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Internationalization in the Baltic Regional Accounts: A NUTS 3 Region Dataset
No full textHolmen, R. B., Gavoille, N., Masso, J., & Burinskas, A. (2023). Internationalization in the Baltic Regional Accounts: A NUTS 3 Region Dataset. Data, 8(12), 181. https://doi.org/10.3390/data8120181Abstract Features of internationalization, such as trade, foreign direct investments, and international migration, are crucial for understanding the economic developments of small and open economies. However, studying internationalization at the country level may obscure significant heterogeneity in its relationship with economic growth and other economic and social outcomes. Regional accounts provide insights into the geography of internationalization, but collections of such disaggregated statistics are rarely provided by statistical bureaus. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we demonstrate how regional account data, including internationalization indicators, can be constructed to obtain consistent and homogeneous regional-level series using a combination of micro and macro data sources. Second, our aim is to foster spatial research on internationalization and the spatial economy in the Baltics by providing comprehensive data collection of socio-economic variables at the NUTS 3 regional level over time. This collection encompasses trade, FDI, and migration, enabling the study of internationalization and other features of the Baltic economy. We present a series of key features, revealing noticeable correlation patterns between regional development and internationalization.Internationalization in the Baltic Regional Accounts: A NUTS 3 Region DatasetThe research is funded by Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway through the EEA Grants. Project Title: The Economic Integration of The Nordic-Baltic Region Through Labor, Innovation, Investments and Trade (LIFT). The project contract with the Research Council of Lithuania (LMTLT) No is S-BMT-21-7 (LT08-2-LMTK-01-070).publishedVersio
Karbonpriser til bruk i nyttekostnadsanalyser i Norge
Full text linkI samfunnsøkonomiske analyser er det ofte behov for å sette en pris på klimagassutslipp, en såkalt karbonpris. Karbonprisens utvikling over tid kalles en karbonprisbane. I denne analysen diskuterer vi hvor høy karbonprisbanen bør være og hvor raskt den bør vokse, gitt nasjonale og globale klimamål. Diskusjonen bygger på en gjennomgang av internasjonale modellstudier av karbonprisbaner konsistente med 1,5-gradersmålet. Resultatene i disse studiene spriker en del, men gjennomgående ligger karbonprisene vesentlig høyere enn Finansdepartementets anbefalte karbonpriser, spesielt etter 2030. Fram mot 2030 har Norge flere utslippsmål, og vi diskuterer argumenter for og imot ulike karbonpriser for kvotepliktige og ikke-kvotepliktige utslipp.Karbonpriser til bruk i nyttekostnadsanalyser i NorgepublishedVersio
Techno-economic modeling of zero-emission marine transport with hydrogen fuel and superconducting propulsion system: Case study of a passenger ferry
No full textMasih Mojarrad, Mehdi Zadeh, Kenneth Løvold Rødseth, Techno-economic modeling of zero-emission marine transport with hydrogen fuel and superconducting propulsion system: Case study of a passenger ferry, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 48, Issue 71, 2023, Pages 27427-27440, ISSN 0360-3199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.03.438.This paper proposes a techno-economic model for a high-speed hydrogen ferry. The model can describe the system properties i.e. energy demand, weight, and daily operating expenses of the ferry. A novel aspect is the consideration of superconductivity as a measure for cost saving in the setting where liquid hydrogen (LH2) can be both coolant and fuel. We survey different scenarios for a high-speed ferry that could carry 300 passengers. The results show that, despite higher energy demand, compressed hydrogen gas is more economical compared with LH2 for now; however, constructing large-scale hydrogen liquefaction plants make it competitive in the future. Moreover, compressed hydrogen gas is restricted to a shorter distance while LH2 makes longer distances possible, and whenever LH2 is accessible, using a superconducting propulsion system has a beneficial impact on both energy and cost savings. These effects strengthen if the operational time or the weight of the ferry increases.Techno-economic modeling of zero-emission marine transport with hydrogen fuel and superconducting propulsion system: Case study of a passenger ferrypublishedVersio
E-scooters' Impact on Accessibility for People with Visual Impairment or Impaired Mobility in Urban Areas in Norway
Full text linkKarlsen, Katrine, Kjell Vegard Fjeldheim Weyde, Anja Fleten Nielsen, and Trine Dale. 2023. “E-Scooters’ Impact on Accessibility for People with Visual Impairment or Impaired Mobility in Urban Areas in Norway.” Findings, June. https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.77895.How do e-scooters impact accessibility in urban areas for people with visual impairment or impaired mobility? We conducted two surveys among members of the Norwegian Association of the Blind and Partially Sighted and the Norwegian Association of Disabled. Results show that many are hindered by parked escooters, particularly on sidewalks, and most feel unsafe when interacting with escooter riders. More than half use more time on trips in urban areas due to escooters, while some avoid specific areas or even whole trips. Feeling unsafe and experiencing e-scooters as obstacles is associated with needing more time on trips or avoiding areas/trips.acceptedVersio
Innovation and long-term planning in public policy: the case of national road safety plans in Norway
Full text linkElvik, R., Nævestad, T.-O., Milch, V., Bugge, M., Endresen Normann, H., & Skogli, E. (2023). Innovation and long-term planning in public policy: the case of national road safety plans in Norway. Traffic Safety Research, 5, 000030. https://doi.org/10.55329/egcn2801Vision Zero was adopted as the long-term ideal for transport safety in Norway in 2001.Starting in 2002, national road safety action plans covering a period of four years have been developed.This paper identifies innovative elements in these plans and explores the statistical relationship betweeninnovation and the number of killed or seriously injured road users over time. A statistical relationshipis found, but it is noisy and cannot be interpreted as a causal relationship. We show how road safetypolicy has become upgraded and more systematic over time, and that these developments co-exist witha gradual reduction in number of severe injuries and deaths. Important innovative elements are relatedto the process of policy development, which now ensures a much broader mobilisation, consensus andcommitment to improving road safety than before the action plans were introduced (i.e. before 2002).publishedVersio
Tax regimes, investment subsidies and the green transformation of the maritime industry
No full textJostein Tvedt, Tor Wergeland, Tax regimes, investment subsidies and the green transformation of the maritime industry, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Volume 119, 2023, 103741, ISSN 1361-9209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.103741.Maritime nations aim at establishing an environmentally sustainable shipping industry by 2050. We use insight from real options theory to target tax reforms that may facilitate the industry’s transformation to sustainability. We demonstrate that a zero-cost tax package, which includes subsidies on green investments and a return to a regular income tax regime, can reduce investment thresholds. “Flags of convenience” and tonnage tax systems do not contribute to the sharing of risk between shipowners and governments. From a shipowner’s perspective a higher degree of risk sharing reduces the value of waiting to invest, which may shift an individual investment decision towards a sustainable optimum level.publishedVersio
Accessibility in a multi-ethnic city: Residental trade-offs among first-time parents
No full textPublished by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)Public transport accessibility is necessary to avoid transport disadvantage and car dependency. This study investigates how trade-offs between public transport accessibility, house size and the ethnic variation of neighbourhoods vary among residentially relocating first-time parents in the multi-ethnic Oslo region. The study employs structural equation models and observes two main patterns. First, households with higher income face, as expected, more opportunities and a reduced need to make difficult trade-offs. Second, as compared to immigrants, native Norwegians have a greater preference for spacious housing and ethnically uniform neighbourhoods, which leads to lower public transport accessibility levels. The results show how traditional theories of urban attractiveness and transport inequality are complicated in multi-ethnic cities. This knowledge is useful for policy makers developing policies intended to ensure a just transition to low-emission mobility.Accessibility in a multi-ethnic city: Residental trade-offs among first-time parentspublishedVersio
Spatial characteristics of unpleasant cycling experiences
No full textTineke de Jong, Aslak Fyhri, Spatial characteristics of unpleasant cycling experiences, Journal of Transport Geography, Volume 112, 2023, 103646, ISSN 0966-6923, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103646.The relationship between cycling and spatial characteristics has focused more on push & pull factors, such as distance and time between A and B, rather than on the actual experience of cycling on the route between A and B. Several studies have examined cycling experiences, and their geospatial relations, but few have linked the two in a quantitative matter. In this paper we provide insight into urban spaces are related to unpleasant experiences, and how this affects perceived safety and the degree of avoidance of these places. Hereto, this study has carried out, mapped, and examined a unique database consisting of the results of a map-based survey of 808 experiences reported by 641 cyclists in the city of Oslo, which were related to their geospatial aspects (including aspects of land use, transport network measures, and geographical aspects) in Geographic Information System (GIS). We use a novel methodological approach by using GPS-based route choice data, to account for differences in exposure. Our findings show that unpleasant experiences while cycling happens in a wide range of places spread over the city. The geographic variables correlated to these experiences were related to public transport infrastructures, places where pedestrians and cyclists used combined roads and higher road speed limits, higher levels of road traffic, and a high employment density. The higher length of a road section in the network, was related to fewer negative experiences, indicating that they are related to intersections. In general, those with lower weekly amounts of cycling were more likely to feel unsafe or to avoid specific places. The findings have implications for integrated transport and spatial planning.Spatial characteristics of unpleasant cycling experiencesacceptedVersio
Screening or constraining? The relationship between participation and target achievement in transboundary air pollution treaties
No full textEnforcement and management scholars alike expect that countries participating in an international agreement will more likely achieve predetermined targets than nonparticipating countries will. The management school ascribes this expected association to a constraining effect of the treaty; the enforcement school ascribes it to a screening effect. If the latter conjecture is correct, the association between participation and target achievement should significantly weaken (or even vanish) when controlling for targets' ambition level and other confounding factors. We test this hypothesis on a new dataset comprising three protocols under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). Our results suggest that the positive association between participation and target achievement is robust to controlling for confounding factors; hence, our data suggests that these CLRTAP protocols have indeed constrained participating states.Screening or constraining? The relationship between participation and target achievement in transboundary air pollution treatiespublishedVersio
Behavioural Profiling of Cycling and Walking in Nine European Cities
No full textThis article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).To ensure cities’ livability, a significant modal shift from car use towards more sustainable modes of transportation, such as walking and cycling, is required. To establish such a modal shift, a better understanding is needed of the psychological components that affect people’s likelihood of shifting to active transport modes. To this end, a behavioural survey was conducted among more than 2000 respondents across nine European cities in four countries. Using factor and cluster analysis, two groups of respondents are identified that have common determinants of their variations in intentions to shift to active transport modes, i.e., a “pro-cycling” cluster (55.6% of the respondents) and a “non-pro-cycling” cluster (44.4%). The findings highlight the intrinsically different nature of walking and cycling as transport modes, underlining the importance of distinguishing walking and cycling policies. The main obstacle to cycle more frequently is perceived traffic safety. Therefore, the main priority should be the improvement of traffic safety. The most important obstacle hindering more frequent walking is time. Hence, reducing travel time, for instance, by creating shortcuts for pedestrians and denser and more diversified urban areas will be an important strategy. Future research could extend this research to cities in other countries and regions. By repeating the survey periodically, changes in people’s motivations and perceived barriers can be analysed over time.Behavioural Profiling of Cycling and Walking in Nine European CitiespublishedVersio