Institutt for samfunnsforskning - Vitenarkiv
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Politisk tillit, lokaldemokrati og legitimitet : Kunnskapsstatus og utviklingstrekk
Get PDFDenne rapporten, som er den første rapporten av to i regi av prosjektet Forskning på demokrati og tillit og politisk ulikhet, belyser politisk tillit ut fra en overordnet hensikt om å gi en nærmere teoretisk og empirisk forståelse av hva politisk tillit er, hva som betinger politisk tillit, og hvordan politisk tillit er fordelt mellom ulike befolkningsgrupper i Norge. Dette gjør vi på to måter. Først går vi gjennom eksisterende internasjonal og norsk forskning, for dermed å gi en oversikt over den kunnskapen som allerede finnes om politisk tillit. Deretter gjør vi en empirisk deskriptiv analyse av status og utviklingen i den norske befolkningens politiske tillit til lokaldemokratiet, dets institusjoner og aktører. At analysene har et deskriptivt siktemål, innebærer at vi legger vekt på generelle mønstre. Det betyr samtidig at det ligger utenfor denne rapportens siktemål å empirisk belyse årsaksforklaringer.publishedVersio
Philosophies of integration? Elite views on citizenship policies in Scandinavia
Get PDFResearch on the ‘civic turn’ in European citizenship policies suggests that concerns over immigrant integration have fueled the restrictive development of citizenship policies in recent decades. However, few efforts have been made to explore the normative ideas underlying this development. Departing from Favell’s (1998) influential concept of ‘philosophies of integration’, this article draws on elite-interviews with top-level bureaucrats, politicians and citizenship experts in the Scandinavian countries and explores how ideas about nationhood and integration have influenced the divergence in citizenship policies in the region, and what overall purpose the policy-changes reflect. We find that, especially in Denmark, the gradual introduction of ever more demanding civic integration requirements appears to be a part of the broader aim of controlling the inflow of migrants and not to enhance the integration of those already present in the country. Conversely, the Swedish liberal approach to citizenship, which regularly has been analyzed as a steppingstone to societal integration, might in reality have been a reflection of benign neglect. In Norway, immigrant integration has clearly been part of the underlying rationale for changes in naturalization requirements, yet the control dimension have played an increasingly important role. These findings suggests that, although the citizenship institution remains important in nation states’ efforts to solve their ‘ethnic dilemmas’, the underlying rationale behind policy-change is more multifaceted than previously understood.publishedVersio
The dilemma of gender equality: How labor market regulation divides women by class
Get PDFWomen shoulder a heavier burden of family work than men in modern society, preventing them from matching male success in the external labor market. Limiting working hours is a plausible way to level the playing field by creating the possibility of less gendered roles for both sexes. But why then are heavily regulated European labor markets associated with a smaller share of women in top management positions compared with liberal market economies such as in the United States? We explain this puzzle with reference to the difficulty of ambitious women to signal their commitment to high-powered careers in regulated markets.publishedVersio
Participation sociale de mères immigrées avec des enfants ayant des besoins spéciaux et politiques éducatives. Une étude qualitative norvégienne auprès de parents immigrés
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Bedre sent enn aldri? Hvordan sen fullføring av videregående skole påvirker tidlig karriere
Get PDFFår ungdom i Norden som fullfører videregående skole mellom 21 og 28 års alder bedre tilgang til arbeidsmarkedet enn de som ikke har fullført ved 28? Vi finner at de som har fullført innen 28 års alder, har 12-15 prosentpoeng lavere sannsynlighet for å være NEET (Not in Employment, Education or Training) enn de som ikke har fullført. Når vi kontrollerer for sosioøkonomisk bakgrunn og særlig for tidlige skole-til-arbeid overganger mellom 16 og 20 år forsvinner mye av forskjellene mellom land, men fortsatt gjenstår de fleste av forskjellene mellom de som fullfører sent og de som ikke fullfører.publishedVersio
Children and labor market outcomes: separating the effects of the first three children
Get PDFWe use miscarriage as a biological shock to fertility to estimate the effect of the first three children on women’s and men’s labor market outcomes. For women, we find that the effect is almost the same for the first, second and third child in the short run. The reduction in female earnings in the three first years after birth is on average 28 percent for the first child, 29 percent for the second child and 22 percent for the third child. The reduction is caused by drops in labor supply at the intensive margin and the extensive margin, concentrated among women in the middle part of the income distribution. There is considerable catching up after five years, but effects of the first two children persist ten years later, although they are imprecisely estimated. For men, we find evidence of increased labor supply and earnings after the first two children. We also find indications that having the first child increases take-up of health-related welfare benefits, such as disability insurance, for women, and that having a second and/or a third child increases couple stability.publishedVersio
A gender-generation gap in political representation? The contingent impact of preference voting in Norwegian municipal elections
Get PDFThe article analyses the impact of preference votes on the gender balance in municipal councils in Norway, and to what extent this impact varies with candidates’ age, party and local context. We compare actual representation with a hypothetical closed-list outcome. The analyses show that both local political representation and the impact of preference votes are characterised by a gender-generation gap. Older women are underrepresented, while young women are represented on equal terms with young men. Young female candidates benefit from preference voting in larger municipalities, whereas the older generation of women loses out in both large and small municipalities. In conclusion, we argue that an intersectionality approach should pay more attention to variables other than ethnicity, including age and local context. Moreover, research on gender and political representation should take into account a gender-generation perspective.publishedVersio
To forskjellige hjem – Barn om delt bosted
Get PDFNorsk familieliv har endret seg vesentlig siden Gullestads studie Kitchen Table Society (1984). Artikkelen beskriver hvordan kulturelle modeller for likestilt familie, fellesskap og tilhørighet blir forhandlet om gjennom det praktiske arbeidet med å skape et hjem for barn med delt bosted etter foreldrenes samlivsbrudd. Hjem viser til lokalitet, materialitet og temporært organisert samvær og hverdagsoppgaver. Hjem betyr også komplekse sosiale og emosjonelle familierelasjoner. Yngre barn forstår gjerne rettferdighet som likhet i betydning av å dele likt, og begrunner at de liker bo-ordningen med at dette er rettferdig for foreldrene. De er også opptatt av at foreldrene skal tenke på hva som er det beste for barnet, og at barnet skal ha medbestemmelse. Det er imidlertid vanskeligere å finne løsninger på disse normene i det daglige, gitt de ofte komplekse praktiske, emosjonelle og relasjonelle rammene de har for familielivet.publishedVersio