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De la normalisation de l’état d’urgence à sa routinisation ? Une étude empirique des MICAS.
No full textInternational audienceAlready well-documented, the normalization of emergency powers initially rooted in regimes of exception has led to an increase of the Home office’s powers; it has notably allowed the ministry of Interior to restrict individuals’ freedom of movement by house arrest orders as long as such measures are justified by the prevention of terrorism. These new measures – named individual measure of control and surveillance (MICAS) – raise important issues regarding the normalization of emergency powers and their effects on the rule of law : seven years after their creation, how are MICAS used by administrative authorities ? Are the profiles of the individuals they target the same as during the state of emergency ? What is their impact on the articulation of administrative and judiciary antiterrorist policies ? Moreover, what is the level of jurisdictional scrutiny over such measures ? Using the same approach as a previous study during the state of emergency, the present article proposes an exhaustive analysis of the case law pertaining to to MICAS.Déjà bien documentée, la normalisation des dispositifs d’exception issus de l’état d’urgence a conféré au ministère de l’Intérieur le pouvoir d’édicter, en tout temps, des mesures administratives limitant la liberté d’aller et de venir des individus en les assignant à résidence, à condition de démontrer que celles-ci visent à « prévenir la commission d'actes de terrorisme ». Ces nouvelles prérogatives soulèvent une série de questions pour qui s’intéresse à la banalisation de mesures exceptionnelles et ses effets sur l’État de droit : sept ans après la loi SILT du 30 octobre 2017 qui a fait entrer ce dispositif dans le droit commun, quel usage en est-il fait par les autorités ? Les profils ciblés sont-ils les mêmes que pendant l’état d’urgence ? Le brouillage des frontières entre police administrative et police judiciaire en matière antiterroriste s’est-il accentué au profit de la première ? Et surtout, quel est le standard de contrôle juridictionnel qui s’exerce sur ces mesures ? Reprenant la même approche que l’étude menée par une équipe de recherche du CREDOF pendant l’état d’urgence sécuritaire, le présent article analyse le contentieux généré par la mise en œuvre des mesures individuelles de contrôle administratif et de surveillance (MICAS)
33 ans de contentieux devant le CNESER disciplinaire
No full textInternational audienceBasé sur l’ensemble des décisions rendues par le Conseil national de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche (CNESER) statuant en matière disciplinaire entre 1991 et 2023, l’article donne une vue générale du contentieux disciplinaire jugé devant cette juridiction d’appel compétente pour les enseignants-chercheurs et les étudiants.L’évolution du contentieux au cours de ces 33 années d’activité révèle la nature des faits soumis à son appréciation et éclaire sur les voies procédurales empruntées par les requérants. Le bilan qui se dégage de plus de trois décennies d’activité souligne les enjeux auxquels le CNESER disciplinaire est confronté aujourd’hui, alors que lesmodifications significatives apportées à son fonctionnement par une loi de 2019 sont devenues effectives à la fin de l’année 2023
Endometrial immune profiling and precision therapy increase live birth rate after embryo transfer: a randomised controlled trial
No full textInternational audienceDespite advancements in assisted reproductive treatments, 70% of transferred embryos fail to implant successfully, yielding significant personal and global repercussions. One promising avenue of research is to take into account the individual's immune uterine profile in order to tailor treatment and optimise outcomes. This randomised controlled trial represents the initial exploration into the consequences of disregarding the state of the uterine immune environment in infertile women embarking on IVF/ICSI. This randomised controlled open two-arm trial included IVF patients, with assessment of immune endometrial environment and precision therapy before embryo transfer (ET). 493 patients were enrolled from October 2015 to February2023. Endometrial biopsies were collected during the mid-luteal phase. Endometrial immune profiling involves the analysis of cytokine biomarkers in the endometrium. If an immune endometrial dysregulation was diagnosed, a computerised randomisation assigned patients to either a conventional ET (disregarding the immune profile) or a personalised ET (with a precision therapy adapted to the immune profile). The primary analysis focussed on demonstrating the superiority of precision treatments using the modified intent-to-treat population (mITT), excluding patients without ET. The primary endpoint was the live birth rate (LBR) following the first attempt of ET. Among the population, 78% had an endometrial immune dysregulation and were randomised. The mITT analysis showed a significant increase in LBR with precision care compared to conventional care (29.7% vs. 41.4%; OR: 1.68 [1.04-2.73], p=0.036). The positive impact of precision care was particularly noticeable in patients with morphologically suboptimal embryos (LBR: 21.2% vs. 39.6%; OR: 2.12 [1.02-4.41]) or those with a history of two or more failed ET (LBR: 23.4% vs. 48.1%; OR: 3.03 [1.17-7.85]). The data should be interpreted with caution due to inherent structural limitations of human IVF trials. Generalising and empowering our findings would rely on the replication of controlled trials by independent research teams possibly integrating the usage of optimised embryo quality with PGT-A. The regulation of the endometrial immune environment emerges as one of the leading innovative strategies to facilitate embryo implantation and enhance the overall performance of assisted reproductive therapies (ART). Based on these findings, endometrial immune profiling could become an essential part of routine ART practice. clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT02262117
Parameter estimation of hidden Markov models: comparison of EM and quasi-Newton methods with a new hybrid algorithm.
No full textInternational audienceVarious fields, like ecology, speech recognition, and genetics, use Hidden Markov Models (HMM) to model sequences of observations. In these models, the observations do not directly follow a Markov Chain but depend solely on a sequence of hidden states that follow a Markov chain. To estimate the HMM parameters by maximum likelihood, the Baum-Welch algorithm is commonly used. However, this algorithm, which is a particular case of the Expectation-Maximisation (EM) algorithm, converges slowly. Faster alternatives exist, such as direct likelihood maximisation employing quasi-Newton methods (e.g., L-BFGS-B); however, their implementation can be more complex due to challenges in dealing with the presence of bounds on the space of parameters. We propose a novel hybrid algorithm, QNEM, which combines the Baum-Welch algorithm with quasi-Newton methods to leverage their strengths, especially when handling the space of parameters and the speed, in order to optimise procedures. A comparative analysis of algorithms QNEM, Baum-Welch, L-BFGS-B, and an EM acceleration algorithm, SQUAREM is made on various models. We show that QNEM's performance varies by model but is generally faster or equivalent to other methods. QNEM proves to be a promising alternative for parameter estimation in HMMs because of its consistency across all models
Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Rituximab in Patients With Pemphigus Foliaceus Compared With Pemphigus Vulgaris
No full textInternational audienceNo abstract availabl
Nonlinearity and Domain Switching in a 3D‐Printed Architected Ferroelectric
No full textInternational audienceRecent advances in 3D printing have enabled fabrication of architected functional ceramics with tunable functionalities at reduced weight and cost. An essential cornerstone of materials design is to determine structure–property relations. For polycrystalline ferroelectrics, such relationships can be complex due to several microscopic mechanisms, such as lattice strains and/or domain switching, which show nonlinear dependence on external stimuli and are furthermore dependent on grain orientations. For architected materials, these microscopic mechanisms can also be spatially nonuniform. Herein, the development of appropriate methodology is entailed to correlate functional properties of architected ferroelectrics with spatial‐ and orientation‐resolved microscopic mechanisms. Herein, using in situ orientation‐resolved X‐ray microdiffraction, it is shown that nonlinear polarization and strain responses in a 3D‐printed architected ferroelectric are driven by localized progression of non‐180° domain switching, which depends not only on the internal distribution of electric‐field lines but also on the evolving long‐range stress fields resulting from inhomogeneous domain‐switching transformation strains. In this current study, it is indicated that nonlinear behavior in architected ferroelectrics can be effectively tuned by appropriate design of sample geometry, which controls the internal electric‐field distribution in the material
O protagonismo de Gervasia Nunézia Pires dos Santos Neves na direção do Jornal das Senhoras (1853-1855)
No full textInternational audienceAmong the three editor-in-chiefs who led Jornal das Senhoras, Gervasia NunéziaPires dos Santos Neves (1824-1872) was the one who remained in charge of the women's magazine the longest period—two years and seven months. However, she is also the one who received the least recognition compared to her predecessors, Juana Paula Manso deNoronha (1819-1875) and Violante Atabalipa Ximenes de Bivar e Vellasco (1817-1875). Therefore, this article aims to highlight the role of this literary woman in leading a women's magazine in the mid-19th century, as well as the importance of the publication as a forum for dialogue among women in Rio de Janeiro. To this end, we seek to shed light on the work of this editor before, during and after her time as director of Jornal das Senhoras, and then present the role of the women’s magazine as a cultural mediation platform that gave women a voice in the public sphere. In this way, it will be possible to demonstrate how this editor-in-chief continued the same claims initiated by her colleagues in the editorial office, sustaining the publication as a political and symbolic tool in favor of gender equity.Dentre as três redatoras-chefes que atuaram na direção do Jornal das Senhoras, Gervasia Nunézia Pires dos Santos Neves (1824-1872) foi aquela que permaneceu mais tempo na direção da revista feminina - dois anos e sete meses. No entanto, é também a que recebeu menos destaque em comparação às suas antecessoras, Juana Paula Manso de Noronha (1819-1875) e Violante Atabalipa Ximenes de Bivar e Vellasco (1817-1875). Assim, este artigo pretende destacar o protagonismo dessa mulher de letras na direção de uma revista feminina em meados do século XIX, bem como a importância do periódico enquanto espaço de diálogo entre as mulheres no Rio de Janeiro. Para isso, buscamos dar visibilidade à atuação dessa senhora antes, durante e depois da direção do Jornal das Senhoras para, em seguida, apresentar o papel da revista feminina como um suporte de mediação cultural que deu voz às mulheres no espaço público. Desse modo, será possível mostrar como essa redatora-chefe deu continuidade às mesmas reivindicações iniciadas por suas colegas de redação, mantendo o impresso como um mecanismo político e simbólico em prol da equidade de gênero
Record of trace organic contaminants in a river sediment core: From historical wastewater management to historical use
No full textInternational audienc
Entre géomagnétisme et archéologie : études sur la variation séculaire du champ magnétique terrestre à l’Holocène
No full textMy research topic is the secular variation of the geomagnetic field over the last millennia, which I reconstruct by studying the magnetic properties of archaeological baked clays. The general aim is to obtain more reliable geomagnetic models by improving the archaeomagnetic database. Firmly interdisciplinary, my research work has applications both in geomagnetism, on the understanding of the geodynamo processes in the outer core, and in archaeology by providing a new dating tool.My approach is based on the acquisition of new directional and intensity data, the critical analysis of preexisting data and the building of regional secular variation curves using a Bayesian method. Until now, my main projects have focused on the variation in Western Europe and Mexico during the first millennium BCE. I refined the fast variation observed at this period in relation to the Levantine Iron Age anomaly. These research activities were possible thanks to a large collaborative network in archaeology. They led me to lead several scientific projects and (co-)supervise Master and PhD students. I have also collective responsibilities at the laboratory.In the coming years, my main study area will be sub-Saharan Africa, a key region for understanding the dynamics of the modern field but with a very poor data coverage. I will work in the Horn of Africa and in West Africa on archaeological sites, associated to the emergence of first production societies and to iron metallurgy respectively. In Western Europe, I aim to obtain a high-resolution knowledge of the secular variation over the last eight millennia by extending the local curves to the Neolithic. These two projects, which require to study new types of baked archaeological materials, will help to constrain the possible range of amplitude of the secular variation, to reconstruct the history of the South Atlantic anomaly, to test the stability of the current organization of flows at the surface of the core and to put into perspective the current decrease of the dipole moment in the longer-term variation of the geomagnetic field.Later, I plan to focus my research on the study of the variation over the last glacial/interglacial cycle by studying volcanic flows, archaeological structures and mainly marine sediments.Mes activités de recherche portent sur la variation séculaire du champ géomagnétique aux derniers millénaires que je reconstruis grâce à l’étude des propriétés magnétiques des terres cuites archéologiques. Elles s’inscrivent dans la perspective d’obtenir des modèles géomagnétiques globaux plus fiables en améliorant la base de données archéomagnétiques. Résolument interdisciplinaires, mes travaux ont des applications à la fois en géomagnétisme sur la compréhension du fonctionnement de la géodynamo dans le noyau externe et en archéologie en apportant un nouvel outil de datation.Mon approche s’appuie sur l’acquisition de nouvelles données de direction et d’intensité, l’analyse critique des données préexistantes et la construction de courbes de variation séculaire régionales par une méthode bayésienne. Jusqu’à présent, mes principaux travaux portaient sur la variation au premier millénaire av. J.-C. en Europe occidentale et au Mexique. J’ai pu préciser la variation très forte et rapide observée à cette période en relation avec l’anomalie levantine de l’âge du Fer. Ces travaux ont été possibles grâce à l’établissement d’un important réseau de collaborations en archéologie. Ils m’ont amené à diriger plusieurs projets scientifiques et à(co-)encadrer des stagiaires et doctorants. J’exerce également des responsabilités collectives.Dans les années à venir, mes principaux projets se situent en Afrique subsaharienne, une région-clé pour comprendre la dynamique du champ actuel mais une zone très pauvre en données. Je travaillerai notamment dans la Corne de l’Afrique et en Afrique de l’Ouest sur des contextes archéologiques respectivement associés à l’émergence des premières sociétés de production et à la métallurgie du fer. En Europe occidentale, j’ambitionne d’obtenir un enregistrement à haute résolution sur huit millénaires en étendant les courbes de variation séculaire au Néolithique. Ces deux chantiers, qui m’amèneront à étudier de nouveaux types de structures, contribueront entre autres à contraindre la gamme d’amplitude possible de la variation séculaire, à retracer l’histoire de l’anomalie de l’Atlantique Sud, à tester la pérennité de la structuration actuelle des écoulements à la surface du noyau et à remettre en perspective la diminution actuelle du moment dipolaire dans la variation de plus long terme du champ géomagnétique. Plus tard, j’envisage d’orienter ma recherche sur l’étude de la variation au dernier cycle glaciaire/interglaciaire grâce à l’étude de coulées volcaniques, de structures archéologiques et surtout de sédiments marins
