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ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF IBN KHALDUN AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN CONTEMPORARY WESTERN ECONOMIC THOUGHT
Get PDFتُعد الافكار الاقتصادية التي طرحها ابن خلدون (مقدمة) مادة غنية وخصبة للبحث,قد اثارت اهتمامات اقتصاديين معاصرين من مذاهب اقتصادية مختلفة,فقد توقف عدد من الباحثين عند هذه الأفكار ومقاربتها مع أفكار آدم سميث وكارل ماركس,وذهب بعضهم الى حد اعتبار ابن خلدون هو الأب المؤسس لعلم الاقتصاد الذي سبق المؤسسين الاقتصاديين الكلاسيكيين لعلم الاقتصاد الحديث بنحو اربعمائة سنة,ولم يقف هذا الاستنتاج عند هذا الحد,بل وجد بعضهم لاسيما في الجامعات الأمريكية, ان كثير من المسائل والمشكلات في الاقتصاد الرأسمالي الحر,يمكن الحصول على حلول وأجوبة لها في فكر ابن خلدون.فقد تطرق ابن خلدون الى مسائل عديدة,وبين بشكل جلي الضرورات التاريخية لتقسيم العمل حسب المهن وازدهار الحضارة, ودرس العوامل المؤثرة في تحديد قيمة السلع والمنتجات والأسعار,كما افرد مكاناً للحديث عن الاحتكار والعلاقة بين حجم الضرائب ورواج الأسواق أو أزمة الكساد الاقتصادي,ولم يغفل ابن خلدون العلاقة بين حجم السكان وحجم الطلب في الأسواق,وتفاوت القوة الشرائية بين الأمصار والحضارات حسب مستوى العمران وازدهار الأعمال. وأخيراً توقفنا عند تفسير ابن خلدون لدور الترف والفساد في سقوط الحضاراتThe economic ideas put forward by Ibn Khaldun (ALmuqaema-Introduction) is a rich and fertile subject for research, which has aroused the interests of contemporary economists of different economic doctrines. A number of researchers have stopped at these ideas and their approach with the ideas of Adam Smith and Karl Marx, and some of them went as far as to consider Ibn Khaldun as the father The founder of economics who preceded the classic economic founders of modern economics by about four hundred years, and this conclusion did not stop there, but some, especially in American universities, found that many of the issues and problems in free capitalist economics can be found solutions and answers to them in the thought of Ibn Khaldoun. Ibn Khaldun touched on many issues, and clearly demonstrated the historical necessities of dividing labor according to professions and the prosperity of civilization, and studied the factors affecting determining the value of goods, products and prices, and singled out a place to talk about monopoly and the relationship between the size of taxes and the boom of markets or the crisis of economic depression, and did not Ibn Khaldun neglected the relationship between the size of the population and the size of demand in the markets, and the difference in purchasing power between the cities and civilizations, according to the level of urbanization and business prosperity. Finally, we stopped when Ibn Khaldun explained the role of luxury and corruption in the fall of civilization
SÖZLÜ KÜLTÜR ÇERÇEVESİNDE SÜRYANİLERDE SOSYAL YAŞAM DİNAMİKLERİNİN DEĞİŞMESİ/ZAYIFLAMASI
No full textPostmodern yaklaşımlarla günümüzde eleştirilen modernitenin, geleneksel denilebilecek
yapılara yönelik en temel etkisinin söz ve söz dinamiklerine karşı olmak
üzere zihin alanına (mesela; bireyselleşme, sekülerizm, rasyonelleşme, pozitivizm,
pragmatizm gibi) yöneliş ile kendini gösterdiği söylenebilir. Bu çerçevede
ve analitik açıdan iki kalın ayırım ortaya koymak gerekirse; geleneksel yapıları
sözlü kültür, moderniteyi de yazılı kültür (sözün teknolojileşmesi) üzerinden değerlendirmek
mümkündür. Buna bağlı biçimde geleneksel yapılara ilişkin olarak
“kolektif hafıza” (iletişimsel hafıza), modernleşmeyi temsilen de “tarihsel hafıza”
(seçici ve kurgusal hafıza) ayırımı yapılabilir. Günümüzde, iletişimsel özelliğiyle
ön plana çıkan kolektif hafızanın yerine güncel sosyo-politik konumlanmayla
ilintili bir şekilde ve tarihsel verilerden yola çıkarak seçici, kurgusal/işlemsel biçimde
inşa edilen ve yeni teknolojik araçlarla yaygınlık kazanabilen “tarihsel” ve
“kitlesel/popüler” hafıza biçimlerinin ön plana çıktığı yadsınamaz bir gerçektir.
Bu çerçevede “söz” (sözlü kültür) ile “imaj” (aynı zamanda; zihin, yazı, göz ve görsellik)
arasındaki mücadeleyi birçok yerde görmek mümkün. Dolayısıyla şu soruyu
sormak da kaçınılmaz bir hal almaktadır: Acaba 21. yüzyıl; küreselleşmenin,
postmodernleşmenin ve dijitalleşmenin etkisiyle, modernitenin söze ve sözlü geleneğe
yönelik mücadelesini, sözü sahibinden ve bağlamından tamamen kopartmak
suretiyle zihinsel ve görsel zemine/alana indirgeyip işleyerek bir zafer mi ilan edecek?
Yani sözün canlı doğadaki yaşamsal (hayati) varlığını/alanını, canlılığından
soyutlayarak tamamen işlemsel boyuta mı indirgeyecek
INNOVATIONS OF ENGINEER-ARCHITECTS ON CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF BRIDGES
Get PDFThe professional role of the architect is defined as "building art and science"
in its simplest form and is to design a physical environment as a
suitable place for certain human behaviors. This physical environment
should meet the basic needs of the user and create a space to ensure
certain norms such as survival, safety, physical health, mental health.
However, an architectural design is not independent, while providing a
facility for a limited number of human activities and focusing on its
specific goals and functions; it is part of a hierarchical environmental
system. Therefore, an architectural design is an intervention and
adaptation to a large natural or man-made environment. In this context,
architecture is a special action that is simultaneously introverted and
specific; it is also a general public action on the environment (Herbert,
1999; p108). The role of the civil engineer is defined as "the art of
managing large power resources in nature for human use and comfort"
and shaping the macro environment according to the needs of the human.
This definition is practically refers to the design of large urban and
regional projects such as bridges and aqueducts, roads and highways,
canals and railways, ports and dams, infrastructure schemes for drainage
and sewage. Generally, the scope that defines the field of activity of the
engineer is significantly expanded to include the design and construction
of large-scale buildings, such as train stations, factories, exhibition halls
or sports stadiums, in which innovative structural design or complex
mechanical installations dominate (Skempton, 1996).
Architecture, which has turned into a heterogeneous profession, is
associated with many disciplines and a wide range of specialized knowledge (İlerisoy ve Aycı, 2019). In this regard, the most advanced
interaction takes place with engineering discipline in terms of both theory
and practice. Despite the professional differences between architects and
engineers; they use their professional knowledge, skills and experience
for common interests of society, the protection of universal human
achievements or cultural heritage, and for the development of human
well-being. Their responsibility for the health, safety and well-being of
society is always above their personal interests or the interests of the
community of architects and engineers (Kumbasar, 2003; p17).
In the early design period, architects adopted flexible solutions to their
designs freely. However they were concerned that if a structural engineer
joined the design process at this stage, their design discoveries could be
suppressed. In contrast, architect Arthut Erickson said, "The structure is
the strongest element of the form, and even if the structure of the building
is not decided at the beginning of the design, then it may disrupt or
change all the other determinants of the building." The success of
collaborative designs of architects and engineers in the 20th and 21st
centuries structures show that there is a positive attitude on this issue
among the professions. However, there are also issues that create conflicts
between these professions. Structural engineers criticize the lack of
structural understanding of architects, being late to get advice for
appropriate structural solutions, and architects' overall standards of
cooperation. On the other hand, architects criticize engineers for their lack
of innovation and poor participation in architectural design ideas
(Charleson ve Pirie, 2009; p102). Despite these criticisms; architecture
and engineering has been one of the unquestionable components of life
since the beginning of the human need for shelter. The first examples
started in the Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia regions, when people
p2). During the transition to settled life of the nomadic people, the
importance of transportation and transportation vehicles has become an
increasing need with the development of wheels and sails. In this context, "bridges", which are one of the most important structures that facilitate
transportation in rugged areas gained importance. Until about 1950, bridges were built by professionals without a clear
distinction between engineers and architects. While there was no
distinction between engineers and architects at that time; after 1950,
engineer-architect distinction was made for the construction of bridges
and all other building groups. In this study, it was evaluated how different perspectives of people who have both architect and engineer ethics are
reflected on the design of bridges
Memlük dönemindeki hastalıklar ve etkileri
No full textSalgın sorunu, geçmiş çağlarda ve günümüzde birçok akademisyeni işgal eden önemli konulardan biridir ve krizlerin tarihi olarak adlandırılan şeyin altında kalmaktadır, bu nedenle Mısır'da ve Levant'ta Memluk döneminde ortaya çıkan bu salgınları ve bunların ortaya çıkmasının nedenlerini incelemek gerekiyordu, Ve Bu salgınların ekonomik ve sosyal sonuçları ve Memluk sultanlarının bu krizle nasıl başa çıktıkları
Siyasi bir arada yaşama - bir arada yaşama, bütünleşme ve kimliğin diyalektiği
No full textإن التعايش بين الثقافات يعرر عن جدلية دينامية إيجابية بين التعايش والاندماج والهوية، وأن هناك سلسلة محكمة الترابط والتنظيم بين هذه المفاهيم، إذ لا يمكن لأحد أن يجاوز الأخر فالتعايش هو طريق للاندماج، والأخير طريق للهوية، وبدون هذه السلسة لن تكون هناك هوية وطنية متماسكة. فالتعايش بين الثقافات هو عملية تكيف الثقافات وتفاعلها في ضوء احترام خصوصية الأخر والتسامح معه والاستعداد المسبق للتخلي عن بعض القيم واحلال قيم جديدة محلها تنموThis study aims to identify the topic of political coexistence within societies that include more than one ethnic and religious component within a single state, and to identify the origin of the concept of political coexistence, as well as the concept of peaceful coexistence and its origin and the concept and meaning of the term, its rules and limitations and the international conditions accompanying the emergence and emergence of the principle of political coexistence, and conditions Achieving political coexistence in society, the human values achieved by peaceful political coexistence, and what are the most important results that we obtain if we achieve political coexistence in countries that have experienced civil wars
Better human resource management practices and their impact on creativity - field study of humanitarian organizations operating in northwest Syria
No full textThe study aimed to identify the impact of human resource management practices represented in (polarization, selection and appointment, performance evaluation, compensation and employee development) in creativity and represented by (administrative creativity and creativity in service) in humanitarian organizations operating in northwestern Syria, and represents the study community of 20 An organization where a questionnaire was developed to collect the necessary data, and a statistical analysis program (spss) was used to select study hypotheses and achieve their goals.
Among the most important results of the study is that the practice of human resource management represented in (developing and compensating employees) plays a large role and is one of the best practices in achieving creativity in these organizations, while exercising human resources management represented in recruitment, selection, appointment and performance evaluation) has no major role in achieving creativity In these organizations.
The most important recommendations of the study are the necessity of adopting transparent and objective methods in selection and appointment practices, the need to work to attract those with competence and experience and the use of both effective means, and the need to rehabilitate and train women to become a more effective component in humanitarian organizations
Salgınların Siyasi Güçlerrin Dengesini Değiştırmed Rolü Atina Vebasından Abbasi Devletinin Kadar
No full textÖzet
Bu araştırma, salgınların tarihini ve tarihsel kaynaklardaki yayılmasını izleyerek salgınların siyasi güçlerin dengesini değiştirmedeki rolünü vurgulamayı amaçlamaktadır. Tarihi boyunca İslam Devleti, özellikle Abbasi döneminde birçok hastalık ve salgın hastalık tanımıştır. Bu salgınlara, salgının meydana geldiği şehrin adı, kendisi tarafından bilinen bir özelliğin adı veya onu yakalayan birinin adı verilmiştir. Devletin salgınlarla mücadele çabalarına rağmen, onu etkileyen felaketlerin büyüklüğü karşısında hiçbir şey yapamadı. Siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik hayatı etkiledi. Sonunda zayıflamasına ve düşmesine neden oldu
Animals and pastoral groups in the mountainous Ömerli district of Southeast Anatolia
Get PDFSoutheast Anatolia has been an ideal place for pastoralism since the Neolithic period. However, there is a lack of information on human–animal relationships from both archaeological settlements and contemporary societies in the region. Through ethnographic fieldwork and exploratory case studies in the mountainous Ömerli district, we explored the dependency and complex relationships between pastoral groups and various animal species in Southeast Anatolia. The case studies revealed affectionate and emotional bonds between shepherds and some individuals of domestic herds, similar to pet–human relationships in urban societies. Shepherds gave human names to certain animals; sometimes these were the names of their close friends or the names of their own children. Grief and prolonged grief was also common among Ömerli shepherds following the loss, death, or sale of these emotionally bonded animals. It was further observed that a single species (domestic or wild) often had complex and multi-purpose relationships with shepherd groups. While tortoises and hares, for instance, were used as sources of meat, the bone, blood, intestine, skin, and shell of these species were often used in traditional medicine. Although pastoral groups are completely dependent on domestic herds for their basic subsistence, Ömerli shepherds were observed to be regular hunters. It appears that the economic benefits were not the only promoters for pastoral subsistence in the study area; compassion and emotional affection for particular animals also reinforced enthusiasm for the practice. Therefore, it can be argued that the data obtained from pastoral villages in the mountainous Ömerli district help us understand interactions and relationships between humans and nonhuman animals in pastoral societies of Southeast Anatolia
Religion and society in Saîd Havvâ's Al-Esâs fi't-Tafsîr
No full textKur'ân-ı Kerim, insanın hem ferdi hem de içtimai hayatını düzenlemek için indirilmiş ilahi bir kitaptır. Bu amacı gerçekleştirmek üzere birçok hüküm içermektedir. Tefsir ilmi ile uğraşanlar, yaşadıkları çağın sosyal problemlerini söz konusu hükümler çerçevesinde çözmeye gayret etmektedirler. Yirminci yüzyıl; sosyal, kültürel, siyasi ve ekonomik açıdan İslâm dünyası için zorlu bir dönem olmuştur. Bu dönemde yaşayan İslâm bilginleri, Kur'ân'ın sunduğu reçeteyi dikkate alarak bireysel ya da toplumsal sorunlara çözümler üretmeye çalışmışlardır. Saîd Havvâ da yazdığı eserlerle, çağın dertlerine deva olmaya çalışan ender âlimlerden biridir. Bu çalışmada, Saîd Havvâ'nın kaleme aldığı "el-Esâs fi't-Tefsîr" adlı eser temel alınarak "Din ve Toplum" alanında ortaya koyduğu tespitler değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmanın giriş kısmında araştırma hakkında genel bilgiler verilmekte ve kavramsal çerçevede yer alan kavramlar kısaca izah edilmektedir. Birinci bölümde Saîd Havvâ'nın hayatı, ilmi şahsiyeti ve eserleri üzerinde durulurken; ikinci bölümde de onun "Din ve Toplum" konusundaki görüşleri tahlil edilmektedir.The Holly Quran was sent down to organize both the individual and social life of a person. It is a divine book which contains many provisions to achieve purposes of life. The ones who deal with analizyng the science of tafsir are trying to solve the social problems of the age they live in within the framework of the rules they encounter. The twentieth century is difficult in terms of social, cultural, political and economical issues for the İslâmic World. Islamic scholars who lived in the period used the recipe presented by the Quran. They tired to find solutions to individual or social problems. Saîd Havvâ is one of the fundemental rare outstanding scholar who try to cure the troubles of the age with his works. In this work, the tafsir called "al Esâs fit Tafsîr" written by Saîd Havvâ and his findings in the field of "Religion and Society" are evaluated. In the introduction part of study general information about the research is given. The concepts in the framework are briefly explained. In the first chapter, Saîd Havvâ's focusing on his life his scientitic personality and his works are emphasized. In the second part, his thoughts over the religion and society are analyzed
Investigation of Land Surface Temperature with Thermal Remote Sensing Images: A Case Study Muş Province
Get PDFFosil yakıtların kullanımı, ormansızlaşma ve çeşitli sanayi süreçleri atmosferdeki sera gazlarının birikmesine ve küresel bir sıcaklık artışına neden olmaktadır. Bu durum gerek biyolojik çeşitliliği ve gerekse de insanların yaşam konforunu olumsuz etkilemektedir. Küresel ölçekteki bu ısı artışı dünyamızın dış kabuğunun sıcaklığında da değişiklikler meydana getirmektedir. Yer Yüzeyi Sıcaklığı (YYS) olarak bilinen yerkürenin en dış yüzeyinin sıcaklık değerleri birçok farklı yöntem ile ölçülebilse de uzaktan algılama çalışmaları bu yöntemler arasında en ekonomik ve hızlı sonuçlar üretmesi nedeniyle yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışma Muş ilinin uzun yıllar (29 yıllık) YYS değişimini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda Landsat 5 TM ve Landsat 8 OLI uydu görüntüleri kullanılarak 1990-2000-2005-2011-2019 yıllarına ait YYS haritaları üretilmiştir. Haritalarda bitki örtüsünün yoğun olduğu yerlerde YYS değerlerinin daha düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Muş ilinin YYS değerlerinde yıllara göre artış ve azalışlar görülse de genel olarak artan bir sıcaklık trendinin var olduğu söylenebilir. Muş ilinde ortalama sıcaklığın her yıl yaklaşık olarak 0.3 °C artış gösterdiği belirlenmiştir