Repositorio Institucional INIA (Inst. Nacional de Innovacion Agraria)
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Estimación de parámetros genéticos de características biométricas en llamas
No full textLas estimaciones de parámetros genéticos son esenciales en la planificación y ejecución de cualquier programa de selección animal. La falta de estimaciones precisas de estos parámetros en llamas Q’ara dificulta guiar eficazmente los programas de mejora genética. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar los parámetros genéticos de características biométricas en llamas de fenotipo Q’ara de un año de edad. El trabajo se realizó en el banco de germoplasma de camélidos Quimsachata del INIA, ubicado en el departamento de Puno, Perú. Las variables evaluadas fueron las siguientes: peso corporal (PC) (n = 2634), altura a la cruz (AC) (n = 842), circunferencia torácica (CT) (n = 856), largo dorsal (LD) (n = 531), y circunferencia horizontal (CH) (n = 496). Los parámetros genéticos se estimaron mediante el procedimiento de máxima verosimilitud restringida (REML) multicarácter, donde los factores fijos fueron el año de producción (21 niveles), el sexo (macho o hembra), y la edad de la llama en días como covariable lineal. Los datos fueron procesados con el programa VCE versión 6.0.2. Los resultados indicaron que las heredabilidades de las características biométricas fueron 0.30 para el PC, 0.28 para la AC, 0.20 para la CT, 0.25 para el LD, y 0.27 para la CH. Estos valores sugieren que tanto los factores genéticos como los ambientales influyen en estas características. Las correlaciones genéticas revelaron fuertes relaciones entre varios rasgos, particularmente entre el PC y la CH, con una alta correlación genética de 0.96. Esto sugiere que la mayor parte de la variación genética que afecta al PC también afecta a la CH. Asimismo, el PC mostró una alta correlación genética con la CT (0.81) y el LD (0.81), lo que implica que la selección para mejorar el peso corporal podría mejorar indirectamente estos rasgos. De manera similar, la CT presentó correlaciones genéticas moderadamente altas con la AC (0.70) y el LD (0.64), destacando una relación genética positiva entre las dimensiones del cuerpo de las llamas. El PC tuvo una correlación fenotípica alta con la CH (0.87) y la CT (0.78), lo que respalda que las llamas con mayor peso corporal tienden a tener mayores dimensiones corporales. En conclusión, el estudio demuestra que las características biométricas de las llamas Q’ara están genéticamente correlacionadas, especialmente el PC, la CT y la CH. Esto sugiere que la selección para mejorar uno de estos rasgos podría generar mejoras en las otras características
Efecto de la densidad de siembra y la fertilización en el rendimiento y las características de tubérculos de papa del grupo Andigenum
No full textFertilization and planting density are important practices in potato-producing regions, particularly in regions where yields are not optimal. In addition, appropriate characteristics are required for industrial processing of potato, prompting farmers to improve their productivity and produce varieties demanded by the agroindustrial market. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two planting densities: 0.20 m x 1.00 m (50,000 plants ha¹) and 0.40 m x 1.00 m (25,000 plants ha¹) and three NPK fertilization doses (60-60-60, 120-120-120, 180-180-180) on the yield and tuber characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum Group Andigenum) varieties Serranita, Luyanita, and Capiro. A randomized block design was used with subdivided plots and three replicates. The results indicate higher total yield and commercial yield (42.87 and 38.74 t ha¹) with the 180-180-180 kg ha¹ dose of NPK. The Luyanita variety stood out with yields of 36.03 and 30.97 t ha¹ of total and commercial tuber yield, respectively. The highest total and commercial tuber yields were obtained with the density 0.20 m x 1.00 m. The Luyanita variety showed acceptable physicochemical characteristics for agribusiness with 24.73% dry matter, low content of reducing sugars (0.21%), acceptable color of fries (3.11), specific gravity (1.11 g cm³) and adequate oil content (20.44%). The planting density factor showed no statistically significant differences
Changes in gut microbiota in peruvian cattle genetic nucleus by breed and correlations with beef quality
No full textThis study evaluated the gut microbiota and meat quality traits in 11 healthy female cattle from the Huaral region of Peru, including 5 Angus, 3 Braunvieh, and 3 F1 Simmental × Braunvieh. All cattle were 18 months old and maintained on a consistent lifelong diet. Meat quality traits, including loin area, fat thickness, muscle depth, and marbling, were assessed in vivo using ultrasonography. Fecal samples were collected for microbiota analysis, and DNA was extracted for 16S and 18S rRNA sequencing to characterize bacterial, fungal, and protist communities. Significant correlations were observed between microbial genera and meat traits: Christensenellaceae R-7 and Alistipes were positively associated with marbling and muscle area, while Rikenellaceae RC9 showed a negative correlation with fat thickness. Among fungi, Candida positively correlated with marbling, while Trichosporon was negatively associated with muscle depth. For protists, Entodinium negatively correlated with fat thickness and marbling. Alpha diversity varied by breed, with Angus showing greater bacterial diversity, and beta diversity analyses indicated a strong breed influence on microbial composition. These findings suggest that microbial composition, shaped by breed and dietary consistency, could serve as an indicator of meat quality, offering insights into gut microbiota’s role in optimizing cattle production.This research was funded by the following research project: “Mejoramiento de la disponibilidad de material genético de ganado bovino con alto valor a nivel nacional 7 departamentos” of the Ministry of Agrarian Development and Irrigation (MIDAGRI) of the Peruvian Government, with grant number CUI 2432072
Assessment of the genetic structure and diversity of arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza) using genotyping-by-sequencing
No full textArracacha, also known as “Peruvian carrot”, is a native crop from the Andean region, and is considered an unexplored root. To date, studies on this crop were mainly focused at the morphological and agronomic level. However, its genetics remains unclear. Today it is feasible to study the genetic composition of this Andean root by next-generation sequencing techniques such as genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). We here for the first time employed 183 accessions of arracacha from six Andean localities of Peru and identified 8976 SNP markers. STRUCTURE analysis revealed this Andean crop is clustered into four populations, and with few accessions intermingled. A dendrogram was generated using the UPGMA clustering algorithm, and, similar to the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), it showed four groups. Genetic diversity estimation was conducted considering the four populations identified, revealing very high expected heterozygosity (0.432). AMOVA revealed the greatest variation within populations (89.66%) and indicated that variability between populations is 10.34%. Population divergence (Fst) ranged from 0.02 (cluster 1 vs. cluster 3) to 0.036 (cluster 1 vs. cluster 4). Negative Fis values were also detected for all populations of arracacha, indicating it depends on cross-pollination. We hope this work stimulates the development of additional molecular tools for this orphan crop in order to establish a modern breeding program and conservation strategies of this important Andean crop
Deciphering the fiber quality of Gossypium barbadense L. var. brasiliensis in La Convención, Cusco, Perú
No full textThe quality of cotton fiber determines its value in the textile market, influencing agricultural profitability and the efficiency of textile processing. The selection of genotypes with superior fibers is a key factor for genetic improvement programs seeking adaptability and sustainability in the face of climate change. This demonstrates the strategic importance of this plant for sustainable agriculture and the global textile industry. The objective of this research was to decipher the fiber quality of Gossypium barbadense var. brasiliensis in the native Amazonian communities of La Convencion, Cusco-Peru, and to evaluate other critical aspects of native cotton that have not yet been identified. The methodology included non-probability sampling for accessibility, qualitative and quantitative analyses, and multivariate analyses. The fiber length (mm), micronaire index (maturity/fineness), fiber strength (gf/tex), length uniformity index (%), fiber elongation (%), maturation index (%), and short fiber index (%) were the fiber characteristics evaluated using the HVI method in cotton genotypes
Impact of Green Manuring and Nitrogen Fertilization on Rice Cultivation: A Peruvian Amazon Forest Study in San Martín Province
Get PDFGreen manuring is an environmentally friendly technology aimed at providing nutrients to plants, enhancing soil fertility, mitigating soil degradation, controlling weeds and pests, and decreasing reliance on inorganic fertilizers. However, it requires dissemination and support to be adopted, especially in the poorest agricultural communities in Latin America. The study was conducted at the El Porvenir INIA in San Martín, Perú; it assessed two treatment sets: (1) green manure Crotalaria juncea (CroJ), Canavalia ensiforme (CanE), no green manure; and (2) nitrogen fertilizer dose (FN75, FN100). It was arranged in a split-plot design with four replications. During the experiment we detected an important fluctuation in soil parameters, however, it is the diminished levels of soil carbon and nitrogen, which were presumably the outcomes of microorganism processes. Otherwise, we observed that CanE significantly reduced the diseased tillers by "White Leaf Virus" (RHBV) by 2.82% compared to the control. The superior outcomes were achieved through CanE, and the highest yield was 8.36 t.ha¯¹ with the CanE - FN100 treatment. Additionally, the nutritional quality of rice was not altered by green manures or chemical nitrogen fertilization doses tested
INFLUENCIA DE LA GESTIÓN ADMINISTRATIVA SOBRE LA EJECUCIÓN PRESUPUESTAL DE PROYECTOS EN CAMÉLIDOS EN EL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE INNOVACION AGRARIA INIA PUNO
Get PDFEl presente estudio influencia de la gestión administrativa sobre la ejecución presupuestal de proyectos en camélidos en INIA Puno, se realizó en seis proyectos de inversión pública, los objetivos fueron analizar la programación presupuestal y su incidencia en la ejecución presupuestal y determinar el nivel de eficacia de la ejecución presupuestal institucional respecto al PIM. La metodología usada fue la técnica de recolección de información (datos) directamente de los proyectos, el estudio fue descriptivo – explicativo, con diseño no experimental, para el análisis de datos se utilizó la estadística descriptiva (frecuencias y porcentajes). Los resultados obtenidos para programación e incidencia de la ejecución presupuestal fueron 75.78%, 71.05%, 87.72%, 91.43%, 83.81%, 75.59% para los PI_063, 067, 072, 074, 078 y 133 respectivamente, para nivel de eficacia de ejecución de gasto según rango de calificación del MEF fue 0.98, 0.86, 0.70 y 0.48 para los años 2016, 2017, 2018 y 2019 respectivamente. Se concluye que el nivel de eficacia para el periodo 2016 y 2017 fue muy bueno y regular respectivamente, para los periodos 2018 y 2019 fue deficient
Relationship of environmental factors with the productivity of Eucalyptus globulus in the northern Peruvian Andes
No full textLos Andes sudamericanos son un conjunto de montañas, generan una diversidad de climas. Eucalyptus globulus ha sido instalado en muchas laderas de los Andes norperuanos a elevadas altitudes (como por ejemplo en Cajamarca - Perú), desconociéndose su crecimiento y viabilidad productiva. En el presente estudio se establecieron los siguientes objetivos: i) elaborar curvas de Índice de Sitio para masas de Eucalyptus globulus situadas en los Andes peruanos sobre los 3.000 metros de altitud, ii) analizar la relación entre variables ambientales y el Índice de Sitio y iii) evaluar el efecto potencial del frío en el crecimiento de estas masas en comparación con las de otras regiones. El Índice de Sitio (IS) fue estimado usando tres modelos base de crecimiento (Bertalanffy-Richards, Hossfeld y Korf) y dos métodos de derivación (Diferencias Algebraicas – ADA y Diferencias Algebraicas Generalizadas – GADA). La relación entre los factores ambientales y el IS se determinó mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. El efecto potencial de la altitud se evaluó comparando las curvas de calidad de sitio obtenidas con las de otras regiones. La ecuación dinámica derivada del modelo de Bertalanffy-Richards mediante GADA explicó gran parte de la variabilidad del crecimiento en altura dominante. El IS presentó buena correlación con la distancia a cuerpos de agua y en menor grado con la radiación solar, profundidad efectiva y saturación de bases. Además, en comparación con otras regiones, se evidenció un lento crecimiento en la etapa inicial de la plantación, probablemente debido al efecto de aclimatación al frío (derivado de la elevada altitud).El estudio fue financiado por el Programa Nacional de Innovación Agraria (PNIA) y el Programa Nacional Forestal del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA
Comprehensive spatial mapping of metals and metalloids in the Peruvian Mantaro Valley using advanced geospatial data Integration
No full textThe quality and safety of soil are crucial for ensuring social and economic development and providing contaminant-free food. The availability and quality of soil data, particularly for multiple metals and metalloids, are often insufficient for comprehensive analysis. Soil formation and the distribution of metals are shaped by various factors such as geology, climate, topography, and human activities, making accurate modeling highly challenging. Additionally, agricultural intensification, urban expansion, road construction, and mining activities frequently result in soil pollution, posing serious risks to ecosystems and human health. This study aims to integrate diverse geospatial datasets with machine learning for high resolution soil contamination mapping (10 m spatial resolution) in a major agricultural region of Peruvian highlands. This study mapped 25 elements (Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba, Be, K, Na, As, Sb, Se, Tl, Cd, Zn, Al, Pb, Hg, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, Fe, Co, Mn, V) in the Peruvian Mantaro Valley using a training dataset of 109 topsoil samples combined with various geospatial datasets (remote sensing, climate, topography, soil data, and distance). The model provided satisfactory results in predicting the spatial distribution of the selected elements, with R² values ranging from 0.6 to 0.9 for most elements. Edaphic, climate, and topographic covariates were the most significant predictors, particularly for croplands near rivers, whereas spectral variables were less important. The results reveal As, Pb, and Cd concentrations significantly above permissible limits, highlighting urgent health risks. These findings suggest that it is feasible to identify polluted soils and improve regulations based on widely available geospatial datasets with minimal training data. The study contributes to the development of models to assess the impact of pollutants on environmental and human health in the short-to-medium term, emphasizing the need for further research on the translocation of toxic metals into food crops and the implications for public health.This research was funded by the INIA project "Mejoramiento de los servicios de investigación y transferencia tecnológica en el manejo y recuperación de suelos agrícolas degradados y aguas para riego en la pequeña y mediana agricultura en los departamentos de Lima, Áncash, San Martín, Cajamarca, Lambayeque, Junín, Ayacucho, Arequipa, Puno y Ucayali" CUI 2487112, of the Ministry of Agrarian Development and Irrigation (MIDAGRI) of the Peruvian Government
Metodologia para avaliação fenotípica de árvores de Guazuma crinita em Ucayali, Peru
No full textThe objective of this study was to present a methodological tool for the phenotypic evaluation in progeny tests of Guazuma crinita in producer plots of the Aguaytía river basin, Ucayali, Peru, which allows field technicians to standardize the morphological evaluation criteria of trees in forest plantations. Therefore, the phenotypic traits were evaluated for plant height (m), diameter at the height of the base (cm), number of branches, number of rings, stem form, branch orientation, presence and quantity of leaves. The heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits were also estimated. Therefore, 32 morphological categories were plotted based on the significant correlations (p≤ 0.05) shown between the place of planting, the stem form, the orientation of the branches and the presence of leaves. For the same reason, the progeny showed low morphological patterns, being a low factor of phenotypic variability. It is concluded that the correlations between the biometric and morphological traits evaluated, allowed to validate the phenotypic evaluation procedures of Guazuma crinita progeny tests at 36 months of age