Repositorio Institucional INIA (Inst. Nacional de Innovacion Agraria)
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Guinea pig manure and mineral fertilizers enhance the yield and nutritional quality of hard yellow maize on the peruvian coast
No full textSustainable fertilization using local resources such as manure is crucial for soil health. This study evaluated the potential of guinea pig manure to replace mineral fertilizers in hard yellow maize (hybrid INIA 619) under Peruvian coastal conditions. A split-plot design tested four doses of guinea pig manure (0, 2, 5, 10 t⋅ha−1) and four levels of mineral fertilization (0%, 50%, 75%, 100%). The study assessed plant height, ear characteristics, yield, and nutritional quality parameters. The results indicated that 100% mineral fertilization led to the highest plant height (229.67 cm) and grain weight (141.8 g). Yields of 9.19 and 9.08 t⋅ha−1 were achieved with 5 and 10 t⋅ha−1 of manure, while 50% mineral fertilization gave 8.8 t⋅ha−1, similar to the full dose (8.7 t⋅ha−1). The protein content was highest with 10 t⋅ha−1 of manure combined with mineral fertilization. However, no significant differences were found between the 50%, 75%, and 100% mineral fertilizer doses. In conclusion, applying guinea pig manure improved nutrient use efficiency, yield, and grain protein quality in maize, reducing the need for mineral fertilizers by up to 50%. This provides a sustainable fertilization strategy for agricultural systems.This research was funded by the INIA project “Mejoramiento de los servicios de investigación y transferencia tecnológica en el manejo y recuperación de suelos agrícolas degradados y aguas para riego en la pequeña y mediana agricultura en los departamentos de Lima, Áncash, San Martín, Cajamarca, Lambayeque, Junín, Ayacucho, Arequipa, Puno y Ucayali”, CUI 2487112
Morphometric Characterization and Zoometric Indices of High-Andean Creole Cows from Southern Peru
No full textHigh-Andean Creole cattle represent a genetic resource with significant adaptive value in high-altitude ecosystems. In this study, 151 Creole cows from the provinces of Canas and Quispicanchis (Cusco, Peru) were evaluated to characterize their morphometry, calculate zoometric indices, and establish functional biotypes. Ten morphometric parameters were measured, and eight structural indices were calculated. Four differentiated biotypes were identified through the multivariate analysis and hierarchical clustering of quantitative variables (BI, BII, BIII, and BIV). Morphological differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05) and associated with different productive orientations. Biotype I showed greater thoracic development and a compact structure, which is compatible with intermediate beefaptitude; Biotype II exhibited more elongated proportions and a lower weight, indicating a dairy tendency; Biotype III stood out for its muscle mass, thoracic depth, and pelvic width, evidencing a clear beef orientation; and Biotype IV combined a higher weight, rectangular conformation, and wide pelvis, showing potential for beef production and ease of calving. Functional differentiation was supported by Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and PERMANOVA tests. Correlations between morphometric variables and zoometric indices revealed anatomical patterns consistent with the productive functions proposed. The results highlight the morpho-functional diversity of Andean Creole cattle and their potential for conservation and improvement programs in extensive highland systems.This research was conducted with funding from the following project: “Mejoramiento de los Servicios de Investigación y Transferencia de Tecnología en Ganadería Alto Andina en las Regiones: Apurímac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cusco, Huancavelica, Junín, Moquegua, Pasco, Puno y Tacna, 33 Distritos” CUI No. 2491159, of the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria
Current Progress in Microbial Biocontrol of Banana Fusarium Wilt: A Systematic Review
Get PDFFusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) poses a significant threat to global banana production. This systematic review updates current knowledge on the efficacy of various antagonistic microorganisms in controlling Foc, considering the recent spread of this disease to new regions. The studies were systematically analyzed, focusing on methodologies, results, and conclusions to provide a comprehensive overview of current research and its practical implications. A total of 118 studies were reviewed, covering the use of antagonistic microorganisms such as Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp., Streptomyces spp., and Pseudomonas spp., both in pure cultures and in consortia. Most studies focused on controlling Foc TR4 in Cavendish subgroup bananas and originated from Asia. Microbial consortia demonstrated a higher control percentage with lower variability, particularly in genera such as Pseudomonas. In contrast, pure cultures were more commonly used for Streptomyces. The choice between consortia and pure cultures depends on the genus and the experimental context, as each approach has distinct advantages. Although the reviewed studies were generally of high quality, long-term research is still lacking. Antagonistic microorganisms represent a promising alternative for Foc control, although their efficacy depends on the specific strain and environmental conditions. It has been observed that inoculating these microorganisms onto seedlings before transplantation or in combination with organic matter enhances their effectiveness. Localized testing and formulation optimization are recommended to improve their application as preventive and suppressive tools in soil against infections. The review highlights a vast diversity of microbial agents with high efficacy rates, various modes of action, and additional benefits for plant development beyond Foc biocontrol. Furthermore, some studies achieved 100% control at the plant level under controlled conditions. These findings demonstrate that biological control is a viable alternative for integrated Foc management. Future research should prioritize new approaches that facilitate the widespread adoption of these methodologies, including microbial formulation, field application, and integration with other control methods.This Systematic Review was funded by the INIA project "Mejoramiento de los servicios de investigación y transferencia tecnológica en el manejo y recuperación de suelos agrícolas degradados y aguas para riego en la pequeña y mediana agricultura en los departamentos de Lima, Áncash, San Martín, Cajamarca, Lambayeque, Junín, Ayacucho, Arequipa, Puno y Ucayali" CUI 2487112
Plant-Growth-Promoting Microorganisms: Their Impact on Crop Quality and Yield, with a Focus on Rice
No full textThis article presents a systematic review of the ecophysiological mechanisms underpinning the essential role of plant-growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) in improving rice yield and quality. The scientific literature is thoroughly reviewed, highlighting how PGPMs positively influence the growth, development, and health of rice plants. Key aspects, such as nitrogen fixation, nutrient solubilization, hormone production, and disease resistance induction, are emphasized. Additionally, technological advancements related to PGPM use are analyzed, including the identification of effective strains, the formulation of enhanced biofertilizers, and genetic engineering. The article concludes that PGPMs represent a promising tool with which to boost the sustainability and productivity of rice cultivation, providing a robust foundation for future research and practical applications in a field crucial to global food security.This research received no external funding.1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Plant-Growth-Promoting Microorganisms (PGPM)
3.1. Definition and Classification of PGPMs
3.2. Main PGPMs Used in Rice Crops
4. Ecophysiological Mechanisms of PGPMs in Rice
4.1. Nitrogen Fixation: Diazotrophic Bacteria and Their Role in Biological Nitrogen Fixation
4.2. Phosphate Solubilization: Mechanisms of Solubilization and Phosphorus Availability for Plants
4.3. Solubilization of Other Elements Such as Potassium, Zinc, and Iron
4.4. Production of Phytohormones: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, and Their Impact on Plant Growth
4.4.1. Auxins
4.4.2. Gibberellins
4.4.3. Cytokinins
4.5. Production of Siderophores
4.6. Biocontrol of Pathogens
4.7. Abiotic Stress Tolerance: Resistance to Drought, Salinity, and Other Adverse Conditions
5. Genetic Engineering of PGPMs of Importance for Rice Cultivation
6. Impact of PGPMs on Rice Quality
7. Impact of PGPMs on Rice Yield
8. Agronomic and Environmental Considerations
9. PGPM Products Available for Use in Various Crops, Including Rice
10. Challenges and Future Perspectives
11. Conclusions
Reference
Armado de módulos hidropónicos
No full textEl presente material de divulgación es sobre el "Manejo de cultivos Hidropónicos. Hortalizas de hoja
INIAPA Atlasnin Chakra Llamkay Yachanan Wasikunaqa
No full textEl Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) es un organismo técnico especializado adscrito al Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego (MIDAGRI) que cumple funciones y desarrolla actividades de investigación, transferencia tecnológica y extensión en materia agraria. Es responsable de la generación de conocimientos y tecnologías, de la conservación y puesta en valor de los recursos genéticos de la agrobiodiversidad, así como de la producción de semillas, plantones y reproductores de alto valor genético. Asimismo, brinda servicios tecnológicos a través de una red de laboratorios a nivel nacional. Como ente rector del Sistema Nacional de Innovación Agraria (SNIA), articula y regula la investigación, desarrollo e innovación (I+D+i) con los actores del SNIA, orientadas a la competitividad, seguridad alimentaria y adaptación al cambio climático, a través de la política y el Plan Nacional de Innovación Agraria.
Las funciones del INIA son desarrolladas de manera articulada y descentralizada desde sus veinticinco (25) Estaciones Experimentales Agrarias (EEA) a nivel nacional, las que están conformadas por Centros Experimentales (CE) ubicados a nivel regional.
El presente atlas contiene información de los aspectos relevantes de las Estaciones Experimentales Agrarias, tales como: creación, Centros Experimentales, ubicación y ámbito de intervención. Asimismo, presenta una colección de mapas que contribuye al conocimiento geográfico de éstas, así como de las actividades de conservación y puesta en valor de recursos genéticos, investigación, desarrollo tecnológico, producción de material genético de calidad, transferencia de tecnología, extensión agropecuaria y servicios tecnológicos agrarios que se desarrollan a nivel nacional.
Este documento es una colección cartográfica y un material de consulta que contribuye al conocimiento geográfico de las Estaciones Experimentales Agrarias y sus Centros Experimentales, el cual está dirigido no solo a los actores del SNIA, sino también a la sociedad civil en su conjunto; con el objeto de informar sobre el rol que desempeñan estos centros del INIA y su esencial aporte para enfrentar los desafíos del agro en condiciones de cambio climático.Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, DSM
Geospatial distribution of heavy metals in rice soils of northwestern Peru
No full textThe presence of heavy metals in agricultural soils poses a threat to the development of sustainable agriculture and ensuring food security. The objective of this study was to evaluate the geospatial distribution of heavy metals in rice-growing soils within the Amojú River Basin, Jaen, Peru. Ninety-five soil samples were collected randomly, covering four altitudinal ranges, namely, very low (374–450 m above sea level (m a.s.l.)), low (450–571 m a.s.l.), medium (571–701 m a.s.l.) and high altitudes (701–1,034 m a.s.l.), and different agronomic management stages, including four phenological phases (seedling, tillering, filling and ripening) and two agricultural practices (resting and stubble burning). The evaluation was conducted via physicochemical analysis, the single-factor pollution index, and spatial interpolation techniques through the empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) method. The results indicated that the contents of cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) exceed the limits established in the Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) for agricultural soils, with maximum Cd and Cr concentrations of 2 and 21 mg kg ⁻¹, respectively, mainly in very low-altitude areas (374–450 m a.s.l.). The single-factor pollution index results indicated slight Cd contamination and intense Cr contamination. Likewise, high levels of arsenic (As), Cd, and Cr were detected in soils managed via stubble burning, reaching 2, 2, and 16 mg kg ⁻¹, respectively. The highest Cr concentrations were located in the northeastern and western parts of the study area, whereas the highest Cd concentrations occurred in the northeastern and southwestern parts. These concentrations may be associated with potential contamination sources, with the use of phosphate fertilizers, water for cultivation, and soil erosion as key contributors. This study highlights the potential risk to rice productivity and crop safety, emphasizing the importance of implementing sustainable agricultural practices and monitoring strategies for heavy metals in soils associated with crops.The authors would like to thank the National Institute of Agrarian Innovation (INIA) through the Investment Project with CUI N° 2472675 Mejoramiento de los Servicios de Investigación y Transferencia de Tecnología Agraria en la Estación Experimental Agraria Baños del Inca Baños del Inca, located in the district of Baños del Inca, province of Cajamarca, department of Cajamarca. The authors also extend their gratitude to Jonathan Michael Cruz-Malca, Cristian Culqui Gaslac and Testing Laboratorio de Suelos, Aguas y Foliares – LABSA
The conversion of forests to agricultural croplands significantly depletes soil organic carbon reserves, total nitrogen, and available potassium, reaching critical thresholds in the Peruvian Amazon
No full textIntroduction: Land-use change from primary forests to agricultural croplands can degrade soil quality by depleting soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (STN), and soil-available potassium (SAK). The magnitudes and thresholds of these losses in the Peruvian Amazon remain insufficiently quantified.
Methods: We assessed six land-use systems—two primary forests and four croplands (coffee, cocoa, oil palm, camu camu)—collecting 72 surface soil samples (0–20 cm) from 12 subplots per system using pit sampling. SOC, STN, and SAK were measured with standard laboratory procedures and compared across land uses.
Results: The humid primary forest (WE–PF) had the highest nutrient status (SOC 118.99 t C ha⁻¹; STN 0.35%; SAK 181.83 mg kg⁻¹). The lowest values occurred in croplands, especially camu camu (SOC 23.93 t C ha⁻¹; STN 0.08%). Forest-to-cropland conversion was associated with average reductions of 58.98% (SOC), 59.49% (STN), and 59.66% (SAK). Among crops, coffee showed the smallest deficit (18.04%), whereas camu camu showed the largest SOC deficit (30.92%).
Discussion: Converting forests to croplands critically depletes SOC, STN, and SAK, indicating substantial nutrient losses and concomitant deterioration of soil quality. These findings support conserving primary forests and promoting agroforestry and soil-restorative practices to mitigate degradation in the Peruvian Amazon.The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research and/or publication of this article. The research was funded by the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, within the framework of the project: Mejoramiento de los servicios de investigación y transferencia tecnológica en el manejo y recuperación de suelos agrıcolas degradados y aguas para riego en ́ la pequeña y mediana agricultura en los departamentos de Lima, Á ncash, San Martın, Cajamarca, Lambayeque, Jun ́ ın, Ayacucho, ́ Arequipa, Puno y Ucayali” CUI 248711
Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in cultivated plants of Swietenia macrophylla in the Peruvian Amazon
No full textLos hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares (HMA) constituyen un potencial microbiano, para su uso sostenible en la agroforestería y restauración ecológica. Actualmente en Perú la contribución de diversidad HMA es limitada y no existen reportes de la diversidad nativa de HMA asociados a plantas cultivadas de caoba (Swietenia macrophylla G. King), una especie forestal vulnerable, de interés en programas de reforestación y restauración ecológica. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la diversidad de morfoespecies de HMA en plantas cultivadas de S. macrophylla G. King, así como el número de esporas y porcentaje de colonización de HMA en cinco zonas de muestreo ubicadas en los departamentos de Ucayali, San Martín y Huánuco. Se emplearon quince individuos de S. macrophylla G. King por cada zona de muestreo. Se identificaron 35 morfoespecies de HMA en el área de estudio, encontrando mayor riqueza de morfoespecies en los distritos de Chazuta y Von Humbolth departamento de San Martin y Ucayali respectivamente. Las especies de HMA predominantes fueron las de las familias Acaulosporaceae y Glomeraceae con 13 en cada familia. Ambispora reticulata se encontró en común para cuatro zonas de muestreo; mientras que 19 morfoespecies se encontraron exclusivas de una zona de muestreo. El estudio reveló mayor número de esporas en las zonas de muestreo con plantas de menos de un año de establecimiento. El porcentaje de colonización no varió significativamente entre los sitios, donde se encontraron en promedio 42% de colonización por HMA en raíces en todas las zonas de muestreo.Al Sr. Rafael Troyas por su valioso apoyo brindado, durante el muestreo en su predio. A la Estación Experimental Alexander von Humboldt del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria, por las facilidades brindadas para el muestreo, en sus parcelas experimentales. Al Ing. MSc. José Carlos Rojas García por sus orientaciones para el aclareo y tinción de raíces de caoba