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No full textNot AvailableStudies on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles and epidemiological affirmation for AMR transmission are limited in fisheries and aquaculture settings. Since 2015, based on Global Action Plan on AMR by World Health Organization (WHO) and World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), several initiatives have been under taken to enhance the knowledge, skills and capacity to establish AMR trends through surveillance and strengthening of epidemiological evidence. The focus of this study was to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), its resistance profiles and molecular characterization with respect to phylogroups, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), virulence genes (VGs), quaternary ammonium compounds resistance (QAC) genes and plasmid typing in retail market fishes. Pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to understand the genetic lineage of the two most important Enterobacteriaceae members, E. coli and Klebsiella sp. was performed. 94 fish samples were collected from three different sites viz., Silagrant (S1), Garchuk (S2) and North Guwahati Town Committee (NGTC) Region (S3) in Guwahati, Assam. Out of the 113 microbial isolates from the fish samples, 45 (39.82%) were E. coli; 23 (20.35%) belonged to Klebsiella genus. Among E. coli, 48.88% (n = 22) of the isolates were alerted by the BD Phoenix M50 instrument as ESBL, 15.55% (n = 7) as PCP and 35.55% (n = 16) as non-ESBL. E. coli (39.82%) was the most prevalent pathogen among the Enterobacteriaceae members screened and showed resistance to ampicillin (69%) followed by cefazoline (64%), cefotaxime (49%) and piperacillin (49%). In the present study, 66.66% of E. coli and 30.43% of Klebsiella sp. were categorized as multi drug resistance (MDR) bacteria. CTX-M-gp-1, with CTX-M-15 variant (47%), was the most widely circulating beta-lactamase gene, while other ESBL genes blaTEM (7%), blaSHV (2%) and blaOXA-1-like (2%) were also identified in E. coli. Out of the 23 isolates of Klebsiella, 14(60.86%) were ampicillin (AM)-resistant (11(47.82%) K. oxytoca, 3(13.04%) K. aerogenes), whereas 8(34.78%) isolates of K. oxytoca showed intermediate resistance to AM. All Klebsiella isolates were susceptible to AN, SCP, MEM and TZP, although two K. aerogenes were resistant to imipenem. DHA and LAT genes were detected, respectively, in 7(16%) and 1(2%) of the E. coli strains while a single K. oxytoca (4.34%) isolate carried MOX, DHA and blaCMY-2 genes. The fluoroquinolone resistance genes identified in E. coli included qnrB (71%), qnrS (84%), oqxB (73%) and aac(6)-Ib-cr (27%); however, in Klebsiella, these genes, respectively, had a prevalence of 87%, 26%, 74% and 9%. The E. coli isolates belonged to phylogroup A(47%), B1(33%) and D(14%). All of the 22(100%) ESBL E. coli had chromosome-mediated disinfectant resistance genes viz., ydgE, ydgF, sugE(c), mdfA while 82% of ESBL E. coli had emrE. Among the non-ESBL E. coli isolates, 87% of them showed the presence of ydgE, ydgF and sugE(c) genes, while 78% of the isolates had mdfA and 39% had emrE genes respectively. 59% of the ESBL and 26% of the non-ESBL E. coli had showed the presence of qacEΔ1. The sugE(p) was present in 27% of the ESBL-producing E. coli and in 9% of non-ESBL isolates. Out of the 3 ESBL-producing Klebsiella isolates, 2(66.66%) K. oxytoca isolates were found harboring plasmid-mediated qacEΔ1 gene while one (33.33%) K. oxytoca isolate had sugE(p) gene. IncFI was the most prevalent plasmid type detected in the isolates studied, with A/C (18%), P (14%), X, Y (9% each) and I1-Iγ (14%, 4%). 50% (n = 11) of the ESBL and 17% (n = 4) of the non-ESBL E. coli isolates harboured IncFIB and 45% (n = 10) ESBL and one (4.34%) non-ESBL E. coli isolates harboured IncFIA. Dominance of E. coli over other Enterobacterales and diverse phylogenetic profiles of E. coli and Klebsiella sp. suggests the possibility of contamination and this may be due to compromised hygienic practices along the supply chain and contamination of aquatic ecosystem. Continuous surveillance in domestic markets must be a priority in addressing antimicrobial resistance in fishery settings and to identify any unwarranted epidemic clones of E. coli and Klebsiella that can challenge public health sector.Not Availabl
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No full textChapter 9 of training manual "ISO 22000/HACCP for fish processing establishments"Not AvailableNot Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableSubsurface drainage (SSD) has been proved to be an effective technology to reclaim waterlogged saline soils. Three SSD projects were implemented in Haryana, India in 2009, 2012 and 2016 to study the long term effect of SSD (10, 7 and 3 years) operation on restoring productivity and carbon sequestration potential of degraded waterlogged saline soils under prevalent rice-wheat cropping system. These studies indicated that successful operation of SSD improved soil quality parameters such as bulk density, BD (from 1.58 to 1.52 Mg m−3), saturated hydraulic conductivity, SHC (from 3.19 to 5.07 cm day−1); electrical conductivity, ECe (from 9.72 to 2.18 dS m−1), soil organic carbon, OC (from 0.22 to 0.34 %), dehydrogenase activity, DHA (from 15.44 to 31.65 μg g−1 24 h−1), and alkaline phosphatase, ALPA (from 16.66 to 40.11 μg P-NP g−1 h−1) in upper soil surface (0–30 cm). The improved soil quality resulted in increased rice-wheat system yield (rice equivalent yield) by 328 %, 465 % and 665 % at Kahni, Siwana Mal and Jagsi sites, respectively. Studies also revealed that carbon sequestration potential of degraded land increased with the implementation of SSD projects. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that % OC, ECe, ALPA, available N and K content were the most contributing factor for soil quality index (SQI). The overall result of the studies showed that SSD technology holds great potential to improve soil quality, increase crop productivity, farmers' income and ensure land degradation neutrality and food security in waterlogged saline areas of western Indo Gangetic Plain of India. Hence, it can be concluded that large scale adoption of SSD may fulfill the promise “No poverty, Zero hunger, and Life on land” sustainable development goals of United Nation in degraded waterlogged saline areas.Not Availabl
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No full textNot AvailablePrice volatility as well as understanding the spillover effect of one market on the others
has been the main center of attention for the researchers. It is therefore important to extend the
consideration univariate Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (GARCH)
model to Multivariate GARCH (MGARCH) model. Various aspects of cointegration and
vector error correction model have been discussed. In the MGARCH model, Baba-Engle-Kraft Kroner (BEKK) and Constant Conditional Correlation (CCC) models are considered for
modeling volatility of onion prices in two major markets of onion in Karnataka, India. It is
concluded that that the two markets are cointegrated and there exists spillover effect among
them. ARIMA models are fitted using monthly Onion price data of two different markets,
Bangalore and Hubli of Karnataka. The residuals were investigated for possible presence of
ARCH effect followed by fitting of univariate GARCH models. It is seen that the magnitude
of ARCH effects are more than the GARCH effects for both the series. The cointegration
among the two series were tested by using both Trace statistic and Eigen value statistic and it
is found that there was one cointegrated vector among the two series. Accordingly, VEC model
was fitted and possible presence of MARCH effect was investigated on the residuals of VEC
model. To this end MGARCH model was applied for modeling the conditional variance of the
bivariate series. The performances of MGARCH models namely BEKK and CCC have been
studied. High persistence of volatility has been observed in each market price. The
interdependence and volatility spillover of onion price between Bangalore and Hubli markets
has been established. The linkages among the markets, amount and direction of spill over will
help the policy makers to take proper policy decision in order to stabilize the price of the
commodity.
In the present study, presence of cointegration was tested by using Johansen’s approach.
It was revealed that wholesale and retail price of wheat in all the market are cointegrated both
horizontally as well as vertically. Asymmetricity in price transmission is investigated by means
of Threshold Autoregressive (TAR) and Momentum Threshold Autoregressive (M-TAR)
models of Enders and Granger (1998). The application of MTAR model reveals that most of
the markets under consideration are asymmetric in terms of price transmission from wholesale
to retail markets. The acceptance of cointegration between two series implies that there exists
a long run relationship between them and this means that an error-correction model (ECM)
exists which combines the long-run relationship with the short-run dynamics of the model. The
results indicate that most of the error correction term (ECT) are statistically significant
implying that the system once in disequilibrium tries to come back to the equilibrium state.
Moreover, findings pointed out that there are nonlinearities in the studied price adjustment
process. The significance presence of threshold cointegration was ensured by application of
test by Hansen and Seo (2011). To take care of asymmetricity as well as nonlinearity in
cointegration and price transmission between wholesale and retail price of wheat, TVECM
model was applied. Application of the Two- Regime Threshold Vector Error Correction Model
(TVECM) demonstrated that the coefficient of Error Correction Term (ECT) is significant in
retail for both the regimes in Delhi; wholesale for both the regime and retail in typical regime
for Jammu, retail and wholesale in extreme regime for Amritsar; retail in both the regime but
wholesale in extreme regime for Ludhiana; retail in extreme regime in Lucknow; retail in both
the regime for Dehradun; wholesale in typical regime and retail in extreme regime for
Ahmedabad; retail in both the regime for Bhopal; retail in extreme regime and wholesale in
typical regime for Mumbai; wholesale in typical regime and retail in extreme regime for Jaipur;
retail and wholesale both in extreme regime for Patna; retail and wholesale in both the regimes;
retail in extreme regime for Bengaluru; retail in typical regime for Thiruvananthapuram;
wholesale in second regime for Chennai; retail in both the regime and wholesale in typical
regime for Hyderabad. This implies that retailers respond significantly to the deviations from
the long-run equilibrium. Impulse response analysis has shown that changes in wholesale prices
in a market will cause change in retail prices in that market with varying rate and time lags to
price stabilization.
The present study investigated the effect of volatility spillovers in monthly potato price of five
different markets Agra, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Delhi, and Mumbai from January, 2005 to
April, 2021. The empirical results support the presence of ARCH and GARCH effects. Finally,
the VIRF demonstrated that the impacts of impulse responses on expected conditional
variances and expected conditional covariances took almost same time of ten months to
recover. To this end one can conclude that changes in the volatility of one market will often
trigger reactions in other marketsNot Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableHyalomma anatolicum is the principal vector for Theileria annulata, T. equi, and T. Lestoquardi in animals and the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in humans. Due to the gradual loss of efficacy of the available acaricides against field tick populations, the development of phytoacaricides and vaccines has been considered the two most critical components of the integrated tick management strategies. In the present study, in order to induce both cellular and humoral immune responses in the host against H. anatolicum, two multi-epitopic peptides (MEPs), i.e., VT1 and VT2, were designed. The immune-stimulating potential of the constructs was determined by in silicoinvestigation on allergenicity (non-allergen, antigenic (0.46 and 1.0046)), physicochemical properties (instability index 27.18 and 35.46), as well as the interaction of constructs with TLRs by docking and molecular dynamics analysis. The immunization efficacy of the MEPs mixed with 8% MontanideTM gel 01 PR against H. anatolicum larvae was determined as 93.3% and 96.9% in VT1- and VT2-immunized rabbits, respectively. Against adults, the efficacy was 89.9% and 86.4% in VT1- and VT2-immunized rabbits, respectively. A significant (p 30 fold) along with a decreased level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 (0.75 times) was noted. The efficacy of MEP and its potential immune stimulatory responses indicate that it might be useful for tick management.Not Availabl