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Cognitive technology development and end-user involvement in the Norwegian petroleum industry – Human factors missing or not?
Full text linkG.B. Sætren, J. Ernstsen, R. Phillips, E.G. Aulie, H.C. Stenhammer, Cognitive technology development and end-user involvement in the Norwegian petroleum industry – Human factors missing or not?, Safety Science, Volume 170, 2024, 106337, ISSN 0925-7535, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106337.The petroleum industry is a high-hazard industry depending on reliable technical solutions. The industry tends to use increasingly advanced technologies including machine learning technology with increased difficulties for end users to keep abreast of how these technologies work. Thus, our research question was: How are end users involved in the development and implementation of cognitive technologies in the Norwegian petroleum industry to contribute to safe and reliable technical solutions? We used a qualitative explorative approach, with semistructured interviews with 31 informants from 10 companies. Thematic analysis revealed the categories ‘technology focus’, ‘understanding of end-user involvement versus end users’ actual involvement’, ‘lack of access to end users’, ‘lack of human factors methods in early phases’, and ‘lack of official rules and regulations’. Findings show that during the earlier phases of designing algorithms and training data, end users are hardly involved. Regarding later phases with offshore testing, implementation, use, and improvement, end users are much more integrated in the process.Cognitive technology development and end-user involvement in the Norwegian petroleum industry – Human factors missing or not?publishedVersio
The three A's of social capital in crises: Challenges with the availability, accessibility and activatability of social support
No full textMaira Schobert, Kati Orru, Friedrich Gabel, Kristi Nero, Peter Windsheimer, Margo Klaos, Tor-Olav Nævestad, The three A's of social capital in crises: Challenges with the availability, accessibility and activatability of social support, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Volume 92, 2023, 103704, ISSN 2212-4209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103704.(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221242092300184X)Social capital has become a major factor for analysing vulnerabilities and resilience in the context of disaster studies in recent years. Usually, it is studied along its three forms of bonding, bridging, and linking social capital, and it is often framed as a static characteristic that a person either has at his or her disposal or not. Based on the results of case studies conducted in Germany and Estonia focusing on four different crises (floods in Germany; long-term disruption of electricity due to a major storm in Estonia; a cyber-attack in Estonia; as well as the COVID-19 pandemic in both countries) we claim that this description and analysis of social capital does not allow for a comprehensive understanding of all the challenges disaster management has to deal with to decrease vulnerabilities and increase resilience. Using qualitative content analysis, we present a heuristic framework which not only asks whether bonding, bridging, and linking social capital is available to individuals, but also whether social capital is accessible and activatable when responding to or recovering from a disaster. In doing so, the paper helps to improve the overall usability of official or unofficial social support to cope with crises.The three A's of social capital in crises: Challenges with the availability, accessibility and activatability of social supportpublishedVersio
Prospective life cycle assessment of sodium-ion batteries made from abundant elements
No full textWickerts, S., Arvidsson, R., Nordelöf, A., Svanström, M., & Johansson, P. (2024). Prospective life cycle assessment of sodium-ion batteries made from abundant elements. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 28, 116–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13452Batteries are enablers for reducing fossil-fuel dependency and climate-change impacts. In this study, a prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) of large-scale production of two different sodium-ion battery (SIB) cells is performed with a cradle-to-gate system boundary. The SIB cells modeled have Prussian white cathodes and hard carbon anodes based only on abundant elements and thus constitute potentially preferable options to current lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells from a mineral resource scarcity point of view. The functional unit was 1 kWh theoretical electricity storage capacity, and the specific energy density of the cells was 160 Wh/kg. Data for the cathode active material come from a large-scale facility under construction and data for the SIB cell production is based on a large-scale LIB cell gigafactory. For other SIB cell materials, prospective inventory data was obtained from a generic eight-step procedure developed, which can be used by other LCA practitioners. The results show that both SIB cells indeed have considerably lower mineral resource scarcity impacts than nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC)-type LIB cells in a cradle-to-gate perspective, while their global warming impacts are on par. Main recommendations to SIB manufacturers are to source fossil-free electricity for cell production and use hard carbon anodes based on lignin instead of phenolic resin. Additionally, since none of the assessed electrolytes had clearly lower cradle-to-gate impacts than any other, more research into SIB electrolyte materials with low environmental and resource impacts should be prioritized. An improvement of the SIB cell production model would be to obtain large-scale production data specific to SIB cells.Prospective life cycle assessment of sodium-ion batteries made from abundant elementsacceptedVersio
Public Transport Use on Trip Chains: Exploring Various Mode Choice Determinants
Full text linkLunke, Erik Bjørnson, and Øystein Engebretsen. 2023. “Public Transport Use on Trip Chains: Exploring Various Mode Choice Determinants.” Findings, April. https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.74112. Authors must agree that the following will be binding upon article acceptance when submitting a manuscript to a Findings sections for consideration: I hereby grant to the journal the nonexclusive, royalty-free right to distribute, display, and archive this work in a digital and/or print format during the full term of copyright. I warrant that I have the copyright to make this grant to the journal unencumbered and complete. Authors are responsible for obtaining permission to reproduce copyrighted material from other sources. Following publication, the author’s rights will be protected under Creative Commons License Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license CC BY-SA 4.0.The purpose of the study is to explore the relative influence of different measures of accessibility, public transport quality and local density on trip chain mode choice. This study uses data from the National Travel Survey in Norway and develops a logistic regression model on the choice between public transport and car on daily trip chains. Results show that the most important factors in explaining the use of public transport are 1) the travel time competitiveness of public transport versus the car, 2) parking restrictions, 3) centrality of trip chain destinations, and 4) waiting time between departures.publishedVersio
A comparative analysis of accident modification functions for traffic law enforcement
Full text linkRune Elvik, A comparative analysis of accident modification functions for traffic law enforcement, Accident Analysis & Prevention,
Volume 195, 2024, 107415, ISSN 0001-4575, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2023.107415.Traffic law enforcement is a road safety measure whose effects on accidents or injuries is best described by means of a function rather than a point estimate. An informative function should comprise both increases and decreases in enforcement. Currently available accident modification functions cannot serve this need. A fruitful approach to developing accident modification functions covering both increases and decreases in enforcement is differences-in-differences estimates based on multivariate accident prediction models. The paper explains how to develop such estimates and illustrates them. The interpretation of the results of empirical studies can be informed by a game-theoretic model of the effects of enforcement, previously published in Accident Analysis and Prevention (Bjørnskau and Elvik 1992, 507–520).A comparative analysis of accident modification functions for traffic law enforcementpublishedVersio
How do we know vulnerability when we see it? An approach to integrating ethical reflections into empirical disaster research
No full textMaira Schobert, Marco Krüger, Friedrich Gabel, Kati Orru, Tor-Olav Nævestad, Alexandra Olson, Abriel Schieffelers,
How do we know vulnerability when we see it? An approach to integrating ethical reflections into empirical disaster research,
International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Volume 97, 2023, 104049, ISSN 2212-4209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.104049.While ethics assessments have become a standard in many research areas as well as in disaster studies, the tools used to reflect on normative issues remain in many cases underspecified. In this article, we seek to provide an example of how to integrate ethics into an inter- and transdisciplinary research consortium. Disaster research regularly engages with sensitive issues. More often than not, it deals with vulnerability, marginalisation and (lacking) societal coping capacities. Those who provide us with information are in many cases those who suffered from the events we analyse. This situation creates the moral obligation for disaster researchers to reflect their work. While normative questions certainly differ between research projects, we hold that some principles are highly transferable – particularly within the field of disaster research. The article proceeds in three steps: First, and after briefly arguing for the importance of ethics in disaster research, we present the ethics framework developed in the project. Second, we sketch out how we transferred this framework into the practical research setting. Third, we reflect particular ethical challenges we witnessed in the research process. Rather than providing a one-size-fits-all approach, we hope to fuel the debate about the reflection of normative issues in disaster research.How do we know vulnerability when we see it? An approach to integrating ethical reflections into empirical disaster researchacceptedVersio
Exploring changes in residential preference during COVID-19: Implications to contemporary urban planning
Full text linkThe advent of the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent lockdown has reshuffled our daily routines and activity spaces. The home and its immediate environment have attained a critical role in coping with the confinement both as living, working and recreational space. Drawing on a longitudinal survey from greater Oslo, we analyze shifts in residential preferences amidst COVID-19. Given the pandemic induced movement restrictions, we pay special attention to the mediating role of perceived accessibility on the link between several sociodemographic/locational/housing characteristics on preference shifts. Amidst a drop in perceived accessibility, outdoor assets like gardens or balconies, and motility by car and public transport are amongst the residential and locational amenities that have gained most in people’s considerations for a new dwelling peri-pandemically. Dwelling satisfaction and preferences with regard to neighborhood density, dwelling size, and work-proximity, have remained largely unchanged despite a clear trend towards more teleworking. Our results can be understood as a nod of approval to contemporary compact urban planning. Nonetheless challenges as to bolstering its resilience still linger and more needs to be done to mitigate the inequalities in (perceived) access to in-home, near-home, and mobility assets that we have also observed to have (re)-immerged in the wake of the pandemic.Exploring changes in residential preference during COVID-19: Implications to contemporary urban planningpublishedVersio
How ‘within-regime’ tensions can create windows of opportunity for new mobility services
No full textJørgen Aarhaug, Andreas Kokkvoll Tveit, How ‘within-regime’ tensions can create windows of opportunity for new mobility services, Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, Volume 49, 2023, 100784, ISSN 2210-4224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2023.100784.Often described as a difficult sector to transition, mobility has been the focus of much research within sustainability transitions. In transition studies, a window of opportunity (WoO) for new technologies often results from exogenous developments. This study draws on the political science perspective of multilevel governance to conceptualise mechanisms that create WoOs. Examining the introduction of two emerging mobility technologies (e-scooters and mobility-as-a-service), we argue that within-regime tensions arising from existing multi-tiered institutions and policies may contain latent WoOs. Our findings suggest that how a new technology is positioned vis-à-vis established institutions affects its ability to reach market. Actors that position new technology against a different tier of government than those who are embedded with existing technologies face less opposition during introduction. Moreover, because digital technologies are less scale dependant, such technologies may allow actors more freedom concerning how they position their service in relation to the established institutions.How ‘within-regime’ tensions can create windows of opportunity for new mobility servicespublishedVersio
“Game over” for autonomous shuttles in mixed traffic? Results from field surveys among pedestrians and cyclists on how they interact with autonomous shuttles in real-life traffic in Norway
No full textTorkel Bjørnskau, Ole Aasvik, Tim De Ceunynck, Aslak Fyhri, Marjan Hagenzieker, Carl Johnsson, Aliaksei Laureshyn, “Game over” for autonomous shuttles in mixed traffic? Results from field surveys among pedestrians and cyclists on how they interact with autonomous shuttles in real-life traffic in Norway, Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Volume 18, 2023,100781, ISSN 2590-1982, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2023.100781.publishedVersio
The Scientific Foundation for Impacts Estimation in Transportation Appraisal: A Literature Review
No full textHolmen, Rasmus Bøgh; Hansen, Wiljar, 2024. The Scientific Foundation for Impacts Estimation in Transportation Appraisal: A Literature Revie. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. 57 (3), 247-298, https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/lse/jtep/2023/00000057/00000003/art00005Public guide lines for transportation appraisal consider a wide range of impacts of spatial measures with focus on transportation investments. Although the appraisal frame works in the guide lines are based on a sub stantial scientific lit er a ture, few studies map the literature systematically. In this review, we provide a systematic over view of the scientific foundation for the pres ence and quantification of a large variety of impacts in transportation appraisal. We focus on immature parts of the literature that address impacts considered to be of potentially large magnitude, but that are commonly excluded from cost-benefit analyses interalia due to uncertainty.The Scientific Foundation for Impacts Estimation in Transportation Appraisal: A Literature ReviewacceptedVersio