta-Einstein manifold. Finally, we support our topic with an example
How did the updated 2019 european society of cardiology/european atherosclerosis society risk categorization for patients with diabetes affect the risk perception and lipid goals, a simulated analysis of real-life data from EPHESUS study
Full text linkBackground: The recent 2019 European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society practice guidelines introduced a new risk categorization for patients with diabetes. We aimed to compare the implications of the 2016 and 2019 European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society guidelines with regard to the lipid-lowering treatment use, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment rates, and the estimated proportion of patients who would be at goal in an ideal setting. Methods: Patients with diabetes were classified into 4 risk categories according to 2019 European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society dyslipidemia guidelines from the database of EPHESUS (cross-sectional, observational, countrywide registry of cardiology outpatient clinics) study. The use of lipid-lowering treatment and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment rates were then compared according to previous and new guidelines. Results: This analysis included a total of 873 diabetic adults. Half of the study population (53.8%) were on lipid-lowering treatment and almost one-fifth (19.1%) were on high-intensity statins. While low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal was achieved in 19.5% and 7.5% of patients, 87.4% and 69.6% would be on target if their lipid-lowering treatment was intensified according to 2016 and 2019 European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society lipid guidelines, respectively. The new target <55 mg/dL could only be achieved in 2.2% and 8.1% of very high-risk primary prevention and secondary prevention patients, respectively. Conclusion: The control of dyslipidemia was extremely poor among patients with diabetes. The use of lipid-lowering treatment was not at the desired level, and high-intensity lipid-lowering treatment use was even lower. Our simulation model showed that the high-dose statin plus ezetimibe therapy would improve goal attainment; however, it would not be possible to get goals with this treatment in more than one-third of the patients
A mixed methods study of the teachers' self-efficacy views and their ability to improve self-efficacy beliefs during teaching
Full text linkObjective: The current study has the aim of investigating teachers' views about their self-efficacy and how they improve their self-efficacy beliefs during teaching practice.
Methods: The study was designed in a mixed methods research design. "Teacher's Self-Efficacy Scale," "Personal Information Form" and "Semi-structured Interview Form" were employed in the study. The quantitative data were collected from 379 teachers in public schools in the 2021-2022 academic year, whereas the qualitative data were obtained from the top 10 participants with the highest level of self-efficacy.
Results and discussion: Based on the qualitative and quantitative results of the present study, it was revealed that teachers' self-efficacy levels were high, and they felt self-efficient in their teaching.The study is of great importance since determining teachers' opinions about their self-efficacy beliefs and how they improve their self-efficacy beliefs in the solution of the problems they encountered during teaching practice will not only raise awareness of the importance of self-efficacy in teaching profession, but will contribute to further research and qualified teacher training
Evaluation of thiol-disulfide homeostasis and oxidative stress parameters in newborns receiving phototherapy
No full textThe aim of our study was to evaluate oxidative stress and thiol-disulfide homeostasis in term newborns receiving phototherapy. The study was planned as a single-blind, intervention study in a single center with level 3 neonatal intensive care unit to investigate the effect of phototherapy on the oxidative system in term newborns with hyperbilirubinemia. Neonates with hyperbilirubinemia were treated with total body exposure phototherapy technique for 18 h using a Novos® device. Blood samples of 28 term newborns were taken before and after phototherapy. Total and native thiol, total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels were measured. The 28 newborn patients included 15 (54%) males and 13 (46%) females with a mean birthweight of 3080.1 ± 366.5 g. Native and total thiol levels were found to be decreased in patients receiving phototherapy (p = 0.021, p = 0.010). Besides, significantly lower TAS and TOS levels were found after phototherapy (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). We found that decreased thiol levels were related to increased oxidative stress. We also determined significantly the lower bilirubin levels after phototherapy (p < 0.001). In conclusion, we found that phototherapy treatment induced decreased oxidative stress associated with hyperbilirubinemia in neonates. Thiol-disulfide homeostasis can be used as a marker of oxidative stress due to hyperbilirubinemia in the early period
A mixed integer linear programming model with heuristic improvements for single-track railway rescheduling problem
Full text linkA rescheduling algorithm for trains on a single-track railway was developed in case of disturbances that would cause conflicts between trains. This algorithm is based on mixed integer linear programming (MILP) with speed-up routines. The model considers station capacities explicitly (i.e., the number of available tracks for meeting and overtaking operations). Because the model is too hard for the solvers (CPLEX in this study) to tackle, three speed-up routines were devised when rescheduling trains. These routines are a greedy heuristic to reduce the solution space, using the lazy constraint attribute of the solver and a multiobjective approach to find a good initial feasible solution that conforms to actual railway operation. The algorithm was tested on a hypothetical rail line for different sizes of timetable instances with disturbed trains in a maximum two-hour time horizon. It managed to solve the hardest instances within a three-minute time limit thus minimizing the total weighted delay of rescheduled trains. The optimality gap metric is used to show the effectiveness and efficiencies of the speed-up heuristics developed
White pitahaya as a natural additive: potential usage in cosmetic industry
Full text linkThe awareness of some harmful side effects of the chemicals contained in synthetic cosmetics has increased the demand for herbal-based cosmetic products today. White pitahaya fruit and peel methanol extracts were prepared to determine their usage potential in the cosmetic industry. Firstly, we investigated their antimicrobial activity against some test microorganisms using the disc diffusion assay. We also determined their minimal inhibition and minimal bactericidal or fungicidal concentrations. Then, we assayed the antimicrobial activity of a commercial cream containing white pitahaya extracts and the probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum MA-7 strain against the test microorganisms. Finally, we measured the sun protection factors of the white pitahaya fruit and peel extracts and the cream with the extracts. The white pitahaya fruit and peel extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against the test microorganisms. The cream formulation containing a pitahaya fruit extract had the highest inhibition zone diameter of 11.25 mm against Escherichia coli O157:H7. The highest sun protection value among the extracts and cream with extracts was determined for peel extract as 6.66 and 23.34, respectively. The results indicate that pitahaya fruit and peel extracts have effective antibacterial and antifungal properties, as well as high sun protection factors, and therefore they could be used as natural preservatives in the cosmetic industry