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Corona crisis disruptions and consequences for demand for freight transport: A screening of the effects for the largest logistics service providers in Norway
Full text linkHovi, I.B., Pinchasik, D.R. Corona crisis disruptions and consequences for demand for freight transport: A screening of the effects for the largest logistics service providers in Norway. J. shipp. trd. 9, 27 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41072-024-00188-7The present article investigates corona crisis disruptions and consequences for freight transport demand, using shipment data from major logistic service providers in Norway, as well as interviews. We investigate how Covid-19 affected demand for freight transport and transport volumes in different segments, changes for parcel delivery, home-deliveries, which industries were most affected and discussed main issues for LSPs in maintaining robust transport chains. We find temporary reductions in B2B deliveries after the first Norwegian societal lockdown but large volume increases in B2C deliveries, which remained at higher levels and saw further waves of increases. Especially home deliveries and mailbox deliveries of parcels increased, particularly in relation with new infection waves. At an aggregate level, retail trade experienced by far the largest volume increases, followed by transport and storage. The latter can in part be due to increasing low-volume import (parcels) from abroad being attributed to e.g. warehouses or customs. At the other end of the scale, wholesale trade stands out with the largest tonnage decrease, followed by manufacturing.Corona crisis disruptions and consequences for demand for freight transport: A screening of the effects for the largest logistics service providers in NorwayacceptedVersio
Risk of apprehension for road traffic law violations in Norway
No full textRune Elvik, Risk of apprehension for road traffic law violations in Norway, Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 209, 2025, 107831, ISSN 0001-4575, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2024.107831.Violations of road traffic law are widespread in all countries. Probably the most common violation is speeding. It is not uncommon that 50 % of vehicles are speeding. Little is known about the risk of apprehension for various traffic law violations, although it is often assumed that nearly all violations go undetected. This paper quantifies the risk of apprehension for common traffic law violations in Norway, based on data for the period 2006–2022. The violations included are speeding, non-use of seat belts, driving with an illegal blood alcohol concentration (above 0.02 %), driving while impaired by medicines or illegal drugs, use of a hand-held mobile phone while driving and violations of the regulations of hours of service and rest for drivers of heavy vehicles. Risk of apprehension is stated as the number of detected violations per million vehicle kilometres driven while committing the violation. The risk of apprehension is in most cases between 10 and 50 per million vehicle kilometres driven while committing a violation. This is quite low. For speeding, the risk of apprehension was between 10 and 12 per million vehicle kilometres of speeding during 2006–2022. For an average driver, this means that he or she could speed on every trip for about 8–10 years before getting caught. Reducing traffic law violations may contribute to a large reduction of the number of traffic fatalities.publishedVersio
Climate, Technology and Value: Insights from the First Decade with Mass-Consumption of Electric Vehicles
Full text linkAndreassen, G.L., Lind, J.T. Climate, Technology and Value: Insights from the First Decade with Mass-Consumption of Electric Vehicles. Environ Resource Econ 87, 1783–1844 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-024-00872-z
A Correction to this article was published on 26 June 2024.Adoption of low-carbon technology is key to mitigating climate change. A possible unwanted consequence of fast technological progress is that products get outdated before their technical lifetime is over. We investigate whether the market value of electric vehicles, characterized by rapid technological progress, declines faster over their lifetime than gasoline vehicles, which represent a mature technology. We use novel data from Norway, the market with the highest market shares for electric vehicles in the world. The data are from the largest web platform for secondhand vehicles over the period 2011–2021. Prices of electric vehicles decline faster than gasoline vehicles. This seems to be driven by the electric vehicles with below median driving range. We hypothesize that the large price drop is mainly due to the fast technological improvement of electric vehicles.Climate, Technology and Value: Insights from the First Decade with Mass-Consumption of Electric VehiclespublishedVersio
Concept of the knowledge-based city logistics: Problems and solutions
No full textIwan S, Wagner N, Kijewska K, Jensen SA (2024) Concept of the knowledge-based city logistics: Problems and solutions. PLoS ONE 19(6): e0305563. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305563Efficient city logistics is essential to build smart sustainable cities where inhabitants’ well-being is a priority. Meanwhile, despite the great importance of city logistics processes, their improvement is problematic for many cities. Although solutions from the field of emerging technologies are more and more often used, the question is whether implementing technological tools and filling cities with sensors is a sufficient solution that can solve the problems of intensely growing urban freight transport. The aim of the paper is to examine the role of knowledge management in city logistics and identify barriers to the implementation of knowledge-based city logistics. A key element of the research procedure was an expert survey, to which 31 international experts specialising in city logistics issues were invited, characterised by extensive experience working on research projects in the area of interest. Four knowledge management processes have been transferred to the city logistics area. The results of the study show that the difficulties are observed mainly in the processes of data gathering and knowledge acquisition. The main reason for difficulties in that area is the reluctance of city users, retailers, transport and logistics operators to share information. Identifying these processes as the most problematic is a valuable hint for logistics managers, municipalities and academics. To improve knowledge-based city logistics, it is therefore necessary to focus on these processes and look for the best solutions and new forms of organisational and business support. The solution to the problems identified in the study is the proposal to create a city logistics collaborative knowledge base which is a combination of an IT tool ‐ the CL knowledge management platform, and the Freight Quality Partnership.publishedVersio
Understanding automation transparency and its adaptive design implications in safety–critical systems
Full text linkMina Saghafian, Dorthea Mathilde Kristin Vatn, Stine Thordarson Moltubakk, Lene Elisabeth Bertheussen, Felix Marcel Petermann, Stig Ole Johnsen, Ole Andreas Alsos, Understanding automation transparency and its adaptive design implications in safety–critical systems, Safety Science, Volume 184, 2025, 106730, ISSN 0925-7535, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106730.Automation is designed to assist operators and enhance system performance and safety. When unexpected events occur, and the operator is not able to understand the behaviour of the automated system a sudden rise in cognitive workload occurs, compromising decision-making, performance, and safety. Automation transparency as a human-centric design principle is a potential intervention in the design of human-automation systems that can remedy these countereffects. Human-centricity of advanced automated systems is one of the focal areas of Industry 5.0 and automation transparency is a potential design principle that will become even more important in this new era. Thus, this concept must be well-understood, and its design implications must be highlighted. This understanding of the current state of automation transparency is important for entering a new era with more complex systems. The literature includes varied definition and approaches to transparency with mixed results on its influence on automation system design factors, making it hard to understand design implications. This paper addresses this need. This work stemmed from a broader systematic literature review and specifically zoomed in on the included literature that explicitly mentioned the terms ‘automation transparency’ and ‘transparency’ in their abstracts and filtered for these articles in Rayyan software. These articles were screened for full text relevance, being empirical papers, using qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods. Fourteen resulting articles were analysed, as representative exemplars of empirical and recent work in this field, to see how automation transparency is being understood, what is its significance in relation to other automation system design factors, and what are the design implications. The findings showed a progressive trend from the emphasis on static, high transparency towards an emphasis on human centred adaptive transparency and explainability which is aligned with the focus of Industry 5.0. Adaptive transparency design implications derived from the analysis are presented along with limitations of the current research and the future research implications.Understanding automation transparency and its adaptive design implications in safety–critical systemspublishedVersio
Subsidy free-riding is positively correlated to the development of energy efficiency in the housing stock
Full text linkNeef, N.E., Egner, L.E. & Klöckner, C.A. Subsidy free-riding is positively correlated to the development of energy efficiency in the housing stock. Environ Dev Sustain (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-05292-zIncentivizing energy-efficient retrofits in residential sectors often involves subsidies, which are aimed at lowering a building’s environmental impact. However, the effectiveness of these subsidies has been debated, particularly concerning an unintended consequence known as free-riding. Free-riders are investors who would have made energy-efficient retrofits even without the subsidy. Typically, a high prevalence of free-riding is perceived negatively from an economic perspective in terms of the impact and efficiency of a policy. However, apart from economic efficiency, it is unclear what the relation between free-riding and the progression of the buildings’ energy standards is. We employed an agent-based model to mimic a neighborhood and discovered an intriguing pattern: Areas with more free-riders actually showed advanced energy standards in their building infrastructure now and 7 years into the future. These insights enhance our comprehension of free-riding and can help policymakers take this relation into account when designing subsidy schemes.Subsidy free-riding is positively correlated to the development of energy efficiency in the housing stockacceptedVersio
How laws of universal design discriminate between different types of disabilities - Lessons learned from Norway
No full textoai:toi.brage.unit.no:11250/3143340Anja Fleten Nielsen, How laws of universal design discriminate between different types of disabilities - Lessons learned from Norway, Journal of Transport & Health, Volume 37, 2024, 101821, ISSN 2214-1405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2024.101821.Introduction Different diseases and disabilities have varying levels of prestige in the society. Is this variance also visible in the legal documents about universal design in the transport sector? Methods Based on a document analysis of 42 legal documents and guidelines in Norway, we have examined (1) how the laws define universal design and (2) what groups they include when talking about disabilities. Both a qualitative and a quantitative analyses are conducted to answer the research question: do the legal documents discriminate between different types of disabilities – and if this is the case, is this due to difference in prestige or visibility? Results Findings suggest that there is a biased focus on physical environment in the definitions of universal design and that visible disabilities, especially mobility impairments and visual impairments, are prioritized over other types of disabilities. Conclusion Disease prestige does not seem to explain the difference in terms of inclusion in legal documents to the extent that visibility does.How laws of universal design discriminate between different types of disabilities - Lessons learned from NorwaypublishedVersio
Simulating the effects of tax exemptions for plug-in electric vehicles in Norway
Full text linkPfaffenbichler, P., Fearnley, N., Figenbaum, E. et al. Simulating the effects of tax exemptions for plug-in electric vehicles in Norway. Eur. Transp. Res. Rev. 16, 26 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12544-024-00648-yFor many years Norway has been in the forefront of promoting electromobility. Today, Norway has the world’s highest per capita fleet of plug-in electric cars. In 2021, 1.6% of the cars in the EU fleet were plug-in electric vehicles, whereas their share was 21% in Norway. Part of the successful market take-up rate is due to wide-ranging tax exemptions. Increasing plug-in electric vehicles numbers causes tax revenue losses, making exemptions unsustainable. Norway has the ambitious goal that from 2025, all newly registered cars shall be zero-emission vehicles. Keeping tax exemptions in place might be crucial for this goal. The objective of this paper is to provide information to solve this dilemma. Tax exemption reduction and abolition paths which offer a compromise between minimal effects on the development of zero-emission vehicles and tax revenues have been identified. An updated and re-calibrated version of the stock-flow-model SERAPIS was used to simulate and assess different scenarios. Results show that a controlled tax phase-in allows Norway to reach its environmental targets of 100% zero emission vehicles by 2025 and a 55% decrease of CO2-emissions in 2030 relative to 2005 while simultaneously increasing public revenues significantly.Simulating the effects of tax exemptions for plug-in electric vehicles in NorwaypublishedVersio
Risk factors as causes of accidents: Criterion of causality, logical structure of relationship to accidents and completeness of explanations
No full textRune Elvik, Risk factors as causes of accidents: Criterion of causality, logical structure of relationship to accidents and completeness of explanations, Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 197, 2024, 107469, ISSN 0001-4575, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2024.107469. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457524000149)The causes of accidents are studied in the belief that by finding causes, accidents can be prevented by removing or controlling their causes. It follows that the risk factors that have traditionally been regarded as contributing to accidents can only be regarded as causes if it is possible to alter them by means of one or more road safety measures. Risk factors are causes if their relationship to accidents can be changed by implementing one or more road safety measures influencing the risk factors. Hence, road safety measures that could have been implemented to change risk factors identified as contributing to an accident, but have not, are also causes of accidents. Many of the human factors that have traditionally been identified as risk factors for accidents, like age, gender, driving experience, expectations or involuntary inattention are not causes of accidents, because they cannot be changed by means of any realistic road safety measure. What cannot be changed (could not have been different) is not a cause. It is possible, both in case studies and in statistical analyses, to determine when a set of factors precipitating or contributing to accidents is complete. A list of road safety measures that could have been implemented is only limited by our creativity and imagination and will therefore never be complete.Risk factors as causes of accidents: Criterion of causality, logical structure of relationship to accidents and completeness of explanationspublishedVersio
The relationship of the city centre to its surroundings: Correlations between urban spatial structures and inhabitants' frequency of city-centre visits in four Norwegian cities
No full textOddrun Helen Hagen, The relationship of the city centre to its surroundings: Correlations between urban spatial structures and inhabitants' frequency of city-centre visits in four Norwegian cities, Cities, Volume 156, 2025, 105499, ISSN 0264-2751, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.105499.Many cities seek to strengthen their city centre, and this paper contributes valuable insights for planners and decision-makers in this quest. Taking a comparative case-study approach, the study examines the assumed causal relations between urban spatial structures and the frequency of city-centre visits in four Norwegian cities with 22,400–56,000 inhabitants. The survey data show that many inhabitants visit the city centre once or more per week. The cross-case and context-sensitive case-by-case analyses shed light on a complex, context-dependent relationship between city-centre visits and the explanatory variables. Both land-use structures and the transport system influenced how often the respondents visited their city centre. The effect of competing retail and service destinations may be amplified or counteracted by spatial structural variables and the appreciation of the city centre, an influence that is pivotal for the frequency of visits. The study confirms the often-mentioned explanatory factors of reduced city-centre performance and highlights a complex, fragile, context-dependent relationship. Hence, it advances our understanding of the performance of city centres and how cities' spatial structures establish behavioural conditions.The relationship of the city centre to its surroundings: Correlations between urban spatial structures and inhabitants' frequency of city-centre visits in four Norwegian citiespublishedVersio