Institutt for samfunnsforskning - Vitenarkiv
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Selection Criteria in Refugee Resettlement. Balancing vulnerability and future integration in eight resettlement countries
Get PDFIn this report, we analyze resettlement programs for refugees in eight countries, highlighting the similarities and differences regarding their selection criteria and practices. In addition to Norway, the study includes Australia, the United Kingdom (UK), Canada, France, Germany, Sweden, and the Netherlands. Based on more than 50 in-depth interviews with Norwegian civil servants, non-governmental organization (NGO) representatives, UNHCR staff, and governmental representatives from the countries included in the comparative analysis—along with document studies and an international ad-hoc query—we find that all countries wrestle with balancing principles and pragmatism in their selection practices. That is, although they aim to select those refugees who are most vulnerable, they are also taking into consideration the refugees’ future integration or, at least, ability to cope in the host society. We conclude the report by providing a number of policy recommendations for consideration by Norwegian authorities, based on the data presented in this study and on a review of guidelines and practices in the other seven case countries.publishedVersio
Gråsoner og grenseoverskridelser på nettet: En studie av deltagere i opphetede og aggressive nettdebatter
Get PDFFormålet med denne rapporten er å få mer kunnskap om deltagere i opphetede og aggressive debatter på nettet, og om hva som bidrar til å skape slike debatter. Den tar for seg åpne debatter i gråsonen, hvor det er et spekter av ytringer, fra ytringer som de fleste vil være enige i at er grenseoverskridende og normbrytende, til ytringer som er mer tvetydige, og som er i grenseland til å være aggressive og fiendtlige i den grad at de er ødeleggende for debatten. Rapporten undersøker blant annet hvem som deltar i slike debatter, hvorfor de deltar, og hvordan de selv forstår og begrunner uttrykksformene sine. Rapporten er basert på en spørreundersøkelse rettet mot befolkningen og på kvalitative intervjuer med deltagere i opphetede debatter.publishedVersio
Generosity in Times of Crisis. Norwegian helping behaviors during the corona pandemic
No full textThe corona pandemic has thrown the world into a health crisis that has had devastating effects on the global economy and public life in many countries. Little is known about how people have responded to two competing pressures caused by the crisis in many countries: increased community need coupled with decreased financial capacity to help others. We surveyed 4,003 Norwegians between May and June 2020 to understand how their generosity behaviors manifested and changed during the corona pandemic. By generosity we mean all forms of behavior that people engage in with the intention of benefiting others (including people, animals, and environments). Two key findings emerged: 1. 28% of Norwegian adults contributed by engaging in one or more corona-related helping activities during four weeks of the first and second waves of the pandemic. 2. The key contributions that voluntary organisations made during the corona-crisis were provision of advice and information, as well as social and cultural activities. Managerial Implications. Voluntary organizations and nonprofit welfare providers may wish to: • Reach out with information about protective measures, testing, vaccines and how to get assistance to people in general and in particular to groups with special needs, including people with low skills in Norwegian language or that have little trust in government. • Organize social and cultural activities for people who are isolated or who have limited social networks, such as elderly, students or people with disabilities. Unmet mental and social needs can have long-term consequences. • Assist vulnerable groups, such as people without work or immigration documents, homeless and substance abusers, that the public sector may be less able to reach. Policy Implications. Governments may wish to: • Collaborate with voluntary organizations that can coordinate volunteers to distribute information, food and medicine. • Build up networks with organizations that can contribute to cover mental and social needs by organizing cultural or social activities and human contact. • Involve organizations to assist people that have low levels of trust in government or lack language skills, or who are excluded from social security benefits. This will help to avoid gaps in distribution of information and humanitarian aidpublishedVersio
The dynamics of gender earnings differentials: Evidence from establishment data
Get PDFDespite dramatic workforce gains by women in recent decades, a substantial gender earnings gap persists and widens over the course of men’s and women’s careers. Since there are earnings differences across establishments, a key question is the extent to which the widening of the gender pay gap over time arises from differences in career advances within the same establishment versus differential gains from job-to-job moves across establishments. Using a unique match between the 2000 Decennial Census of the United States and the Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics (LEHD) data, we find that both channels are important and affect workers differently by education. For the college-educated the increasing gap is for the most part due to differential earnings growth within establishment. The between-establishment component explains only 27 percent of the widening of the total gender pay gap for this group. For workers without college degree, the establishment component is the main driver of the, relatively small, widening of the gender earnings gap. For both education groups, marriage plays a crucial role in the establishment component of the increasing earnings gap.acceptedVersio
Gender differences and similarities in work preferences: Results from a factorial survey experiment
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Hva mener befolkningen om ytringsfrihetens grenser?
Get PDFI denne publikasjonen tar vi for oss noen nøkkelspørsmål knyttet til vilkårene for ytringsfrihet i befolkningen. Vi undersøker hvor ulike grupper trekker grensene for hva slags ytringer som kan aksepteres, hvordan opinionsklimaet oppleves, samt folks erfaringer med ubehagelige kommentarer og trusler. Til sammen kan analysene gi en forståelse av hvilke grenser befolkningen setter for hva som er akseptable ytringer, hvordan de opplever sin egen ytringsfrihet, og hva omfanget av erfart netthets er i ulike grupper. Vi kan også se hvordan disse forholdene har endret seg over tid.publishedVersio
Local Immigration and Support for Anti-Immigration Parties: A Meta-Analysis
Get PDFDoes the share of immigrants in a community influence whether people vote for anti-immigration parties? We conduct a systematic review of the causal inference literature studying this question. We collect estimates from 20 studies and develop a new Bayesian meta-analysis framework to account for both between-study heterogeneity in effect sizes and the possibility of reporting bias. Although meta-analysis methods that do not adjust for reporting bias suggest a moderate effect of local immigration, our Bayesian model finds that the effect of local immigration on far-right voting is on average negligible once we account for reporting bias. However, the analysis also reveals a large heterogeneity in effects across contexts, suggesting that local immigration may be important for anti-immigration vote shares in certain settings.publishedVersio
Lønns- og karriereutvikling blant høyt utdannede i Norge, 2004–2019
Get PDFDenne rapporten presenterer analyser av lønnsutviklingen for høyt utdannede i perioden 2004–2019. Hensikten er å gi en beskrivelse av lønnsnivået og -utviklingen for forskere i offentlig og privat sektor i perioden og å sammenligne dem med høyt utdannede i tilsvarende sektorer som ikke er forskere. Alle analysene er basert på administrative registerdata fra Statistisk sentralbyrå. I analysene fokuserer vi for det første på forskjeller i timelønn mellom seks ulike yrkes kategorier: forskere i offentlig sektor, forskere i privat sektor, forskere i helseforetakene, andre høyt utdannede i det offentlige, andre høyt utdannede i det private og andre høyt utdannede i helseforetakene. For det andre studerer vi lønnsforskjeller mellom universitetsansatte og ansatte ved private og offentlige forsknings- og utviklingsinstitusjoner samt ansatte ved private og offentlige høyskoler. For det tredje analyserer vi lønnsutviklingen gjennom karrieren for høyt utdannede. Resultatene viser at lønnsnivået er lavest for høyt utdannede som er ansatt i offentlig sektor. Sammenlignet med alle de andre yrkeskategoriene har de statsansatte forskerne forverret sin relative posisjon i lønnsfordelingen over tid. Samtidig er lønnsforskjellen mellom høyt utdannede i privat og offentlig sektor som ikke er forskere, relativt stabil gjennom hele perioden. Menn har i snitt høyere lønn enn kvinner i alle våre yrkeskategorier. Lønnsforskjellen mellom kvinner og menn er størst blant de høyt utdannede i privat sektor som ikke er forskere. Forskjellen reduseres noe i løpet av perioden. Innvandrere med høy utdanning har generelt lavere lønn enn norskfødte, men etter 2014 ser det til at innvandrere har forbedret sin posisjon i de fleste yrkesgruppene. Doktorgradsutdannede som gruppe har en høyere timelønn enn masterutdannede gjennom hele yrkeskarrieren, og lønnsutviklingen er relativt lik i de to utdanningsgruppene.publishedVersio
‘Birthplace unknown’: on the symbolic value of the passport for identity-construction among naturalised citizens
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Private Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) in the Nordic Countries: Development and governance of the welfare mix
Get PDFThis report examines the role of private providers of ECEC services in the five Nordic countries: Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland. For each country, we map the ECEC journey from a selective service at the fringes of the welfare state to a universal service at the core of the welfare state. We subsequently analyze the role that non-profit and for-profit providers have played in this development and their position today. We pay special attention to the governing tools used by the Nordic governments to regulate the welfare mix, that is, the division of public, for-profit, and nonprofit providers.publishedVersio