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No full textNot AvailablePlant tissue culture is comprised of in vitro techniques and strategies utilized to create genetic variability in order to improve the production and productivity of the crops. Besides this, it also yields a higher number of potential plants within a limited time. The technique has been exploited in several crop species and protocols have been developed therein. Biotic and abiotic stresses including diseases caused by insect pests, several environmental and climatic issues along with drought, flooding, radiation, salinity, temperature, water logging, frost and heavy metal toxicity have an adverse effect on plant growth resulting in crop losses, productivity and simultaneously to the economic losses. Identification and development of stress-tolerant plants using in vitro selection has immense importance in the crop improvement of several plant species. The in vitro selection in sole or its combination with mutagenesis may be highly useful for the creation of genetic diversity and the development of mutants. The chapter reviews the application of tissue culture based in vitro selection techniques in the development of biotic and abiotic stress-tolerant crops.Not Availabl
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No full textChapter 31 of Book 'Marine Antioxidants'Squalene, a triterpenoid compound, has gained importance as a potent biomolecule because of its wide applications in various sectors, such as the biomedical, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics industries. Its immense range of bioactivities, such as antioxidant, cardioprotective, and anticancerous properties, coupled with its broader applications has further enhanced the demand for squalene globally. Extraction of squalene is thereby being carried out on a larger scale to meet the global demand. Apart from the most commonly employed method, molecular distillation, sustainable extraction techniques such as supercritical fluid extraction are now being used for extracting squalene from various resources. Although shark liver is often considered the primary source for squalene, the increased exploitation of shark has led to species extinction, resulting in the introduction of conservation and regulation measures. This has led researchers around the globe to search for other reliable sources of squalene. Recently, bioengineering of microorganisms has been carried out to enhance squalene production. The quality of extracted squalene depends to a great extent on the type and conditions employed in the extraction and refining process. Developing the best extraction protocol cannot guarantee superior applicability of squalene, as it undergoes oxidation faster, affecting the bioavailability. Encapsulation of squalene in suitable matrices can be a feasible strategy to address the oxidative instability, and this in turn helps to broaden its applications, especially in the nutraceutical sector. This chapter provides details about the source, bioactivities, extraction, applications, and future perspectives of squalene in detail.Not Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableAround 12% of India’s geographical land is classified under arid soil where traditional rainfed farming predominates in most parts of these arid soils. It is very important to find or develop suitable techniques for agricultural mechaniza tion in this area. In some areas of the country like Punjab and Haryana, mechani zation has been increasingly fine-tuned and widely advocated by several farmers, thus enhancing the way of agricultural production with much ease and better efficiency. Agricultural mechanization plays an important role in increasing cropping intensity, precise sowing, and various crop input (seeds, chemicals, fertilizers, irrigation, water, etc.) utilization within a given time, to reduce the arduous labour of humans and animals along with permanent climate problems. Some suitable agricultural tools and techniques have been developed for the crops of this region to reduce the losses in crop production system which is very important to increase the overall productivity and production. This chapter focusses on the mechanized practices used in various farming activities from tillage to threshing and processing through efficient use of input resources for the arid region of Rajasthan. In today’s era, robotics in agricultural work, Internet of Things in agricultural equipment, precision farming machinery, conservation techniques, renewable energy use in farm machines, and custom hiring centre should be given attention, so that the increase in demand for food can be met in the future and farmers can get more profit in crop production even in dry areas.Not Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableDecreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and enhancing soil carbon (C) sequestration in cropland are
necessary to achieve carbon neutrality at national scale. The major objective of this study is to quantify the GHG
mitigation potential of adopted climate resilient (CR) practices in CR villages using Ex-ACT tool developed by
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Intensively cultivated area of Punjab and Haryana was selected for
carrying out this study. In both the states, villages were selected by considering the climate for past 30 years. In
the selected villages, a set of CR practices were implemented in annuals, perennials, irrigated rice, fertilizer use,
land use change and livestock and quantified the GHG mitigation potential in these villages for next twenty
years. The tool predicted that the CR practices adopted were successful in enhancing the overall sink (carbon
balance) in all the study villages. The villages of Punjab had recorded higher mitigation potential as compared to
the villages of Haryana. The overall sink potential in these villages ranged from − 354 to − 38309 Mg CO2-eq. The
change in sink potential varied from 3.16 to 112% with lowest in Radauri and highest in Badhauchhi kalan
village. The sink potential got doubled in Badhauchhi kalan village due to stopping rice straw burning and increase in area under perennials by 25%. The source potential varied from 6.33 to − 7.44% across the study
villages. Even with the implementation of NICRA, there was increase in source by 5.58 and 6.33% in Killi Nihal
Singh Wala and Radauri due to irrigated rice, land use change and livestock. Majorly, rice straw burning was seen
in most of the study villages, yet, with proper residue management and adoption of CR practices (mainly
intermittent flooding) in rice cultivation resulted in emissions reduction up to 5–26% with enhanced productivity
up to 15–18%, which can be considered for scaling up. Fertilizer management reduced the emissions by average
of 13% across the study villages. Farm gate emission intensity per ton of milk and rice recorded highest emission
intensity compared to annuals and perennials suggesting strict implementation of CR practices in rice cultivation
and livestock sector. Implementation and scaling up of CR practices could potentially reduce the emissions and
make the village C negative in intensive rice-wheat production systemNot Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableLand degradation is one of the major problems that need urgent attention. It is the reason for the loss of terrestrial biodiversity, soil health, and poor agroecological services. The extent of degradation increased in the present climate change scenario by altering both evolutionary (long-term) and ecological (short-term) drivers. Thus, restoring ecosystem services is a major challenge in the current climate change scenario. Land use change by shifting perennials to annuals results in approximately 20–60% of soil carbon loss. Restoration activities need to be speeded up by the adoption of climate-resilient agroecological approaches to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), restore soil health, and build soil quality. Restoring ecosystem services will increase food and nutritional security and develop sustainable farms. Maintenance and restoration of ecosystem services can mitigate global climate change through enhanced carbon sequestration and reduced GHG emissions. Also, improvement in species richness, diversity, and evenness can improve ecosystem services. We need to design and execute mutually beneficial community-based interventions for upgrading the degraded landscapes by means of agroecological approaches toward resource and capacity building.Not Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableManual harvesting of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) is time-consuming, costly, and labour-intensive, necessitating the development of mechanized solutions. This research focuses on optimizing the operating parameters, namely the shaft angular speed and forward speed, for developing the intelligent selective harvesting prototype of cauliflower to enhance harvest success, reduce damage, and minimize cycle time. A laboratory setup was established at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during 2022–23, which consisted of a prototype harvesting unit, prototype pulling unit, and plant holding unit. The physical properties of two cauliflower varieties, Pusa Meghna, and Pusa Sharad, were measured. An experimental plan was designed to optimize the operating parameters using response surface methodology (RSM) to enhance performance. The optimized forward speed and shaft angular speed were found to be 0.62 km/h, and 0.36 rad/s, respectively. Regression models were developed to predict all responses for varieties and all prediction errors were found to be less than ±10%, indicating the reliability of the developed models. The study aimed to help in the development of an intelligent cauliflower harvester suitable for small-scale growers in India.Not Availabl
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No full textNot Availableगृह वाटिका बगीचे का एक छोटा सा क्षेत्र जिसमें रसोई के अपशिष्ट जल का उपयोग करके घर के पिछवाड़े में अपनी पसंद के फल और सब्जियां उगाई जा सकती हैं, उसे रसोई उद्यान/किचन गार्डन माना जाता है। घर का पिछवाड़ा या चारों-ओर का क्षेत्र इसके लिए उपयुक्त स्थान माना जाता है जहाँ पानी के स्रोत होने के साथ साथ धूप अच्छी तरह से पहुँचती हो। पाँच-छ: सदस्यों वाले परिवार के लिए साल भर सब्जियाँ देने के लिए लगभग 200-250 मीटर2 जमीन पर्याप्त होती है। एक आयताकार भूखंड या भूमि गृह वाटिका हेतु ठीक माना जाता है। इस गृह वाटिका का मुख्य उद्देश्य आर्थिक लाभ न होकर परिवार के पोषण स्तर को बढ़ाना तथा घर में ही ताजे फल-सब्जी का उत्पादन करना होता है। फल एवं सब्जियों का चयन परिवार के सदस्यों की इच्छा अनुसार किया जाता है और फसल चक्र अपनाया जाता है तदानुसार फल-फूल एवं सब्जी का उत्पादन किया जाता है।Not Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableDepredation by crabs can have a negative impact on marine gillnet fi shery. Despite this
fact, limited studies are attempted to evaluate depredation. The present study is the fi rst
attempt to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative effects of crab depredation on marine
gillnet fi shery. Experimental gillnetting was conducted onboard F V Sagar Harita from
February 2017 to January 2018 along the south-west Indian coast. Depredation by the
deepsea swimming crab Charybdis smithii caused intentional discard of Indian mackerel
(17.59%), kawakawa (14.77%), shrimp scad (10.74%) and horse mackerel (10.02%). Financial
loss due to depredation was high for Indian mackerel (19.99%), followed by shrimp scad
(19.17%), kawakawa (14.77%) and horse mackerel (14.16%). A total of ₹2554.30 per
operation was lost due to crab depredation. C. smithii showed a preference towards
scombrids (Indian mackerel and kawakawa) over carangids (shrimp scad and horse
mackerel) due to the inherent fl avour and texture of scombrids. Incidence of depredation
were found exclusively during June to September (monsoon season).Not Availabl