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A Problem in Historic City Center of Mardin: Garbage
No full textÇalışmanın kapsamını oluşturan Mardin tarihi kent merkezi, tarihi, mimari ve kültürel açıdan önemli
özeliklere sahiptir. Bu sebeplerle 1979 yılında "Kentsel Sit Alanı" ilan edilerek koruma altına alınmış,
2000 yılında ise “Mardin Kültürel Peyzaj Alanı” adıyla UNESCO Dünya Kültür Mirası geçici listesine
girmiştir. Eğimli bir topografya üzerinde ve kale eteğinde bulunan tarihi kent merkezinde, büyük
çoğunluğunu Artuklu Dönemine ait taş yapıların oluşturduğu mimari doku bir çok araştırmaya konu
olmuştur. Taş işçiliği, mimarisi, topografyası ve Mezopotamya ovasına bakan manzarası gibi çekici
fiziksel özelliklere sahip Mardin tarihi kent merkezinde yaşamanın olumsuz yanları da vardır. Örneğin,
son yıllarda çoğu evin butik otele dönüşmesiyle artan turistlere yönelik sunulan yüksek sesli müzik,
özellikle yaz aylarında geç saatlere kadar sürdüğü için çevredeki evlerde yaşayanları rahatsız etmektedir.
Buna ek olarak, özellikle kış aylarında sobalarda plastik atık yakılmasından kaynaklı hava kirliliği ya
da çöplerin sokak kapılarına bırakılmasının yarattığı sağlık problemleri ve bu çöplerin eşeklere
taşıtılması da diğer olumsuz özellikler olarak sayılabilir. Çalışma, bunlar arasından çöp sorunu ile ilgili
bir araştırmayı kapsamaktadır. Mardin tarihi kent merkezinde çöplerin sokağa bırakılması ve bunun
günün her saatinde yapılmasıyla etrafa mikrop yayıldığı ve bunun hem insanların hem de sokak
hayvanlarının sağlığını tehdit ettiği düşünülmektedir. Çöplerin eşekler tarafından taşınması ise başlı
başına ele alınması gereken bir konudur. Üzerilerindeki ağır yüklerle, zor iklim koşullarında bile
sokaklardaki yüksek basamakları inip çıkmak zorunda olan bu hayvanların yaşadığı çeşitli zorluklar,
kentte yapılan gözlemlerde tespit edilmiştir. Mardin tarihi kent merkezinde, araç giremeyen yollardaki
çöpler, hayvanlar kullanılmadan da taşınabilir. Tarihi kent merkezinin tamamı gezildiğinde, araçların
giremediği yolların sayısı kadar, girebildiği yollar olduğu da görülür. Araçların girebildiği yollara
yerleştirilecek çöp toplama ünitelerine, diğer yollardan taşınan çöpler getirilebilir. Bu konu, Mardin
Artuklu Üniversitesi, Mimarlık bölümünde mimari tasarım atölyesinde tartışılmaya başlanmıştır
The Relationship Between Faculty Members’ Organizational Support Perceptions and Personal Growth Initiative Levels, The Mediating Role of General Self-Efficacy
Get PDFThe aims of this study were to investigate the relationship between organizational support perceptions and personal growth initiative levels of the faculty members working in Turkey and to examine the effect of self-efficacy perceptions in this relationship. The study was designed as a relational survey model. 346 faculty members from public universities in Turkey comprised the participants. The data was collected with General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Perceived Organizational Support Scale (POSS), Personal Growth Initiative Scale-II (PGIS-II). Descriptive analyses and structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to examine the structural relations among the variables. It was observed that faculty members’ organizational support perceptions had a significant direct effect on their personal growth initiative levels; organizational support perceptions had a significant effect on general self-efficacy beliefs; and the effect of general self-efficacy beliefs on personal growth initiative levels was significant. It was evidenced that faculty members’ self-efficacy beliefs fully mediated the relationship between perceived organizational support and personal growth initiative levels. These results are in line with the principles of Organizational Support Theory and Social Cognitive Theory. More research explaining the effect of organizational factors on self-efficacy and personal growth initiative is needed
Exploring attendance at emergency departments for children with non-urgent conditions in Turkey: A qualitative study of parents and healthcare staff perspectives
No full textBackground: Overcrowding in Emergency Departments (EDs) is a significant global concern with negative consequences for
patients, healthcare staff, and healthcare systems. The use of EDs by parents of children with non-urgent conditions is associated
with overcrowding, higher healthcare costs, lower quality of care, and longer waiting times. Research in this area has largely been
conducted in high-income countries, with a dearth of work originating in middle and low-income regions. The aim of this study was
to explore the reasons for parents attending EDs with their child for non-urgent conditions in Turkey.
Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 parents, 15 ED staff, and 10 General Practitioners (GPs) in 2 regions
of Turkey between March and May 2017. Data were analyzed using the principles of grounded theory.
Results: The findings were classified into 5 core categories: (1) parents’ feelings, knowledge, and perceived inability to provide
self-care; (2) perceived limitations of healthcare services, system, and staff; (3) parents’ preferences for hospital and ED services; (4)
adverse impact on ED services; and (5) perceived needs for care.
Conclusion: This is the first study conducted in a middle-income country regarding parental reasons for using the ED for nonurgent conditions. Greater efforts must be made to reduce unnecessary visits to the ED to better meet service user needs and to
increase the satisfaction of both parents and healthcare staff. The findings of this study may inform healthcare providers,
policymakers, healthcare staff, and researchers to design interventions in order to mitigate overcrowding in the ED
Investigation of the effectiveness of waste nut shell–based hydrochars in water treatment: a model study for the adsorption of methylene blue
No full textThousands of tons of walnut and pistachio green outer shells emerge as waste sources. Recycling such wastes in environmental applications is of great importance. In this study, the efciency of waste walnut and pistachio shell–based hydrochars
in removing methylene blue (MB), which represents hazardous chemicals, from the water was investigated. Outer green
pistachio shell–based hydrochar (PH) and outer green walnut shell–based hydrochar (WH) were characterized by FT-IR,
SEM, EDX, TG–DTA, and BET analyses. The adsorption of MB was carried out at diferent concentrations and temperatures
using WH and PH, and the adsorption parameters of Langmuir and Freundlich were investigated. The R2
values of PH were
calculated as 0.9963, 0.9974, and 0.9950 and of WH adsorbent were calculated as 0.9759, 0.9939, and 0.9981 for the MB
adsorption at 298 K, 313 K, and 323 K, respectively. The separation factor (RL) values for WH and PH were calculated as
0.1650≥RL≥0.103, 0.1108≥RL≥0.0177, respectively. Both adsorbents ft the Langmuir model. The ΔH° values of the WH
and PH adsorbents were found to be 37.0940 and 22.2493, respectively. Positive ΔH° values indicated that the adsorption
was endothermic. The negative ΔG°
values of both adsorbents indicated a spontaneous adsorption process. It was shown
that waste nut shell–based hydrochars can be used efectively in water treatment
Effects of tocilizumab and dexamethasone on the downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and upregulation of antioxidants in the lungs in oleic acid-induced ARDS
Get PDFAbstract
Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening disease caused by the induction of
infammatory cytokines and chemokines in the lungs. There is a dearth of drug applications that can be used to
prevent cytokine storms in ARDS treatment. This study was designed to investigate the efects of tocilizumab and
dexamethasone on oxidative stress, antioxidant parameters, and cytokine storms in acute lung injury caused by oleic
acid in rats.
Methods: Adult male rats were divided into fve groups: the CN (healthy rats, n=6), OA (oleic acid administration,
n=6), OA+TCZ-2 (oleic acid and tocilizumab at 2 mg/kg, n=6), OA+TCZ-4 (oleic acid and tocilizumab at 4 mg/kg,
n=6), and OA+DEX-10 (oleic acid and dexamethasone at 10 mg/kg, n=6) groups. All animals were euthanized after
treatment for histopathological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, PCR, and SEM analyses.
Results: Expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 cytokines in rats with acute lung injury induced by oleic acid were
downregulated in the TCZ and DEX groups compared to the OA group (P<0.05). The MDA level in lung tissues was
statistically lower in the OA+TCZ-4 group compared to the OA group. It was further determined that SOD, GSH, and
CAT levels were decreased in the OA group and increased in the TCZ and DEX groups (P<0.05). Histopathological
fndings such as thickening of the alveoli, hyperemia, and peribronchial cell infltration were found to be similar when
lung tissues of the TCZ and DEX groups were compared to the control group. With SEM imaging of the lung tissues, it
was found that the alveolar lining layer had become indistinct in the OA, OA+TCZ-2, and OA+TCZ-4 groups.
Conclusions: In this model of acute lung injury caused by oleic acid, tocilizumab and dexamethasone were efective
in preventing cytokine storms by downregulating the expression of proinfammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β,
IL-6, and IL-8. Against the downregulation of antioxidant parameters such as SOD and GSH in the lung tissues caused
by oleic acid, tocilizumab and dexamethasone upregulated them and showed protective efects against cell damage
A Class Activation Map-Based Interpretable Transfer Learning Model for Automated Detection of ADHD from fMRI Data
No full textAutomatic detection of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) based on the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) through Deep Learning (DL) is becoming a quite useful methodology due to the curse of-dimensionality problem of the data is solved. Also, this method proposes an invasive and robust solution to the variances in data acquisition and class distribution imbalances. In this paper, a transfer learning approach, specifically ResNet-50 type pre-trained 2D-Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was used to automatically classify ADHD and healthy children. The results demonstrated that ResNet-50 architecture with 10-k cross-validation (CV) achieves an overall classification accuracy of 93.45%. The interpretation of the results was done via the Class Activation Map (CAM) analysis which showed that children with ADHD differed from controls in a wide range of brain areas including frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
KEY TRENDS IN EARLY FILM STUDIES: EXAMPLE OF PAYNE FUND STUDIES
Get PDF19. yüzyılın sonlarında bir sanat ve eğlence aracı olarak toplumsal yaşama dâhil olan sinema kısa bir süre içerisinde kitlesel bir boyut kazandı. Söz konusu dönemde orta ve alt sınıfların en çok tercih ettikleri eğlence aracı olan sinema aynı zamanda bazı toplumsal kesimlerde kaygı ve endişelere de neden oluyordu. Özellikle muhafazakâr toplumsal kesimler, sinema filmlerinde suç, şiddet, cinsellik, alkol ve sigara tüketiminin özendirici bir biçimde temsil edildiğini iddia ediyorlardı. Bu kaygılar derinleştikçe ve yaygınlaştıkça kamu ve sivil kuruluşlar bu konuda bazı adımlar atmak zorunda kaldılar. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde 1929-1932 yılları arasında Sinema Filmlerini Araştırma Konseyi ile Payne Araştırma ve Deney Fonu işbirliği ile sinemanın çocukların ve gençlerin davranışları üzerindeki etkilerine odaklanan Sinema ve Gençlik: Payne Fonu Çalışmaları isimli bir araştırma serisi gerçekleştirildi. Bu araştırma serisinin sonuçları on iki rapor olarak yayınlandı. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre sinema, çocukların ve gençlerin tutum ve davranışlarının oluşmasında önemli bir araca dönüşmüştür ve sinema çocuklarda davranış bozukluklarına ve uyku problemlerine neden olmaktadır. Araştırmanın raporları yayınlandıktan sonra Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde sinema ile ilgili ağır sansür politikaları uygulamaya konmuştur. Sinema araştırmaları tarihinin en kapsamalı ve en etkili çalışmalarından biri olan bu seri bir sonraki dönemlerde yapılan bir çok araştırmaya da ilham kaynağı olmuştur. Payne Fonu Çalışmaları’na paradigma, yöntem, içerik ve sonuçlar çerçevesinde odaklanan çalışmamız literatür taramasına dayanan ve betimsel bir çalışmadır ve Payne Fonu Çalışmaları’nın görünürlüğünü arttırarak sinema sosyolojine katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.Cinema, which was included in social life as an
art and entertainment tool at the end of the 19th century, gained a mass dimension in a short time. Cinema, which was the most preferred entertainment
tool for the middle and lower classes in that period, also caused anxiety and worries in some social segments. Especially conservative social groups
claimed that crime, violence, sexuality, alcohol and
cigarette consumption were represented in an encouraging way in movies. As these concerns deepened and became widespread, public and non-governmental organizations had to take some steps
in this regard. In the United States, between 1929
and 1932, a research series called Motion Pictures
and Youth: The Payne Fund Studies was conducted
in cooperation with the Motion Picture Research
Council and the Payne Research and Experiment
Fund, focusing on the effects of cinema on the behavior of children and youth. The results of this research series have been published in twelve reports.
According to the results of the research, cinema has
turned into an important tool in the formation of
attitudes and behaviors of children and young people, and cinema causes behavioral disorders and
sleep problems in children. After the reports of the
research were published, heavy censorship policies
were implemented in the United States of America.
This series, which is one of the most comprehensive
and influential studies in the history of film studies,
has also inspired many researches in the following
periods. Our study, which focuses on Payne Fund
Studies within the framework of paradigm, method,
content and results, is a descriptive study based on
literature review and aims to contribute to the sociology of cinema by increasing the visibility of Payne
Fund Studies
Ikhwān al-Ṣafā 's Approach to the Science of Logic in the Context of Concept, Proposition and Syllogism
Get PDFİhvân-ı Safâ, İslâm düşünce tarihinde ilk bilimsel ansiklopedi tarzında risaleler kaleme alan bir grup düşünür olarak bilinmektedir. Dinî ve siyasî çekişmelerin yoğun yaşandığı bir dönemde Basra dolaylarında ortaya çıkan İhvân-ı Safâ, hurafelerle özünden uzaklaştığını iddia ettikleri dinin özüne dönmesi için yegâne yolun felsefe olduğuna inanır. Bu amaçla eklektik bir tutumla dinî, ilmî ve felsefî olmak üzere ulaşabildiği her türlü bilgiyi kullanan İhvân’ın ilim ve hikmete bakışları İslâm düşüncesinin klasik çağının bilim anlayışını anlamada önemlidir. Kaynağı ne olursa olsun doğru buldukları her düşüncenin mirasçısı olduklarını belirten İhvân-ı Safâ, mensuplarına ilimlerden hiçbirine düşman olmamaları, hiçbir kitabı ihmal etmemeleri, hiçbir mezhebe körü körüne bağlanmamaları konusunda tembihlerde bulunur. Bu çalışmada İhvân-ı Safâ’nın geniş bir müktesebata dayanan ilim anlayışları içerisinde mantık ilmine yaklaşımları ele alınacaktır. Mantığı felsefenin ölçüsü ve filozofun gereci olarak tanımlayan İhvân-ı Safâ’ya göre peygamberlikten sonra en yüce uğraş felsefedir. Bu nedenle felsefenin ölçüsü olan mantık da en üstün alet ve ölçü olmalıdır. Çalışmada klasik mantığın ana konuları olan kavram, önerme ve kıyas bağlamında İhvân’ın Risalelerinde mantık ilmine nasıl yaklaştıkları ve bu ilme özgün bir katkı yapıp yapmadıkları üzerinde durulacaktır.Ikhwan-i Safa is known as a group of thinkers who wrote treatises in the style of the first scientific encyclopedia in the history of Islamic thought. Ikhwan-i Safa, which emerged in the vicinity of Basra at a time when religious and political conflicts were intense, aims to clean the religion, which they believe has moved away from its essence with false information and false thoughts, with philosophy. For this purpose, the Ikhwan's views on science and wisdom, who use all kinds of religious, philosophical and scientific knowledge with an eclectic approach, are important in understanding the scientific understanding of the classical age of Islamic thought. Ikhwan-i Safa, who states that they are the heirs of every thought they find true, regardless of its source, advises its members not to be hostile to any of the sciences, not to turn their backs on any of the books, and not to be attached to any of the sects with bigotry. In this study, the approaches of İhvân-ı Safâ to the science of logic will be discussed within their understanding of science based on this broad acquis. According to Ikhwan-i Safa, who defines logic as the measure of philosophy and the instrument of the philosopher, since philosophy is the highest of human endeavours after Prophethood, logic, which is the measure of philosophy, must also be the highest of measures and instruments. In the study, it will be emphasized how the Ikhwan approached the science of logic in his treatises in the context of concept, proposition and syllogism, which are the main subjects of classical logic, and whether they made a unique contribution to this science
KOYUN SÜTÜNDEN ÜRETİLMİŞ GELENEKSEL ADIYAMAN PEYNİRİNİN KALİTE ÖZELLİKLERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ
Get PDFIn this study, 60 fresh Adıyaman cheeses produced from sheep's milk by traditional method in Adıyaman were collected in April, May, June and July. Physicochemical, textural and microbiological properties of cheese samples were examined. Physicochemical and textural properties of Adıyaman cheeses showed a wide distribution in generally. Dry matter, fat, fat in dry matter, protein, protein in dry matter, hardness, gumminess, cohesiveness and L* values were 47.49±2.35%, 22.05±2.20%, 19.81±2.85%, 41.75±5.82%, 6047.83±5968.86 g, 5018.91±5151.70, 0.83±0.04, 88.37±2.35 respectively and the difference between these values of the samples belonging to different months were found significant (p<0.05). The presence of yeast-mold, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus (53.33%) and Escherichia coli (50%) were determined in Adıyaman cheese, while the presence of Brucella spp., Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes were not determined.Bu çalışmada Adıyaman ilinde geleneksel yöntemle koyun sütünden üretilen 60 adet taze Adıyaman peyniri Nisan, Mayıs, Haziran ve Temmuz aylarında toplanmıştır. Peynir örneklerinin fizikokimyasal, tekstürel ve mikrobiyolojik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Adıyaman peynirlerinin fizikokimyasal ve tekstürel özellikleri genel olarak geniş bir dağılım göstermiştir. Kurumadde, yağ, kurumaddede yağ, protein, kurumaddede protein, sertlik, sakızımsılık, iç yapışkanlık ve L* değerleri sırasıyla 47.49±2.35%, 22.05±2.20%, 19.81±2.85%, 41.75±5.82%, 6047.83±5968.86 g, 5018.91±5151.70, 0.83±0.04, 88.37±2.35 ve farklı aylara ait örneklerin kurumadde, yağ, kurumaddede yağ, protein, kurumaddede protein, sertlik, sakızımsılık, iç yapışkanlık ve L* değerleri arasında görülen fark önemli bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Mikrobiyolojik analizlerde Adıyaman peynirinde maya-küf, Staphylococcus aureus, koagulaz pozitif Staphylococcus aureus (%53.33) ve Escherichia coli (%50) varlığı belirlenirken Brucella spp., Salmonella spp. ve Listeria monocytogenes varlığı belirlenmemiştir
The Karapapaks and their shifting loyalties on the imperial borderlands during the nineteenth century
No full textThe Karapapaks were one of the less known native Turkish ethnic groups of the Transcaucasia, who overwhelmingly took refuge in the Ottoman and Qajar Empires in the late 1820s, after the expansion of Tsarist Russia into their homelands. This paper analyses how the literature regarding Karapapak movements and society was overwhelmingly shaped by selective, essentialist, and anachronistic approaches by some historians in Turkey and Iran. While the former determined that they were a loyal pro-Ottoman and pro-Sunni Karapapak society, the latter constructed an opposing pro-Iranian and pro-Shiite narrative. This paper deconstructs both approaches, and asserts that the collective ethnic and sectarian identities of this society played a secondary role in regards to influencing their cross-border movements. This paper argues that the approach of the current literature cannot explain this borderland society’s perpetual, multiple and multi-directional cross-border movement. Instead, the Karapapaks often manoeuvred the frontiers of the empires, and defected to another empire when it was necessary to, first and foremost, satisfy the needs of their own society, over those of any imperial allies